圆弧形双层幕墙风荷载数值模拟研究
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摘要
通风双幕墙具有良好的通风性能和采光性能,极大的改善了建筑的舒适度并且节约能源。近年来随着人们对建筑舒适度和绿色环保的重视,双幕墙的应用日渐增多。由于外层幕墙设有一定的开孔率,外表面风压通过孔口影响到廊道内的风压分布,使双幕墙风荷载变得较为复杂,抗风设计时不能简单的套用单幕墙建筑的风压。研究双幕墙的风压分布特征是十分必要的。本文采用数值模拟(CFD)的方法研究了圆柱形高层建筑双层幕墙的平均风荷载特性。
分析全圆柱设置双幕墙的高层建筑平均风荷载。固定廊道的高度,通过变化廊道间距和外幕墙的开孔率建立了16个模型。研究了圆柱形双幕墙的流场特性和风压分布特性,探讨了廊道间距和外幕墙开孔率对圆柱形双幕墙风压分布的影响,着重分析了建筑外部绕流受孔口流出气流的干扰效应。并在廊道内设置粗糙元以模拟廊道内通常存在的卷帘或百叶等遮阳设施的实际情况,研究粗糙元对双幕墙风压分布的影响。
分析半圆周布置双幕墙的圆柱形高层建筑平均风荷载。建立了一个半圆周布置双幕墙另一半为单幕墙的圆柱形双幕墙的截断模型,分析了不同风攻角下该模型的风压和风场特性。研究发现这种局部布置双幕墙的圆柱形高层建筑由于不具有对称性,其风荷载更为复杂。在某些风攻角下,不但阻力大幅增大,而且还会产生比较大的横风向升力,值得引起重视。
For the double-skin facades have good ventilation performance and lighting performance, they improve greatly the comfort of buildings and can also save energy. The double-skin facades are applied gradually to buildings as people pay more attention to the comfort of buildings and the protection of environment. Due to the opening ratio of the external skin facades, the external pressure influenced the pressure in the gap of double-skin facades through the openings, which complicates the wind loads acting on double-skin facades and makes wind-resistance design of double-skin facades different with the single-skin facades. It is necessary to study the characteristics of the pressure distribution on double-skin facades extremely. This article adopts numerical simulation method to study the characteristics of average wind loads on high cylindrical building with double-skin facades.
The average wind loads acting on double-skin facades setting on all directions of cylindrical building were analyzed. Sixteen models, which have fixed gap height, four types of gap width and four kinds of porosity, were created. The characteristics of flow filed and the wind pressure distribution on cylindrical buildings with double-skin facades were studied. The influence to the pressure distribution on cylindrical buildings with double-skin facades in light of the opening ratio of the external skin facades and gap width was discussed. It was studied that the external flow around the building was influenced by the outflow air from the gap. In order to study the influence on the pressure distribution on double-skin facades due to roughness, roughness setting in the gap to simulate the actual equipment such as shutter was considered.
The average wind loads acting on double-skin facades setting on half circle of high cylindrical buildings were considered. The wind loads and flow field characteristics acting on double-skin facades under seven different wind directions were considered by establishing a part of cylindrical building with double-skin facades and single-skin facades. It was indicated that wind loads on this type of double-skin facades were more complicated. There was a large lift force on the building under some wind directions except the increase of the drag force.
分析全圆柱设置双幕墙的高层建筑平均风荷载。固定廊道的高度,通过变化廊道间距和外幕墙的开孔率建立了16个模型。研究了圆柱形双幕墙的流场特性和风压分布特性,探讨了廊道间距和外幕墙开孔率对圆柱形双幕墙风压分布的影响,着重分析了建筑外部绕流受孔口流出气流的干扰效应。并在廊道内设置粗糙元以模拟廊道内通常存在的卷帘或百叶等遮阳设施的实际情况,研究粗糙元对双幕墙风压分布的影响。
分析半圆周布置双幕墙的圆柱形高层建筑平均风荷载。建立了一个半圆周布置双幕墙另一半为单幕墙的圆柱形双幕墙的截断模型,分析了不同风攻角下该模型的风压和风场特性。研究发现这种局部布置双幕墙的圆柱形高层建筑由于不具有对称性,其风荷载更为复杂。在某些风攻角下,不但阻力大幅增大,而且还会产生比较大的横风向升力,值得引起重视。
For the double-skin facades have good ventilation performance and lighting performance, they improve greatly the comfort of buildings and can also save energy. The double-skin facades are applied gradually to buildings as people pay more attention to the comfort of buildings and the protection of environment. Due to the opening ratio of the external skin facades, the external pressure influenced the pressure in the gap of double-skin facades through the openings, which complicates the wind loads acting on double-skin facades and makes wind-resistance design of double-skin facades different with the single-skin facades. It is necessary to study the characteristics of the pressure distribution on double-skin facades extremely. This article adopts numerical simulation method to study the characteristics of average wind loads on high cylindrical building with double-skin facades.
