进行中任务变化对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响
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摘要
前瞻记忆是近年来记忆研究的一个重点内容,目前关于前瞻记忆的研究多集中于各影响因素和前瞻记忆任务本身,很少有研究关注进行中任务变化对前瞻记忆执行的影响,本研究将着重考查进行中任务变化对前瞻记忆执行的影响。
本研究首先介绍了前瞻记忆的特点、类型、研究方法、影响因素、加工理论等,然后着重介绍了实验研究部分,最后进行了实验总结,指出本研究的创新点和不足。实验选用大学生被试,使用双任务范式分三个实验考查了进行中任务变化对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响:实验一考查了不同进行中任务对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响;实验二考查进行中任务发生变化时提示对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响;实验三考查进行中任务变化时强调任务重要性对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响。
根据以上三项实验,本研究得出以下结论:
(1)整体上看,进行中任务发生变化的情况下基于事件前瞻记忆受到显著的影响——前瞻记忆表现要明显差于进行中任务没有变化的情况。
(2)对进行中任务的变化进行事先提示并没有显著改善前瞻记忆表现。
(3)当强调前瞻记忆的重要性时,无论进行中任务是否发生变化,强调重要性的情况下前瞻记忆表现均要好于没有强调前瞻记忆的重要性时。
So far, the study of memory have had many achievements in theories and methods, especially for retrospective memory (RM). But in contrast to retrospective memory, prospective memory (PM), which is defined as remembering to carry out one or more intended actions at an appropriate moment or phase in the future, is more common phenomenon in our daily life. However,it is not mature compared with RM research. Now, the PM papers mainly focus on processing and impacting mechanism, and there is only a few study giving attention to the varying of ongoing tasks in impacting mechanism study. This study will concentrate on this.
In Chapter1-Introduction, the author introduced the definition, characteristics, classifications, research methods and influence factors of PM; after that amplify the prospective memory processing theories; finally, put forward the main research problems and the hypotheses.
Chapter 2, as the research priority and core portion, including three experient: Experiment 1 operating the varying of ongoing task examine how different ongoning task influence the event-based prospective memory (EBPM); Experiment 2 fosus on if gave a cue to the ongoing task can improve the EBPM performance. The foreast cue should impact the resource allocation formulas; Experiment 3 seting research priorities to emphsize the importance when the ongoing task varied observe how these two factors influence the EBPM. The findings suggest: (1) the EBPM performance in the varying condition worse than no varying condition; (2) ongoing task varying have not improve the EBPM.; (3) when emphsizing the EBPM imprortance we observed better EBPM performance.
In chapter 3, the author summarized this study, pointed out the innovation and disadvantages. At the end, predict the perspective of this study.
本研究首先介绍了前瞻记忆的特点、类型、研究方法、影响因素、加工理论等,然后着重介绍了实验研究部分,最后进行了实验总结,指出本研究的创新点和不足。实验选用大学生被试,使用双任务范式分三个实验考查了进行中任务变化对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响:实验一考查了不同进行中任务对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响;实验二考查进行中任务发生变化时提示对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响;实验三考查进行中任务变化时强调任务重要性对基于事件前瞻记忆执行的影响。
根据以上三项实验,本研究得出以下结论:
(1)整体上看,进行中任务发生变化的情况下基于事件前瞻记忆受到显著的影响——前瞻记忆表现要明显差于进行中任务没有变化的情况。
(2)对进行中任务的变化进行事先提示并没有显著改善前瞻记忆表现。
(3)当强调前瞻记忆的重要性时,无论进行中任务是否发生变化,强调重要性的情况下前瞻记忆表现均要好于没有强调前瞻记忆的重要性时。
So far, the study of memory have had many achievements in theories and methods, especially for retrospective memory (RM). But in contrast to retrospective memory, prospective memory (PM), which is defined as remembering to carry out one or more intended actions at an appropriate moment or phase in the future, is more common phenomenon in our daily life. However,it is not mature compared with RM research. Now, the PM papers mainly focus on processing and impacting mechanism, and there is only a few study giving attention to the varying of ongoing tasks in impacting mechanism study. This study will concentrate on this.
In Chapter1-Introduction, the author introduced the definition, characteristics, classifications, research methods and influence factors of PM; after that amplify the prospective memory processing theories; finally, put forward the main research problems and the hypotheses.
Chapter 2, as the research priority and core portion, including three experient: Experiment 1 operating the varying of ongoing task examine how different ongoning task influence the event-based prospective memory (EBPM); Experiment 2 fosus on if gave a cue to the ongoing task can improve the EBPM performance. The foreast cue should impact the resource allocation formulas; Experiment 3 seting research priorities to emphsize the importance when the ongoing task varied observe how these two factors influence the EBPM. The findings suggest: (1) the EBPM performance in the varying condition worse than no varying condition; (2) ongoing task varying have not improve the EBPM.; (3) when emphsizing the EBPM imprortance we observed better EBPM performance.
