污秽绝缘沿面直流放电流注特性及电弧发展的能量平衡模型研究
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摘要
污秽绝缘沿面放电涉及光、热和电等多学科领域，长期以来受到试验研究手段的制约，因此对于污秽沿面放电过程中局部电弧形成和发展的微观机制研究进展较为缓慢。与此同时，随着我国大容量、远距离特高压交直流输变电技术的大力发展，对电网安全性的要求更高，进一步从微观角度深入研究污秽绝缘沿面放电过程，对揭示复杂界面的放电机理和预防事故的发生都具有十分重要的学术意义和工程应用价值。
然而对于污秽沿面放电的机理还存在较大争议，至今仍没有一个完善的理论体系可以合理解释试验中观察到的所有现象。由于沿面流注放电不容易被直观察觉，电弧头部流注的发展特性对局部电弧产生的影响并未引起足够的重视。同时，电弧是高致密等离子体，通过热传导和辐射电磁波向周围环境散发能量，电弧在发展过程中能量损失对于电弧发展的影响不可忽略。针对上述问题，结合不同的污秽绝缘沿面放电机理的观点，本文重点对局部电弧的形成和发展微观机制展开研究，为输电线路绝缘配合设计和制定防污闪措施提供理论支持。
对局部电弧头部流注发展过程中的半径、速度和长度与流注电流和电弧头部热电离区温度的关系进行了研究。从等离子体物理学角度，分析了流注等离子体受到自身体积力的约束作用以及在稳定态上的受力平衡，并提出流注半径随流注中电流和压强变化的数学模型。将得到的流注半径带入流注速度表达式，得到污秽沿面流注的速度。根据气体放电理论，并考虑流注中的带电粒子主要是由电弧头部热电离产生并均匀分布在流注内，建立流注长度随流注电流和电弧头部热电离区温度变化的数学模型。
基于镜像法和电子碰撞电离理论，分析了电弧向前发展所需的最小电场强度与污秽度的关系。同时考虑到周围气流的作用，并对电弧进行受力分析，提出一个电弧速度是电弧头部电场函数的数学计算模型。通过对沿水平放置的玻璃板上面发展的电弧头部切向电场进行仿真计算，得到电弧速度随电弧发展长度的关系。根据本文提出的电弧速度数学表达式，只需知道污秽度和绝缘板的长度，就能够预测出沿染污玻璃板表面任意位置处的电弧速度。
基于电弧能量模型，提出了将电弧等效成为一个可以产生辐射的流体电阻的方法，揭示热辐射作用对电弧沿面发展的影响规律，从而建立了考虑辐射的电弧能量平衡模型。通过人工污秽试验对该模型进行验证，该模型与早期的模型相比能更准确的表征电弧的发展规律及其物理意义。与此同时，从能量平衡角度入手，提出了电弧辐射常数是辐射函数、灰体因数和温度四次方乘积的概念，并阐述了试验常数的选取依据。此外，基于气体分子动力学，建立了表征高海拔对电弧热传导和辐射影响的数学表达式，提出了高海拔下污秽平板闪络电压的修正模型，并通过试验进行验证。
For the discharge along the polluted surface involved many fields such as light,heat, electric and so on, and it is also restricted by the condition of experiment andtheoretical basis for a long time, the research on the microcosmic mechanism of thepartial arc formation and development have made a slow progress. At the same time,with the vigorous development of UHV transmission technology with the characteristicsof large capacity, high efficiency and long distance, the security requirements to thepower grid became higher. From a micro mechanism angle to investigate the dischargeprocess along the polluted surface further can provide the technical guidance andtheoretical basis to the insulation coordination design in UHV transmission lines andmake the anti-pollution flashover measures, which has important academic andengineering practical application values.
However, there is still a big controversial for the mechanism of the pollutionsurface discharge, and no perfect theory can explain all the observed phenomena in theexperiment reasonably. For the discharge of streamer can not be easily observed directly,the effect of the developing characteristic of the arc head stream on the partial arc didnot have much attention. Meanwhile, the partial arc belongs to high density plasma, theenergy can be exchanged by thermal conduction and radiation, and the effect of energyloss could not to be ignored during the development of arc. For the problems mentionedabove and combined the different views proposed by different researchers, theformation and development mechanism of arc were carried out in this paper emphasized,which can provide the technical guidance and theoretical basis to the insulationcoordination design in transmission lines and make the anti-pollution flashovermeasures.