The average wind loads acting on double-skin facades setting on all directions of cylindrical building were analyzed. Sixteen models, which have fixed gap height, four types of gap width and four kinds of porosity, were created. The characteristics of flow filed and the wind pressure distribution on cylindrical buildings with double-skin facades were studied. The influence to the pressure distribution on cylindrical buildings with double-skin facades in light of the opening ratio of the external skin facades and gap width was discussed. It was studied that the external flow around the building was influenced by the outflow air from the gap. In order to study the influence on the pressure distribution on double-skin facades due to roughness, roughness setting in the gap to simulate the actual equipment such as shutter was considered.
The average wind loads acting on double-skin facades setting on half circle of high cylindrical buildings were considered. The wind loads and flow field characteristics acting on double-skin facades under seven different wind directions were considered by establishing a part of cylindrical building with double-skin facades and single-skin facades. It was indicated that wind loads on this type of double-skin facades were more complicated. There was a large lift force on the building under some wind directions except the increase of the drag force.
引文
[1]哈里斯·波依拉兹,通风双层幕墙办公建筑,中国电力出版社,2006
[2]Saelens,D.(2002)Energy Performance Assessments of Single Storey Multiple-Skin Facades.PhD thesis,Laboratory for Building Physics,Department of Civil Engineering,Catholic University of Leuven,Belgium
[3]Kragh,M.(2000).Building Envelopes and Environmental Systems.Paper presented at Modern Facades of Office Buildings Delft Technical University,the Netherlands.
[4]Oesterle,E.,Lieb,R-D.,Lutz,M.,&Heusler,W.(2001).DoubleSkin Facades-Integrated Planning.Prestel Verlag:Munich,Germany
[5]Simiu,E.(1973),Logarithmic profiles and design wind speeds,J Eng.Mech.,ASCE,99(EM5),1073-1083
[6]《日本建筑学会对建筑物荷载建议》关于风荷载的条文和注解(1996)
[7]Xu Y.L.,Zhu L.D.,Wong K.Y.and Chan K.W.Y.(2000),Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge during Typhoon Victor,Structural Engineering and Mechanics-An International Journal,10(6),545-559
[8]Zhu L.D.,Xu,Y.L.,Zhang F.,Xiang H.F.(2001),Buffeting of a long suspension bridge:analysis and field measurement,Proceedings of SPIE 6 th Annual International Symposium on NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics,4-8 March,Newport Beach,California,USA,323-334
[9]Miyata,T.,Yamada,H.,Katsuchi,H.and Kitagawa,M.(2001),Full scale measurement of Akashi-Kaikyo bridge during typhoon,J.Wind Eng.,89,341-344.
[10]Simiu,E.and Scanlan,R.H.(1996),Wind Effects on Structures
[11]Cook N.J.(1973),On simulating the lower third of the urban adiabatic boundary layer in a wind tunnel,Atmospheric Environment,7,691-705
[12]Bienkiewica,B.,Tamura,Y.,Ham,H.J.,Ueda,H.and Hibi,K.(1995),Proper orthogonal decomposition and reconstruction of multi-channel roof pressure,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,54/55,369-381
[13]Flood,N.Kartam(1994),Neural networks in civil engineering,Ⅰ:principles and understanding,Ⅱ:systems and applications,J.Comput.Civil Engng.,ASCE,8,131-162
[14]Zhou,Y.Gu,M.and Xiang,H.F.(1999),Along-wind static equivalent wind loads,Ⅰ:unfavorable distributions of wind loads on tall buildings,Ⅱ: Correction of mode shapes,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,79,135-158
[15]Gu,M.Zhang R.X.and Xiang,H.F.(2000),Identification of flutter derivatives of bridge decks,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,84,151-162
[16]陈政清,于向东(2002,),大跨桥梁颤振自激力的强迫振动法研究,土木工程学报,5,34-41
[17]Stathopoulos,T.(1997),Computational wind engineering:past achievements and future challenges,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,509-532.
