移变双基地SAR特性与成像方法研究
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摘要
双/多基地SAR的发、收平台分置,能够实现比单基地SAR更多的功能,在高分辨率大测绘带成像、InSAR、GMTI等应用领域具有更为优越的性能和更强的灵活性。从双基地SAR的发展来看,具有一般意义双基特性的SAR系统(General bi-static SAR)的发、收运动矢量可以不同,比当前的平行等速双基地SAR更为灵活、可实现更多的功能,是未来双基地SAR发展的重要方向之一。但由于发、收速度矢量的方向和大小都可能不同,系统将具有方位移变特性,给系统实现和成像带来了新的问题,这些问题已成为近几年双基地SAR领域研究的热点。
本文将平行等速双基地SAR推广至非平行非等速的情况,以发、收速度矢量不同的双基地SAR为对象,研究了其特点和成像方法,这些研究成果可以应用到具有移变特性的一般双基SAR成像中。
第二章研究了一般双基地SAR的移变特性问题。从其空间几何模型和信号模型出发,分析了双基斜距历程及其方位空变特性,认为发、收速度矢量不同造成双基地SAR对不同方位目标成像几何的差异是造成信号方位空变的原因。然后根据分析结果推导了移变双基地SAR的多普勒参数和空间分辨率的计算公式,并分析了以上参数的空变特性,发现发、收速度比的变化对参数空变量的影响较大。
第三章建立了一种新的移变双基地SAR的高精度点目标回波频域模型。首先提出了瞬时多普勒贡献比这一全新概念,通过它把双基相位历程区分为发射和接收两部分,将双基中的“双根号和”问题转化为两个可直接应用驻相原理的单基问题。然后在此基础上建立了一种新的点目标回波频域模型,并与当前已有的几种频域模型进行了分析比较。结果表明,本建模方法物理意义明确,所得模型同时具有高精度、广泛适用性以及形式比较简洁的优势。点目标回波频域模型的建立为研究频域成像算法奠定了基础。
第四章基于前一章建立的高精度频域模型提出了一种移变双基地SAR的频率域Chirp-Z成像算法。通过对频域模型空变特性的分析,发现场景回波二维频谱具有尺度傅立叶变换特性,据此提出了应用两次逆Chirp-Z变换分别校正距离向和方位向的尺度及平移因子的成像方法,解决了移变双基地SAR成像中的二维空变问题。该算法只用到了傅立叶变换和复数相乘,是一种高效率的成像算法。
第五章研究了“发、收速度矢量不同”的典型实例-星机SAR成像相关的问题。分析了滑动聚束模式下发、收平台及目标间的几何特性与信号特点,所得结果为星机双基地SAR的参数选择和系统实现提供了依据。然后用所建立的成像方法对星机SAR进行了仿真成像,实验结果验证了模型和算法的有效性。
第六章基于本文频域模型的广泛适用性,解决了已有平行等速双基地SAR研究中在大双基角情况下频域模型精度不高的问题。并建立了适于大双基角、大斜视平行等速双基地SAR的波数域成像算法。推导了小斜视情况下高效率的双基CS成像算法。本文的模型和成像方法对进一步研究大斜视、大双基角SAR成像有重要的参考价值。
With separation of transmitter and receiver, bi- and multi-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) could provide more abilities and more performance, such as resolution improvement, extended mapping swath, elevation information acquirement and moving target detection, and so on, than the mono-static SAR system. The general Bi-SAR system, which has different velocities of transmitter and receiver, is the heading of development in the future because of its flexibilities and more abilities. However, the new system is azimuth variant. And the new radar imaging theories with regard to the new system receives increasing interest in the past few years.
This thesis focuses on signal processing theories for general bi-static SAR system which is azimuth variant with different velocities of transmitter and receiver, with respect to system characteristic and general bi-static SAR imaging.