The relations of the streamer radius, velocity and length varied with the streamercurrent and the thermal ionization zone temperature during the development of streamerat arc head was investigated. From the angle of plasma physics, the body force boundeffect on the streamer plasma and the force balance at steady state were analyzed, and amathematical model of streamer radius varied with the current and pressure in streamerwas proposed. Then, take the calculated streamer radius into the expression of streamervelocity, the streamer velocity along the polluted surface can be obtained. Based on thegas discharge theory, and considering the charged particle in streamer formed by the thermal ionization at arc head and distributed uniformly in streamer, a mathematicalmodel of streamer length varied with the current and the thermal ionization zonetemperature at arc head was established.
Based on the image method and the electron impact ionization theory, therelationship between the minimal electric field needed to keep arc move ahead and thepollution degree was analyzed. Meanwhile, the arc force analysis was carried out byconsidering the effect of ambient airflow; and an arc velocity calculation model whichis the function of the electric field at arc head was proposed, which can calculate the arcvelocity accurately. After the simulation calculation of tangential electric field at archead along the horizontal polluted glass plate was carried out, the relationship betweenthe arc velocity and arc length was obtained. According to the mathematical expressionof arc velocity proposed in this paper, the arc velocity at arbitrary position of thepolluted glass plate can be calculated only need to know the pollution degree and thelength of glass plate.
Based on the arc energy model, a new method of arc being equivalent to a fluidresistance which can produce radiation was proposed, the influence law of thermalradiation to the arc along the polluted surface was revealed, and an arc energy balancemodel considering the radiation was established. By using the artificial pollution test,the calculation model was validated. Compared with early models, this model cancharacterize the development law and physical significance of arc more accurately. Theconcept of arc radiation constant is the product of radiation function, gray factor and thequartic of temperature, and the selection basis of test constant was discussed. In addition,based on the gas molecular dynamics, a mathematical expression to characterize theeffect of altitude on the thermal conduction and radiation of arc was established, amodified model of the critical flashover voltage of polluted flat plate at high altitudewas proposed, and was validated by using the experiment.
然而对于污秽沿面放电的机理还存在较大争议，至今仍没有一个完善的理论体系可以合理解释试验中观察到的所有现象。由于沿面流注放电不容易被直观察觉，电弧头部流注的发展特性对局部电弧产生的影响并未引起足够的重视。同时，电弧是高致密等离子体，通过热传导和辐射电磁波向周围环境散发能量，电弧在发展过程中能量损失对于电弧发展的影响不可忽略。针对上述问题，结合不同的污秽绝缘沿面放电机理的观点，本文重点对局部电弧的形成和发展微观机制展开研究，为输电线路绝缘配合设计和制定防污闪措施提供理论支持。
对局部电弧头部流注发展过程中的半径、速度和长度与流注电流和电弧头部热电离区温度的关系进行了研究。从等离子体物理学角度，分析了流注等离子体受到自身体积力的约束作用以及在稳定态上的受力平衡，并提出流注半径随流注中电流和压强变化的数学模型。将得到的流注半径带入流注速度表达式，得到污秽沿面流注的速度。根据气体放电理论，并考虑流注中的带电粒子主要是由电弧头部热电离产生并均匀分布在流注内，建立流注长度随流注电流和电弧头部热电离区温度变化的数学模型。
基于镜像法和电子碰撞电离理论，分析了电弧向前发展所需的最小电场强度与污秽度的关系。同时考虑到周围气流的作用，并对电弧进行受力分析，提出一个电弧速度是电弧头部电场函数的数学计算模型。通过对沿水平放置的玻璃板上面发展的电弧头部切向电场进行仿真计算，得到电弧速度随电弧发展长度的关系。根据本文提出的电弧速度数学表达式，只需知道污秽度和绝缘板的长度，就能够预测出沿染污玻璃板表面任意位置处的电弧速度。
基于电弧能量模型，提出了将电弧等效成为一个可以产生辐射的流体电阻的方法，揭示热辐射作用对电弧沿面发展的影响规律，从而建立了考虑辐射的电弧能量平衡模型。通过人工污秽试验对该模型进行验证，该模型与早期的模型相比能更准确的表征电弧的发展规律及其物理意义。与此同时，从能量平衡角度入手，提出了电弧辐射常数是辐射函数、灰体因数和温度四次方乘积的概念，并阐述了试验常数的选取依据。此外，基于气体分子动力学，建立了表征高海拔对电弧热传导和辐射影响的数学表达式，提出了高海拔下污秽平板闪络电压的修正模型，并通过试验进行验证。
For the discharge along the polluted surface involved many fields such as light,heat, electric and so on, and it is also restricted by the condition of experiment andtheoretical basis for a long time, the research on the microcosmic mechanism of thepartial arc formation and development have made a slow progress. At the same time,with the vigorous development of UHV transmission technology with the characteristicsof large capacity, high efficiency and long distance, the security requirements to thepower grid became higher. From a micro mechanism angle to investigate the dischargeprocess along the polluted surface further can provide the technical guidance andtheoretical basis to the insulation coordination design in UHV transmission lines andmake the anti-pollution flashover measures, which has important academic andengineering practical application values.