In chapter 3, the author summarized this study, pointed out the innovation and disadvantages. At the end, predict the perspective of this study.
引文
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[4] Craik F I M. Aging and Memory[J]. // Eysenck M W ed. The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology. USA: Basil Black-well Ltd, 1994.
[5] Kliegel M, McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Plan formation, retention, and execution in prospective memory: A new approach and age-related effects[J]. Memory & cognition, 2000, 28(6):1041–1049.
[6] Oka B, Fujii T, Umetsu S A, Tsukiura T, Suzuki M, Nagasaka T, et al. A functional MRI study of prospective memory[J]. Neurolmage, 2001, 13:716.
[7] Burgess P W, Quayle A, Frith C D. Brain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography[J]. Europsychologia, 2001, 39:545–555.
[8] Burgess P W, Scot S K, Frith C D. The role of the rostral frontal cortex (area 10) in Prospective memory: a lateral versus medial dissociation[J]. Neuropsychologia, 2003, 41: 906–918.
[9] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A, Richardson S L, Guynn M J, Cunfer A R. Aging and prospective memory: Examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21:996–1007.
[10] Kvavilashvili L, Ellis J. Varieties of Intention: Some Distinctions and Classifications[J]. // Brandimonte M, Einstein G O, McDaniel M A (Eds.). Prospective Memory: Theory and Application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996:23–51.
[11] Meachma, J.A., & Leiman, B. Remembering to Perform future actions[J]. //PaperPresented at the meetnig of the American Psychologcial association. Chicago, September. Also in Neisser U. (Ed.). Memory obsevred. San Francisco: Freemna, 1975:327–336.
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[13] Berg S M van den. Prospective memoy: from intention to action[M]. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2002.
[14] Einstein G. O, McDaniel M A. Retrieval Porcesses in Prospective memory: Theoretical approaches and some new empirical findings[J].// Brandimonte M, Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. (Eds.), Prospective Memory: Theory and Application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996:115–141.
[15] Kvavilashvili L. Remembering intentions: Acritiaclrveiwe of existing experimental paradigms[J]. Applied cognitive psychology, 1992, 6:507–524.
[16] Ceci S J, Bronfenbreliner U.“Dno’t forget to take the cupcakes out of the oven”: Prospective memory, strategic time-monitoring, and context[J]. Child Development, 1985, 56:152–164.
[17] Rendell P G., Craik F I M.. Virtual Week and Actual Week: Age-Related Differences in Prospective Memory[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14:S43–S62.
[18] Kerns K A. The CyberCruiser: An investigation of development of prospective memory in children[J]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2000, 6:62–70.
[19] Kerns K A, Price K J. An Investigation of Prospective Memory in Children With ADHD[J]. Child Neuropsychology, 2001, 7(3):162–171.
[20] Shallice T, Burgess P W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man[J]. Brain, 1991, 114:727–741.
[21] Loft S, Kearney R, Remington R. Is task interference in event-based prospective memory dependent on cue presentation[J]? Memory & Cognition, 2008, 36(1):139–148.
[22] Kliegel M, Martin M, McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Varying the importence of a prospective memory task: Differential effects across time- and event-based prospective memory[J]. Memory, 2001, 9(1):1–11.
[23]李寿欣,丁兆叶,张利增.认知方式与线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响[J].心理学报, 2005, 37(3):320–327.
[24] Meier B, Graf P. Transfer appropriate processing for prospective memory tests[J]. Applied cognitive psychology, 2000, 14(7):S11-S27.
[25]朱磊,孙里宁.前瞻记忆的字形、语音TAP效应研究[J].心理科学, 2004, 27(5):1124–1126.
[26]孙瑶,周仁来.任务难度对前瞻记忆TAP效应影响的研究[J].心理科学, 2009, 32(3):528–530.
[27]张磊,郭力平,徐蓓军.儿童前瞻记忆的发展研究[J].心理科学, 2003, 26(6):1123–1124.
[28] Huppert F A, Johnson T, Nickson J. High Prevalence of Prospective Memory Impairment in the Elderly and in Early-stage Dementia: Findings from a Population-based Study[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14:S63-S81.
[29] West R, Herndon R W, Ed Covell. Neural Correlates of Age-Related Declines in the Formation and Realization of Delayed Intentions[J]. Psychology and Aging, 2003, 18(3):461–473.
[30] Kliegel M, Mackinlay R, J?ger T. Complex Prospective Memory: Development Across the Lifespan and the Role of Task Interruption[J]. Developmental Psychology , 2008, 44(2):612–617.