[18]Murakami S.(1997),Current status and future trends in computational wind engineering,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,3-34.
[19]周志勇,陈艾荣,项海帆(2003,),涡方法用于桥梁断面气动导数和颤振临界风速的数值计算,振动工程学报,15(3),327-331
[20]Larsen A.and Walther J.H.(1998),Discrete vortex simulation of flow around five generic bridge deck sections,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,77-78,591-602.
[21]Thomasset,E(1981),Implementation of finite element methods for N-S equations,Springer-Verlag
[22]Peraire,J.,Vahdati,M.and Morgan,K.(1987),Adaptive remeshing for compressible flow computations,J.Compt.Phys.,72,449-466.
[23]Murakami,S.(1993),Comparison of various turbulence models applied to a bluff body,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,46-47,21-36
[24]Murakami,S.,Mochida,A.and Hayashi,Y.(1990),Examining the mode by means of a wind tunnel and Large eddy simulation of the turbulence structure around a cube,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,35,87-100
[25]Smagorinsky,J.S.(1963),General circulation experiments with the primitive equations,Part 1,Basic experiments,Mon.Weather Rev.,91,99-164.
[26]Shah,K.B.and Ferziger,J.H.(1997),A fluid mechanicians view of wind engineering large eddy simulation of flow past a cubic obstacle,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,211-224
[27]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Multi-storey double-skin facades influence on surface pressure distribution,CISBAT 2004,Lausanne.
[28]M.G.Gomes,EM.Silva,Effects of different multi-storey double skin facade configurations on surface pressures,CISBAT 2005,Lausanne.
[29]H.J.Gerhardt,C.Kramer,Wind loads on wind-permeable building facades,J.WindEng.Ind.Aerodyn,1983,11,1-20.
[30]R.Potangaroa,R.Aynsley,Pressure distributions behind double facades the implications fornatural ventilation,Proc 11st Int Conf on Wind Engineering, 2003:713-720.
[31]N.J.Cook,The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures,Part 2.Static structures.BRE Garston Watford Butterworths London,1990:333-336.
[32]楼文娟,李恒,魏开重等,典型体型高层建筑双层幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,待发表.
[33]楼文娟,张敏,陈勇,矩形建筑双层幕墙的风荷载特征及阵风系数,浙江大学学报(工学版),待发表.
[34]张敏,楼文娟,双层玻璃幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:136-141.
[35]胡卫法,楼文娟,双幕墙平均风荷载的CFD数值模拟研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:1061-1065.
[36]河井宏允 日本京都大学防灾研究所年报 第49号B2006.4
[37]夏雪湔 邓学蓥 工程分离流动力学 北京航空航天大学出版社1991,161-164
[38]王福军,计算流体动力学分析--CFD软件原理与应用[M],清华大学出版社,2004
[39]H.K.Versteeg,W.Malalasekera,An introduction to computational fluid dynamics:The finite volume method[M],Wiley,New York,1995
[40]陶文铨,数值传热学(第2版)[M],西安交通大学出版社,2001
[41]Fluent Inc.,Fluent Documentation[M/CD],Fluent Inc.,2003
[42]彪仿俊,建筑物表面风荷载的数值模拟研究[D],浙江大学硕士论文,2005
[43]S.V.Patanker,D.B.Spalding,A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows[J],Int.J.Heat Mass Transfer,1972.15:1787-1806
[44]S.V.Patanker,Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow[M],Hemisphere,Washington,1980
[45]J.4P.Van Doormal,G.G.Raithby,Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows[J],Numerical Heat Transfer,1984.7:147-163
[46]Marzio Piller,Enrico Nobile,J.Thomas,DNS study of turulent transport at low Prandtle numbers in a channel flow[J],Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2002(458):419-441
[47]J.G.Wissink,DNS of separating low Reynolds number flow in a turbine cascade with incoming wakes[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2003.24(4):626-635
[48]P.Tollet-Miet,D.Laurence,J.Ferziger,LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1999.20(3):241-254
[49]B.E.Launder,D.B.Spalding,Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence[M],Academic Press,London,1972
[50]秦云,张耀春,王春刚,计算流体动力学在建筑风工程中的应用[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003.35(8):977-981
[51]周雪漪,计算水力学[M],清华大学出版社,1995
[52]郭鸿志,传输过程数值模拟[M],冶金工业出版社,1998
[53]R.I.Issa,Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting[J],J.Comput.Phys.,1986.62:40-65
[54]李凤蔚 空气与气体动力学引论 西北工业大学出版社2007
[55]马丁.西蒙斯 模型飞机空气动力学 航空工业出版社2007
[2]Saelens,D.(2002)Energy Performance Assessments of Single Storey Multiple-Skin Facades.PhD thesis,Laboratory for Building Physics,Department of Civil Engineering,Catholic University of Leuven,Belgium
[3]Kragh,M.(2000).Building Envelopes and Environmental Systems.Paper presented at Modern Facades of Office Buildings Delft Technical University,the Netherlands.