Elementary problems for general bi-static SAR imaging, such as signal model and characteristic of echo, are studied in Chapter 2. Based on the study of movement of transmitter and receiver, the changing travel-distance of electromagnetic wave and its azimuth variance are analyzed. Then the calculation of Doppler centric frequency and Doppler FM rate of general bi-static are given and their azimuth variance is analyzed. These are the basis of the following work.
The two-Dimensional point target spectrum for general bi-static SAR is derived in Chapter 3. The instantaneous Doppler contribution ratio is proposed to represent the difference between the instantaneous Doppler contributions of transmitter and receiver. By this, the problem of double square roots included in bi-static phase is reduced to solving two individual weighted stationary phase equations. Then the two- Dimensional spectrum is obtained by using the stationary phase principle and Taylor series expansion for general bi-static SAR. The derived spectrum is also compared with the existing ones for general bi-static SAR. The analysis shows that our spectrum has the better precision, more applicability and more concision comprehensively. It will be useful for developing efficient bi-static algorithms operating in the two-dimensional frequency or the range Doppler domains.
The general bi-static SAR focusing algorithms are studied in Chapter 4. Firstly the two-dimensional special variance of the spectrum is analyzed. Then, on the trait that the spectrum could be regard as the scaled Fourier transform of the echo, the Chirp-Z algorithm is proposed for general bi-static SAR. It used inverse Chirp-Z transform twice to solve the problem of range and azimuth variance for general bi- static SAR. Only the Fourier transform and multiplication of complex number are used, so the Chirp-Z algorithm is an efficient imaging method for general bi-static SAR.
Spaceborne/airborne hybrid bi-SAR system characteristics and imaging method are studied in Chapter 5. For sliding spot mode the spatial relationship of transmitter, receiver and targets is analyzed, echo of the target is modeled for hybrid bi-SAR and the Doppler parameters are derived. The results are basis of the hybrid bi-SAR system implementation. For hybrid bi-SAR imaging the proposed algorithm is applied. It is verified to work well in the case of spaceborne/airborne hybrid bi-SAR by simulation results.
Azimuth invariance SAR imaging is studied in Chapter 6. For high squint and bi-static angle SAR it is difficult to obtain a precise spectrum of echo, which leads to difficulty in setting up effective algorithm. The proposed spectrum is applied and the RMA algorithm is proposed for high squint and bi-static angle SAR. The simulation results show that it work well in the case of high squint and bi-static angle SAR. For low squint bi-static SAR the CS algorithm is proposed and verified by simulation.
本文将平行等速双基地SAR推广至非平行非等速的情况,以发、收速度矢量不同的双基地SAR为对象,研究了其特点和成像方法,这些研究成果可以应用到具有移变特性的一般双基SAR成像中。
第二章研究了一般双基地SAR的移变特性问题。从其空间几何模型和信号模型出发,分析了双基斜距历程及其方位空变特性,认为发、收速度矢量不同造成双基地SAR对不同方位目标成像几何的差异是造成信号方位空变的原因。然后根据分析结果推导了移变双基地SAR的多普勒参数和空间分辨率的计算公式,并分析了以上参数的空变特性,发现发、收速度比的变化对参数空变量的影响较大。
第三章建立了一种新的移变双基地SAR的高精度点目标回波频域模型。首先提出了瞬时多普勒贡献比这一全新概念,通过它把双基相位历程区分为发射和接收两部分,将双基中的“双根号和”问题转化为两个可直接应用驻相原理的单基问题。然后在此基础上建立了一种新的点目标回波频域模型,并与当前已有的几种频域模型进行了分析比较。结果表明,本建模方法物理意义明确,所得模型同时具有高精度、广泛适用性以及形式比较简洁的优势。点目标回波频域模型的建立为研究频域成像算法奠定了基础。
第四章基于前一章建立的高精度频域模型提出了一种移变双基地SAR的频率域Chirp-Z成像算法。通过对频域模型空变特性的分析,发现场景回波二维频谱具有尺度傅立叶变换特性,据此提出了应用两次逆Chirp-Z变换分别校正距离向和方位向的尺度及平移因子的成像方法,解决了移变双基地SAR成像中的二维空变问题。该算法只用到了傅立叶变换和复数相乘,是一种高效率的成像算法。
第五章研究了“发、收速度矢量不同”的典型实例-星机SAR成像相关的问题。分析了滑动聚束模式下发、收平台及目标间的几何特性与信号特点,所得结果为星机双基地SAR的参数选择和系统实现提供了依据。然后用所建立的成像方法对星机SAR进行了仿真成像,实验结果验证了模型和算法的有效性。
第六章基于本文频域模型的广泛适用性,解决了已有平行等速双基地SAR研究中在大双基角情况下频域模型精度不高的问题。并建立了适于大双基角、大斜视平行等速双基地SAR的波数域成像算法。推导了小斜视情况下高效率的双基CS成像算法。本文的模型和成像方法对进一步研究大斜视、大双基角SAR成像有重要的参考价值。