[31] Kliegel M, J?ger T. The Influence of Negative Emotions on Prospective Memory: A Review and New Data (Invited Paper)[J]. International Journal of Computational Cognition, 2006, 4(1):1–17.
[32]赵晋全,杨治良,秦金亮,郭力平.前瞻记忆的自评和延时特点[J].心理学报, 2003, 35(4):455–460.
[33] Heffernan T M, Ling J. The Impact of Eysenek’s Extraversion-introversion Personality Dimension On Prospective Memory[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2001, 42(4):321–325.
[34] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval processes[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2005, 14:286–290.
[35] McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Strategic and automatic processes in prospective memory retrieval:A multiprocess framework[J].Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14(7):127—144.
[36] Loft S, Yeo G. An investigation into the resource requirements of event-based prospective memory[J]. Memory & Cognition,2007, 35(2):263–274.
[37] Smith R E. The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 2003, 29(3):347–361.
[38] Smith R E, Bayen U J. A Multinomial Model of Event-Based Prospective Memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2004, 30(4):756–777.
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[41] Marsh R L, Hancock T W, Hicks J L. The demands of an ongoing activity influence the success of event-based prospective memory[J]. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2002, 9 (3):604–610.
[42] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A, et al. Aging and prospective memory: the influence of increased task demands at encoding and retrival[J]. Psychology and Aging, 1997, 12(3):497–488.
[43] Marsh R L, Hicks J L. Event-Based Prospective Memory and Executive Control of Working Memory [J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1998, 24(2):336–349.
[44] Ellis, J. Prospective memory or the realization of delayed intentions: A conceptual framework for research[J]. //Brandimonte, Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. (Eds.). Prospective memory: Theory and applications . Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996:1–22.
[45]张利增.提示对前瞻记忆的影响[D].山东师范大学硕士学位论文, 2003.
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[10] Mark A. McDaniel, Melissa J. Guynn, Gilles O. Einstein, Jennifer Breneiser. Cue-Focused and Reflexive-Associative Processes in Prospective Memory Retrieval[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2004, 30(3): 605–614.
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[13] Hicks J L, Hicks J L, Watson V. The Dynamics of Intention Retrieval and Coordination of Action in Event-Based Prospective Memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2002, 28(4):652–659.
[14] Marsh R L, Hicks J L. Event-based prospective memory and executive control of working memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, &Cognition, 1998, 24:336–349.
[15] Hicks, J. L., & Marsh, R. L. Toward specifying the attentional demands of recognition memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 2000, 26:1483–1498.
[16] Cherry K E, LeCompte D C. Age and individual differences influence prospective memory[J]. Psychology & Aging, 1999. 14:60–76.
[2] Harris J E. Remembering to do things: a forgotten topic[M].// Harris J E, Morris P E. (Eds). Everyday meomory, actions and absent-mindedness. New York: Academic Perss, 1984:71–92.
[3] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. Normal Aging and Prospective Memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory & Cognition, 1990, 16(4): 717–726.
[4] Craik F I M. Aging and Memory[J]. // Eysenck M W ed. The Blackwell Dictionary of Cognitive Psychology. USA: Basil Black-well Ltd, 1994.
[5] Kliegel M, McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Plan formation, retention, and execution in prospective memory: A new approach and age-related effects[J]. Memory & cognition, 2000, 28(6):1041–1049.
[6] Oka B, Fujii T, Umetsu S A, Tsukiura T, Suzuki M, Nagasaka T, et al. A functional MRI study of prospective memory[J]. Neurolmage, 2001, 13:716.
[7] Burgess P W, Quayle A, Frith C D. Brain regions involved in prospective memory as determined by positron emission tomography[J]. Europsychologia, 2001, 39:545–555.
[8] Burgess P W, Scot S K, Frith C D. The role of the rostral frontal cortex (area 10) in Prospective memory: a lateral versus medial dissociation[J]. Neuropsychologia, 2003, 41: 906–918.
[9] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A, Richardson S L, Guynn M J, Cunfer A R. Aging and prospective memory: Examining the influences of self-initiated retrieval processes[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 1995, 21:996–1007.
[10] Kvavilashvili L, Ellis J. Varieties of Intention: Some Distinctions and Classifications[J]. // Brandimonte M, Einstein G O, McDaniel M A (Eds.). Prospective Memory: Theory and Application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996:23–51.
[11] Meachma, J.A., & Leiman, B. Remembering to Perform future actions[J]. //PaperPresented at the meetnig of the American Psychologcial association. Chicago, September. Also in Neisser U. (Ed.). Memory obsevred. San Francisco: Freemna, 1975:327–336.
[12] Meacham, J.A., & Leiman, B. Remembering to Perform Future Actions[J]. // Neisser U.(Ed.), Memory Observed: Remembering in Natural Contexts. San Franeisco: W.H.Freeman and Company, 1982:327–336.