[4]Oesterle,E.,Lieb,R-D.,Lutz,M.,&Heusler,W.(2001).DoubleSkin Facades-Integrated Planning.Prestel Verlag:Munich,Germany
[5]Simiu,E.(1973),Logarithmic profiles and design wind speeds,J Eng.Mech.,ASCE,99(EM5),1073-1083
[6]《日本建筑学会对建筑物荷载建议》关于风荷载的条文和注解(1996)
[7]Xu Y.L.,Zhu L.D.,Wong K.Y.and Chan K.W.Y.(2000),Field Measurement Results of Tsing Ma Suspension Bridge during Typhoon Victor,Structural Engineering and Mechanics-An International Journal,10(6),545-559
[8]Zhu L.D.,Xu,Y.L.,Zhang F.,Xiang H.F.(2001),Buffeting of a long suspension bridge:analysis and field measurement,Proceedings of SPIE 6 th Annual International Symposium on NDE for Health Monitoring and Diagnostics,4-8 March,Newport Beach,California,USA,323-334
[9]Miyata,T.,Yamada,H.,Katsuchi,H.and Kitagawa,M.(2001),Full scale measurement of Akashi-Kaikyo bridge during typhoon,J.Wind Eng.,89,341-344.
[10]Simiu,E.and Scanlan,R.H.(1996),Wind Effects on Structures
[11]Cook N.J.(1973),On simulating the lower third of the urban adiabatic boundary layer in a wind tunnel,Atmospheric Environment,7,691-705
[12]Bienkiewica,B.,Tamura,Y.,Ham,H.J.,Ueda,H.and Hibi,K.(1995),Proper orthogonal decomposition and reconstruction of multi-channel roof pressure,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,54/55,369-381
[13]Flood,N.Kartam(1994),Neural networks in civil engineering,Ⅰ:principles and understanding,Ⅱ:systems and applications,J.Comput.Civil Engng.,ASCE,8,131-162
[14]Zhou,Y.Gu,M.and Xiang,H.F.(1999),Along-wind static equivalent wind loads,Ⅰ:unfavorable distributions of wind loads on tall buildings,Ⅱ: Correction of mode shapes,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,79,135-158
[15]Gu,M.Zhang R.X.and Xiang,H.F.(2000),Identification of flutter derivatives of bridge decks,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,84,151-162
[16]陈政清,于向东(2002,),大跨桥梁颤振自激力的强迫振动法研究,土木工程学报,5,34-41
[17]Stathopoulos,T.(1997),Computational wind engineering:past achievements and future challenges,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,509-532.
[18]Murakami S.(1997),Current status and future trends in computational wind engineering,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,3-34.
[19]周志勇,陈艾荣,项海帆(2003,),涡方法用于桥梁断面气动导数和颤振临界风速的数值计算,振动工程学报,15(3),327-331
[20]Larsen A.and Walther J.H.(1998),Discrete vortex simulation of flow around five generic bridge deck sections,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,77-78,591-602.
