云南纳帕海典型森林水文生态功能研究
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摘要
云南纳帕海是一个典型的高原湖泊,由于其具有独特的生态功能和景观价值而备受关注。流域内天然植物群落丰富多样,对涵养水源、保持水土、维护纳帕海湿地生态系统平衡起着重要作用。然而近年来,受到人类活动的干扰,纳帕海湿地出现了生态退化现象,主要表现在：湿地面积减小,沼泽植被退化演替,土壤质量变劣等。通过研究本流域森林生态系统的水文生态功能,揭示了降雨过程中,水分在森林生态系统各结构层次之间的分配关系,以客观评价纳帕海流域森林生态系统降低地表径流、抑制洪峰、涵养水源和保持水土功效,为水源涵养林和水土保持林的营造和管理提供科学的理论依据。
根据水量平衡原理,采用降雨再分配法,对本流域几种典型土地利用类型：高山松次生林、川滇高山栎灌丛、白桦林、人工云杉林、荒草地、坡耕地的水文生态功能进行多年观测和研究,选取各地类的森林林冠层、枯落物层、地表土壤层的水文特征作为参照,运用统计学相关性分析、回归分析、计算机统计分析软件SPSS辅助、灰色关联度分析等方法进行了对比分析,对不同森林类型典型林分的水文生态功能进行综合评价。研究结果如下：
1)几种典型林分林冠截留率大小顺序为高山松次生林(28.75%)>白桦林(20.28%)>川滇高山栎(15.75%)>人工云杉幼林(11.48%)。林冠截留率与林分的树种、空间结构、降雨特征、树冠最大容水量有关。从总体趋势看,随着降雨量级的逐级增大,4种林分的林冠截留率逐渐减小。
2)各林分枯落物的最大持水量及有效拦蓄量表现出和储量大小相同的排序,即：高山松次生林>白桦林>川滇高山栎灌丛。枯落物储量大的林分持水能力也强。持水过程在浸水前期持水量快速增加,浸水2h左右达到较大值,浸水8～10h后持水量随浸水时间的增加变化不大。
3)川滇高山栎灌丛的土壤有效涵蓄量要明显大于其他森林类型。川滇高山栎灌丛的有效涵蓄水量是荒草地的2.65倍,是坡耕地的2.36倍。6种地类的土壤有效涵蓄量,从层间看,0-30cm层大于30-50cm层。单位厚度蓄水量的大小排序为：川滇高山栎灌丛>高山松林>白桦林>人工云杉幼林>坡耕地>荒草地。
4)观测数据显示,2003年和2006年,产生地表径流次数和径流深最多的是荒草地,其次是坡耕地,产流最少是高山松次生林。2009年,径流深按大小排序：坡耕地>人工幼林地>荒草地>川滇高山栎灌丛>白桦林>高山松次生林地(65.88mm>42.16mm>25.02mm>20.5 mm>15.76 mm>13.56 mm)。各年除坡耕地的产流系数逐渐增加外,其它5种地类产流系数有下降趋势。
5)高山松次生林、川滇高山栎和白桦林表现出较好的水源涵养和降低地表土壤侵蚀的作用,人工林的这一功能逐年得到改善。荒草地和坡耕地在雨季会产生更多的地表径流和泥沙。因此,为了减少坡面泥沙入湖造成淤积,枯水季节增加纳帕海水量,遏制湖泊生态功能退化,在该流域搞好天然林保护、退耕还林工作,合理规划牧地和草场经营将是今后应当长期坚持的一项基本方针。
本研究的创新点在于,在前人对纳帕海做了不少基础性的调查与研究工作基础之上,如有关土壤退化、景观格局变化、植物多样性、保护区功能分区等,根据水量平衡原理,从降雨再分配角度出发,研究和揭示了本流域典型森林生态系统的水文生态功能及其差异,提出了更为合理的水源涵养林和水土保持防护林的营造方向,为纳帕海生态修复增添了又一理论依据和对策。
Lake Napahai is a typical plateau wetland in Yunnan. Thank to its unique eco-function and landscape, Lake Napahai catches much attention. The natural plants community has rich diversity, which plays an important role for water conservation, soil conservation and maintaining of eco-balance. However, recent years, due to the disturbance of human activities, the Napahai Wetland began to show the sign of degradation of ecosystem. There are many traits, such as shrinking of wetland coverage, sucession of marsh vegetation, degradation of soil quality. This paper is mainly about research on hydrological and ecological function of the forest ecosystem in this drainage, so that a comprehensive evaluation of the surface runoff-reduction, flood peak-control, water and soil conservation. This could provide theoretical support to maintainance and management on the water and soil conservation forest.