[13] Berg S M van den. Prospective memoy: from intention to action[M]. Eindhoven: Technische Universiteit Eindhoven, 2002.
[14] Einstein G. O, McDaniel M A. Retrieval Porcesses in Prospective memory: Theoretical approaches and some new empirical findings[J].// Brandimonte M, Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. (Eds.), Prospective Memory: Theory and Application. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1996:115–141.
[15] Kvavilashvili L. Remembering intentions: Acritiaclrveiwe of existing experimental paradigms[J]. Applied cognitive psychology, 1992, 6:507–524.
[16] Ceci S J, Bronfenbreliner U.“Dno’t forget to take the cupcakes out of the oven”: Prospective memory, strategic time-monitoring, and context[J]. Child Development, 1985, 56:152–164.
[17] Rendell P G., Craik F I M.. Virtual Week and Actual Week: Age-Related Differences in Prospective Memory[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14:S43–S62.
[18] Kerns K A. The CyberCruiser: An investigation of development of prospective memory in children[J]. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 2000, 6:62–70.
[19] Kerns K A, Price K J. An Investigation of Prospective Memory in Children With ADHD[J]. Child Neuropsychology, 2001, 7(3):162–171.
[20] Shallice T, Burgess P W. Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man[J]. Brain, 1991, 114:727–741.
[21] Loft S, Kearney R, Remington R. Is task interference in event-based prospective memory dependent on cue presentation[J]? Memory & Cognition, 2008, 36(1):139–148.
[22] Kliegel M, Martin M, McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Varying the importence of a prospective memory task: Differential effects across time- and event-based prospective memory[J]. Memory, 2001, 9(1):1–11.
[23]李寿欣,丁兆叶,张利增.认知方式与线索特征对前瞻记忆的影响[J].心理学报, 2005, 37(3):320–327.
[24] Meier B, Graf P. Transfer appropriate processing for prospective memory tests[J]. Applied cognitive psychology, 2000, 14(7):S11-S27.
[25]朱磊,孙里宁.前瞻记忆的字形、语音TAP效应研究[J].心理科学, 2004, 27(5):1124–1126.
[26]孙瑶,周仁来.任务难度对前瞻记忆TAP效应影响的研究[J].心理科学, 2009, 32(3):528–530.
[27]张磊,郭力平,徐蓓军.儿童前瞻记忆的发展研究[J].心理科学, 2003, 26(6):1123–1124.
[28] Huppert F A, Johnson T, Nickson J. High Prevalence of Prospective Memory Impairment in the Elderly and in Early-stage Dementia: Findings from a Population-based Study[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14:S63-S81.
[29] West R, Herndon R W, Ed Covell. Neural Correlates of Age-Related Declines in the Formation and Realization of Delayed Intentions[J]. Psychology and Aging, 2003, 18(3):461–473.
[30] Kliegel M, Mackinlay R, J?ger T. Complex Prospective Memory: Development Across the Lifespan and the Role of Task Interruption[J]. Developmental Psychology , 2008, 44(2):612–617.
[31] Kliegel M, J?ger T. The Influence of Negative Emotions on Prospective Memory: A Review and New Data (Invited Paper)[J]. International Journal of Computational Cognition, 2006, 4(1):1–17.
[32]赵晋全,杨治良,秦金亮,郭力平.前瞻记忆的自评和延时特点[J].心理学报, 2003, 35(4):455–460.
[33] Heffernan T M, Ling J. The Impact of Eysenek’s Extraversion-introversion Personality Dimension On Prospective Memory[J]. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 2001, 42(4):321–325.
[34] Einstein G O, McDaniel M A. Prospective memory: Multiple retrieval processes[J]. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 2005, 14:286–290.
[35] McDaniel M A, Einstein G O. Strategic and automatic processes in prospective memory retrieval:A multiprocess framework[J].Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2000, 14(7):127—144.
[36] Loft S, Yeo G. An investigation into the resource requirements of event-based prospective memory[J]. Memory & Cognition,2007, 35(2):263–274.
[37] Smith R E. The cost of remembering to remember in event-based prospective memory: investigating the capacity demands of delayed intention performance[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition, 2003, 29(3):347–361.
[38] Smith R E, Bayen U J. A Multinomial Model of Event-Based Prospective Memory[J]. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2004, 30(4):756–777.
[39] Hicks J L, Marsh R L, Cook G I. Task interference in time-based, event-based, and dual intention prospective memory condition[J]. Journal of Memory & Language, 2005, 53:430–444.
[40] Finstad K, Bink M, McDaneil M, Einstein G. O. Breaks and Task Switches in Prospective Memory[J]. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2006, 20:705–712.
[41] Marsh R L, Hancock T W, Hicks J L. The demands of an ongoing activity influence the success of event-based prospective memory[J]. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2002, 9 (3):604–610.
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