With separation of transmitter and receiver, bi- and multi-static synthetic aperture radar (SAR) could provide more abilities and more performance, such as resolution improvement, extended mapping swath, elevation information acquirement and moving target detection, and so on, than the mono-static SAR system. The general Bi-SAR system, which has different velocities of transmitter and receiver, is the heading of development in the future because of its flexibilities and more abilities. However, the new system is azimuth variant. And the new radar imaging theories with regard to the new system receives increasing interest in the past few years.
This thesis focuses on signal processing theories for general bi-static SAR system which is azimuth variant with different velocities of transmitter and receiver, with respect to system characteristic and general bi-static SAR imaging.
Elementary problems for general bi-static SAR imaging, such as signal model and characteristic of echo, are studied in Chapter 2. Based on the study of movement of transmitter and receiver, the changing travel-distance of electromagnetic wave and its azimuth variance are analyzed. Then the calculation of Doppler centric frequency and Doppler FM rate of general bi-static are given and their azimuth variance is analyzed. These are the basis of the following work.
The two-Dimensional point target spectrum for general bi-static SAR is derived in Chapter 3. The instantaneous Doppler contribution ratio is proposed to represent the difference between the instantaneous Doppler contributions of transmitter and receiver. By this, the problem of double square roots included in bi-static phase is reduced to solving two individual weighted stationary phase equations. Then the two- Dimensional spectrum is obtained by using the stationary phase principle and Taylor series expansion for general bi-static SAR. The derived spectrum is also compared with the existing ones for general bi-static SAR. The analysis shows that our spectrum has the better precision, more applicability and more concision comprehensively. It will be useful for developing efficient bi-static algorithms operating in the two-dimensional frequency or the range Doppler domains.
The general bi-static SAR focusing algorithms are studied in Chapter 4. Firstly the two-dimensional special variance of the spectrum is analyzed. Then, on the trait that the spectrum could be regard as the scaled Fourier transform of the echo, the Chirp-Z algorithm is proposed for general bi-static SAR. It used inverse Chirp-Z transform twice to solve the problem of range and azimuth variance for general bi- static SAR. Only the Fourier transform and multiplication of complex number are used, so the Chirp-Z algorithm is an efficient imaging method for general bi-static SAR.
Spaceborne/airborne hybrid bi-SAR system characteristics and imaging method are studied in Chapter 5. For sliding spot mode the spatial relationship of transmitter, receiver and targets is analyzed, echo of the target is modeled for hybrid bi-SAR and the Doppler parameters are derived. The results are basis of the hybrid bi-SAR system implementation. For hybrid bi-SAR imaging the proposed algorithm is applied. It is verified to work well in the case of spaceborne/airborne hybrid bi-SAR by simulation results.
Azimuth invariance SAR imaging is studied in Chapter 6. For high squint and bi-static angle SAR it is difficult to obtain a precise spectrum of echo, which leads to difficulty in setting up effective algorithm. The proposed spectrum is applied and the RMA algorithm is proposed for high squint and bi-static angle SAR. The simulation results show that it work well in the case of high squint and bi-static angle SAR. For low squint bi-static SAR the CS algorithm is proposed and verified by simulation.
引文
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