[21]Thomasset,E(1981),Implementation of finite element methods for N-S equations,Springer-Verlag
[22]Peraire,J.,Vahdati,M.and Morgan,K.(1987),Adaptive remeshing for compressible flow computations,J.Compt.Phys.,72,449-466.
[23]Murakami,S.(1993),Comparison of various turbulence models applied to a bluff body,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,46-47,21-36
[24]Murakami,S.,Mochida,A.and Hayashi,Y.(1990),Examining the mode by means of a wind tunnel and Large eddy simulation of the turbulence structure around a cube,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,35,87-100
[25]Smagorinsky,J.S.(1963),General circulation experiments with the primitive equations,Part 1,Basic experiments,Mon.Weather Rev.,91,99-164.
[26]Shah,K.B.and Ferziger,J.H.(1997),A fluid mechanicians view of wind engineering large eddy simulation of flow past a cubic obstacle,J.Wind Eng.Indust.Aerody.,67-68,211-224
[27]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Multi-storey double-skin facades influence on surface pressure distribution,CISBAT 2004,Lausanne.
[28]M.G.Gomes,EM.Silva,Effects of different multi-storey double skin facade configurations on surface pressures,CISBAT 2005,Lausanne.
[29]H.J.Gerhardt,C.Kramer,Wind loads on wind-permeable building facades,J.WindEng.Ind.Aerodyn,1983,11,1-20.
[30]R.Potangaroa,R.Aynsley,Pressure distributions behind double facades the implications fornatural ventilation,Proc 11st Int Conf on Wind Engineering, 2003:713-720.
[31]N.J.Cook,The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures,Part 2.Static structures.BRE Garston Watford Butterworths London,1990:333-336.
[32]楼文娟,李恒,魏开重等,典型体型高层建筑双层幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,待发表.
[33]楼文娟,张敏,陈勇,矩形建筑双层幕墙的风荷载特征及阵风系数,浙江大学学报(工学版),待发表.
[34]张敏,楼文娟,双层玻璃幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:136-141.
[35]胡卫法,楼文娟,双幕墙平均风荷载的CFD数值模拟研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:1061-1065.
[36]河井宏允 日本京都大学防灾研究所年报 第49号B2006.4
[37]夏雪湔 邓学蓥 工程分离流动力学 北京航空航天大学出版社1991,161-164
[38]王福军,计算流体动力学分析--CFD软件原理与应用[M],清华大学出版社,2004
[39]H.K.Versteeg,W.Malalasekera,An introduction to computational fluid dynamics:The finite volume method[M],Wiley,New York,1995
[40]陶文铨,数值传热学(第2版)[M],西安交通大学出版社,2001
[41]Fluent Inc.,Fluent Documentation[M/CD],Fluent Inc.,2003
[42]彪仿俊,建筑物表面风荷载的数值模拟研究[D],浙江大学硕士论文,2005
[43]S.V.Patanker,D.B.Spalding,A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows[J],Int.J.Heat Mass Transfer,1972.15:1787-1806
[44]S.V.Patanker,Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow[M],Hemisphere,Washington,1980
[45]J.4P.Van Doormal,G.G.Raithby,Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows[J],Numerical Heat Transfer,1984.7:147-163
[46]Marzio Piller,Enrico Nobile,J.Thomas,DNS study of turulent transport at low Prandtle numbers in a channel flow[J],Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2002(458):419-441
[47]J.G.Wissink,DNS of separating low Reynolds number flow in a turbine cascade with incoming wakes[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2003.24(4):626-635
[48]P.Tollet-Miet,D.Laurence,J.Ferziger,LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1999.20(3):241-254
[49]B.E.Launder,D.B.Spalding,Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence[M],Academic Press,London,1972
[50]秦云,张耀春,王春刚,计算流体动力学在建筑风工程中的应用[J],哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003.35(8):977-981
[51]周雪漪,计算水力学[M],清华大学出版社,1995
[52]郭鸿志,传输过程数值模拟[M],冶金工业出版社,1998
[53]R.I.Issa,Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting[J],J.Comput.Phys.,1986.62:40-65
[54]李凤蔚 空气与气体动力学引论 西北工业大学出版社2007
[55]马丁.西蒙斯 模型飞机空气动力学 航空工业出版社2007