According to principle of water balance, using the re-allocation method of rainfall, monitoring and study were carried out on the hydrological and ecological function of typical landuse type in this drainage:alpine pine secondary forest, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub, birch forest, waste grassland, slope farmland. Hydrological data was collected different parts of different types of forests, canopy, litter layer and soil layer. Statistics, regressive analysis, correlative analysis, and grey correlation analysis were applied for comparative analysis. Comprehensive evaluation was analyzed on hydrological and ecological function of different forests. Hereafter are the results:
1) The retention rate of different typical forests are alpine pine secondary forest (28.75%)> birch forest (20.28)> Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub (15.75%)> artificial young picea asperata forest (11.48). Judged by the retention rate, the retention capacity of canopy is related to the structure characteristic, rainfall and the maximum capacity. The retention rate of all the four types of forest decrease as the rainfall increases.
2) The maximum water capacity and effective retaining content of the litter layer for each type of forest is proportional to the capacity:alpine pine secondary forest> birch forest> Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub. Forest with rich litter layer has also strong water capacity. The water capacity increase sharply at the early soaking stage. Water capacity reaches a relative high level after 2 hours of soaking, then gets relatively stable.
3) The effective retaining content of high mountain oak shrub soil is obviously higher than other forest types,2.65 times of that for waste grassland, and 2.36 times of slope farmland. The effective retaining content of layer 0-30cm is much higher than that of 30-50 cm. The water capacity for different forest types, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub> alpine forest> birch forest> artificial young picea asperata forest> slope farmland> waste grassland.
4) According to the monitoring data, in 2003 and 2006, the number of times and runoff depth is the highest for waste grassland, then slope farmland. The alpine forest has the lowest runoff. In 2009, the runoff depth, slope farmland> artificial young forest> waste grassland> alpine oak shrub> birch forest> alpine pine secondary forest (65.88mm>42.16mm>25.02mm>20.5 mm> 15.76 mm> 13.56 mm). The runoff decrease year by year for these forest types except slope farmland shows the trend of increasing.
5) Alpine pine secondary forest, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub and birch forest show good function of water conservation and reduction of soil erosion. The function of artificial forest increases yearly. Waste grassland and slope farmland will make a lot of surface runoff and mud in rain season. Hence, rational pasture and grassland management, protection of natural forest, and returning farmland into forest would be long-lasting work for Lake Napahai to decrease lake deposition, increase water level especially in dry season, and stop degradation of eco-function.
Many people have done a lot of fundamental research on soil degradation, layout change of landscape, botany diversity and functional zoning of nature reserve. This research is based on the previous studies and has some inovation. This research follows the principle of water balance, does analysis on rainfall re-allocation, and reveals the differences of hydrological and ecological function of the forest ecosystem in this drainage. This research has provides more appropirate method for culturing of water and soil conservation forest, which also add more theoretical support for eco-reparing of Lake Napahai.
根据水量平衡原理,采用降雨再分配法,对本流域几种典型土地利用类型：高山松次生林、川滇高山栎灌丛、白桦林、人工云杉林、荒草地、坡耕地的水文生态功能进行多年观测和研究,选取各地类的森林林冠层、枯落物层、地表土壤层的水文特征作为参照,运用统计学相关性分析、回归分析、计算机统计分析软件SPSS辅助、灰色关联度分析等方法进行了对比分析,对不同森林类型典型林分的水文生态功能进行综合评价。研究结果如下：
1)几种典型林分林冠截留率大小顺序为高山松次生林(28.75%)>白桦林(20.28%)>川滇高山栎(15.75%)>人工云杉幼林(11.48%)。林冠截留率与林分的树种、空间结构、降雨特征、树冠最大容水量有关。从总体趋势看,随着降雨量级的逐级增大,4种林分的林冠截留率逐渐减小。
2)各林分枯落物的最大持水量及有效拦蓄量表现出和储量大小相同的排序,即：高山松次生林>白桦林>川滇高山栎灌丛。枯落物储量大的林分持水能力也强。持水过程在浸水前期持水量快速增加,浸水2h左右达到较大值,浸水8～10h后持水量随浸水时间的增加变化不大。
3)川滇高山栎灌丛的土壤有效涵蓄量要明显大于其他森林类型。川滇高山栎灌丛的有效涵蓄水量是荒草地的2.65倍,是坡耕地的2.36倍。6种地类的土壤有效涵蓄量,从层间看,0-30cm层大于30-50cm层。单位厚度蓄水量的大小排序为：川滇高山栎灌丛>高山松林>白桦林>人工云杉幼林>坡耕地>荒草地。
4)观测数据显示,2003年和2006年,产生地表径流次数和径流深最多的是荒草地,其次是坡耕地,产流最少是高山松次生林。2009年,径流深按大小排序：坡耕地>人工幼林地>荒草地>川滇高山栎灌丛>白桦林>高山松次生林地(65.88mm>42.16mm>25.02mm>20.5 mm>15.76 mm>13.56 mm)。各年除坡耕地的产流系数逐渐增加外,其它5种地类产流系数有下降趋势。
5)高山松次生林、川滇高山栎和白桦林表现出较好的水源涵养和降低地表土壤侵蚀的作用,人工林的这一功能逐年得到改善。荒草地和坡耕地在雨季会产生更多的地表径流和泥沙。因此,为了减少坡面泥沙入湖造成淤积,枯水季节增加纳帕海水量,遏制湖泊生态功能退化,在该流域搞好天然林保护、退耕还林工作,合理规划牧地和草场经营将是今后应当长期坚持的一项基本方针。