However, there is still a big controversial for the mechanism of the pollutionsurface discharge, and no perfect theory can explain all the observed phenomena in theexperiment reasonably. For the discharge of streamer can not be easily observed directly,the effect of the developing characteristic of the arc head stream on the partial arc didnot have much attention. Meanwhile, the partial arc belongs to high density plasma, theenergy can be exchanged by thermal conduction and radiation, and the effect of energyloss could not to be ignored during the development of arc. For the problems mentionedabove and combined the different views proposed by different researchers, theformation and development mechanism of arc were carried out in this paper emphasized,which can provide the technical guidance and theoretical basis to the insulationcoordination design in transmission lines and make the anti-pollution flashovermeasures.
The relations of the streamer radius, velocity and length varied with the streamercurrent and the thermal ionization zone temperature during the development of streamerat arc head was investigated. From the angle of plasma physics, the body force boundeffect on the streamer plasma and the force balance at steady state were analyzed, and amathematical model of streamer radius varied with the current and pressure in streamerwas proposed. Then, take the calculated streamer radius into the expression of streamervelocity, the streamer velocity along the polluted surface can be obtained. Based on thegas discharge theory, and considering the charged particle in streamer formed by the thermal ionization at arc head and distributed uniformly in streamer, a mathematicalmodel of streamer length varied with the current and the thermal ionization zonetemperature at arc head was established.
Based on the image method and the electron impact ionization theory, therelationship between the minimal electric field needed to keep arc move ahead and thepollution degree was analyzed. Meanwhile, the arc force analysis was carried out byconsidering the effect of ambient airflow; and an arc velocity calculation model whichis the function of the electric field at arc head was proposed, which can calculate the arcvelocity accurately. After the simulation calculation of tangential electric field at archead along the horizontal polluted glass plate was carried out, the relationship betweenthe arc velocity and arc length was obtained. According to the mathematical expressionof arc velocity proposed in this paper, the arc velocity at arbitrary position of thepolluted glass plate can be calculated only need to know the pollution degree and thelength of glass plate.
Based on the arc energy model, a new method of arc being equivalent to a fluidresistance which can produce radiation was proposed, the influence law of thermalradiation to the arc along the polluted surface was revealed, and an arc energy balancemodel considering the radiation was established. By using the artificial pollution test,the calculation model was validated. Compared with early models, this model cancharacterize the development law and physical significance of arc more accurately. Theconcept of arc radiation constant is the product of radiation function, gray factor and thequartic of temperature, and the selection basis of test constant was discussed. In addition,based on the gas molecular dynamics, a mathematical expression to characterize theeffect of altitude on the thermal conduction and radiation of arc was established, amodified model of the critical flashover voltage of polluted flat plate at high altitudewas proposed, and was validated by using the experiment.
引文
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