本研究的创新点在于,在前人对纳帕海做了不少基础性的调查与研究工作基础之上,如有关土壤退化、景观格局变化、植物多样性、保护区功能分区等,根据水量平衡原理,从降雨再分配角度出发,研究和揭示了本流域典型森林生态系统的水文生态功能及其差异,提出了更为合理的水源涵养林和水土保持防护林的营造方向,为纳帕海生态修复增添了又一理论依据和对策。
Lake Napahai is a typical plateau wetland in Yunnan. Thank to its unique eco-function and landscape, Lake Napahai catches much attention. The natural plants community has rich diversity, which plays an important role for water conservation, soil conservation and maintaining of eco-balance. However, recent years, due to the disturbance of human activities, the Napahai Wetland began to show the sign of degradation of ecosystem. There are many traits, such as shrinking of wetland coverage, sucession of marsh vegetation, degradation of soil quality. This paper is mainly about research on hydrological and ecological function of the forest ecosystem in this drainage, so that a comprehensive evaluation of the surface runoff-reduction, flood peak-control, water and soil conservation. This could provide theoretical support to maintainance and management on the water and soil conservation forest.
According to principle of water balance, using the re-allocation method of rainfall, monitoring and study were carried out on the hydrological and ecological function of typical landuse type in this drainage:alpine pine secondary forest, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub, birch forest, waste grassland, slope farmland. Hydrological data was collected different parts of different types of forests, canopy, litter layer and soil layer. Statistics, regressive analysis, correlative analysis, and grey correlation analysis were applied for comparative analysis. Comprehensive evaluation was analyzed on hydrological and ecological function of different forests. Hereafter are the results:
1) The retention rate of different typical forests are alpine pine secondary forest (28.75%)> birch forest (20.28)> Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub (15.75%)> artificial young picea asperata forest (11.48). Judged by the retention rate, the retention capacity of canopy is related to the structure characteristic, rainfall and the maximum capacity. The retention rate of all the four types of forest decrease as the rainfall increases.
2) The maximum water capacity and effective retaining content of the litter layer for each type of forest is proportional to the capacity:alpine pine secondary forest> birch forest> Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub. Forest with rich litter layer has also strong water capacity. The water capacity increase sharply at the early soaking stage. Water capacity reaches a relative high level after 2 hours of soaking, then gets relatively stable.
3) The effective retaining content of high mountain oak shrub soil is obviously higher than other forest types,2.65 times of that for waste grassland, and 2.36 times of slope farmland. The effective retaining content of layer 0-30cm is much higher than that of 30-50 cm. The water capacity for different forest types, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub> alpine forest> birch forest> artificial young picea asperata forest> slope farmland> waste grassland.
4) According to the monitoring data, in 2003 and 2006, the number of times and runoff depth is the highest for waste grassland, then slope farmland. The alpine forest has the lowest runoff. In 2009, the runoff depth, slope farmland> artificial young forest> waste grassland> alpine oak shrub> birch forest> alpine pine secondary forest (65.88mm>42.16mm>25.02mm>20.5 mm> 15.76 mm> 13.56 mm). The runoff decrease year by year for these forest types except slope farmland shows the trend of increasing.
5) Alpine pine secondary forest, Sichuan-Yunnan oak shrub and birch forest show good function of water conservation and reduction of soil erosion. The function of artificial forest increases yearly. Waste grassland and slope farmland will make a lot of surface runoff and mud in rain season. Hence, rational pasture and grassland management, protection of natural forest, and returning farmland into forest would be long-lasting work for Lake Napahai to decrease lake deposition, increase water level especially in dry season, and stop degradation of eco-function.
Many people have done a lot of fundamental research on soil degradation, layout change of landscape, botany diversity and functional zoning of nature reserve. This research is based on the previous studies and has some inovation. This research follows the principle of water balance, does analysis on rainfall re-allocation, and reveals the differences of hydrological and ecological function of the forest ecosystem in this drainage. This research has provides more appropirate method for culturing of water and soil conservation forest, which also add more theoretical support for eco-reparing of Lake Napahai.
引文
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