双层幕墙矩形建筑风荷载特性研究
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摘要
以节能、生态为理念的双层幕墙(DSF)围护体系已逐步应用于高层办公建筑。由于双层幕墙之间存在通风廊道,因此对于双层幕墙建筑有三个受风表面,即外层幕墙的内外表面以及内层幕墙的外表面,这使得风荷载取值变得复杂,而各国规范中关于双层幕墙风荷载取值方面的内容几乎没有涉及。本文主要就双层幕墙风荷载问题展开了以下研究:
双层幕墙风压分布特性研究。结合双层幕墙典型模型的风洞试验,分别对一字型和L型双层幕墙的内外幕墙平均风压和脉动风压进行了详细分析,探讨了双层幕墙风压分布的特征和规律。
双层幕墙围护结构设计风荷载研究。研究国外规范和我国荷载规范,对国内外规范关于围护结构风荷载取值的规定进行比较。结合某实际工程双层幕墙建筑风洞试验,对双层幕墙围护结构峰值因子、阵风系数和体型系数取值规律及外层幕墙风压取值等相关问题进行了探讨,并对抗风设计提出了一些建议。
双层幕墙平均风荷载的数值模拟研究。运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对双层幕墙矩形建筑风荷载进行了数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与风洞试验结果进行对比,在核实了数值模拟精度的基础上,运用改进的k-ε模型对双层幕墙平均风荷载的风洞缩尺效应进行了数值探讨,并研究了参数变化对L型双层幕墙平均风荷载的影响。
The double-skin facades (DSF) are applied to multistory office buildings gradually as people require energy-saving and ecotype. For the buildings with DSF, there are three surfaces subjected to wind pressure due to the airflow between the DSF. Those are the outside and inside surfaces of the external skin facade and the outside surface of the internal skin facade. Consequently, the wind loads acting on the DSF become complicated, but in most countries few Codes are presented to regulate the wind loads on DSF. The research is mainly focused on the wind loads acting on DSF in following aspects:
Study on characteristics of wind loads distribution on DSF. Base on the wind tunnel model test of a DSF building, the characteristics of mean wind pressure and fluctuating wind pressure on the internal and external skin facade of straight facade and L-section facade are studied in details and some common laws about wind pressure distribution are discussed.
Study on wind loads on cladding structures of DSF. The specific regulations for the cladding structural wind loads are compared between the Chinese Load Code and foreign Load Code. Based on the test results, related questions about designed wind loads on DSF are discussed, such as the rules of selecting peak factor、gust coefficient and figure coefficient, wind loads on external skin of DSF are also discussed. Some suggestions of wind-resistance design are proposed.
Study on mean wind loads of DSF by numerical simulation. Wind loads on DSF buildings with rectangular shape are computed by CFD method, comparisons between the results from the wind tunnel test and the numerical simulation are then performed to know the accuracy of the simulation. The advanced k-εturbulence model is used to discuss the scale effect on mean wind loads of the wind tunnel models and full scale DSR The mean wind loads on L-section facades have been analyzed under different parameters.
双层幕墙风压分布特性研究。结合双层幕墙典型模型的风洞试验,分别对一字型和L型双层幕墙的内外幕墙平均风压和脉动风压进行了详细分析,探讨了双层幕墙风压分布的特征和规律。
双层幕墙围护结构设计风荷载研究。研究国外规范和我国荷载规范,对国内外规范关于围护结构风荷载取值的规定进行比较。结合某实际工程双层幕墙建筑风洞试验,对双层幕墙围护结构峰值因子、阵风系数和体型系数取值规律及外层幕墙风压取值等相关问题进行了探讨,并对抗风设计提出了一些建议。
双层幕墙平均风荷载的数值模拟研究。运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法,对双层幕墙矩形建筑风荷载进行了数值模拟,将数值模拟结果与风洞试验结果进行对比,在核实了数值模拟精度的基础上,运用改进的k-ε模型对双层幕墙平均风荷载的风洞缩尺效应进行了数值探讨,并研究了参数变化对L型双层幕墙平均风荷载的影响。
The double-skin facades (DSF) are applied to multistory office buildings gradually as people require energy-saving and ecotype. For the buildings with DSF, there are three surfaces subjected to wind pressure due to the airflow between the DSF. Those are the outside and inside surfaces of the external skin facade and the outside surface of the internal skin facade. Consequently, the wind loads acting on the DSF become complicated, but in most countries few Codes are presented to regulate the wind loads on DSF. The research is mainly focused on the wind loads acting on DSF in following aspects:
Study on characteristics of wind loads distribution on DSF. Base on the wind tunnel model test of a DSF building, the characteristics of mean wind pressure and fluctuating wind pressure on the internal and external skin facade of straight facade and L-section facade are studied in details and some common laws about wind pressure distribution are discussed.
Study on wind loads on cladding structures of DSF. The specific regulations for the cladding structural wind loads are compared between the Chinese Load Code and foreign Load Code. Based on the test results, related questions about designed wind loads on DSF are discussed, such as the rules of selecting peak factor、gust coefficient and figure coefficient, wind loads on external skin of DSF are also discussed. Some suggestions of wind-resistance design are proposed.
Study on mean wind loads of DSF by numerical simulation. Wind loads on DSF buildings with rectangular shape are computed by CFD method, comparisons between the results from the wind tunnel test and the numerical simulation are then performed to know the accuracy of the simulation. The advanced k-εturbulence model is used to discuss the scale effect on mean wind loads of the wind tunnel models and full scale DSR The mean wind loads on L-section facades have been analyzed under different parameters.
引文
[1]哈里斯·波依拉兹,通风双层幕墙办公建筑,中国电力出版社,2006.
[2]Crespo,A.M.L.History of the Double Skin Facade.
[3]李保峰,“双层皮”幕墙类型分析及应用展望,建筑学报,2001(11):28-31.
[4]杨居光,关于双层玻璃幕墙的初步研究,天津大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[5]Kragh,M.(2000).Building Envelopes and Environmental System.Paper presented at Modern Facades of Office Building Delft Technical University,the Netherlands.
[6]Uuttu,S.(2001).Study of Current Structures in Double-Skin Facades.MSc thesis in Structural Engineering and Building Physics.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Helsinki University of Technology(HUT),Finland.
[7]GB5009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范.
[8]日本建议,AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Building,1996.
[9]Sharma R.N.& Richards P.J.,"The multi-stage process of windward wall pressure admittance",Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,Vol.92,PP.1191-1218.
[10]埃米尔·希缪,罗伯特·H·斯坎伦,风对结构的作用-风工程导论,同济大学出版社,1992.
[11]黄鹏,顾明,双层玻璃幕墙风压分布特性的试验研究,第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,三亚,2003:117-122.
[12]楼文娟,李恒,魏开重等,典型体型高层建筑双层幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(2):296-301.
[13]张敏,楼文娟,陈勇,矩形建筑双层幕墙的风荷载特征及阵风系数,浙江大学学报(工学版),2008,42(1):54-59.
[14]张敏,楼文娟,双层玻璃幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:136-141.
[15]左建明,朱凤荣,梁彬,双层玻璃墙的风荷载及层间流态的显示,第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,三亚,2003:163-168.
[16]H.J.Gerhardt,C.Kramer,Wind loads on wind-permeable building facades,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn,1983,11,1-20.
[17]H.J.Gerhardt,F.Janser,Wind loads on permeable facade,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn,1994,53,37-48.
[18]H.Kawai,Wind loads on double skin facades with opening windows,Proceeding of The Sixth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering,,Seoul,Korea,2005:231-247.
[19]R.Potangaroa,R.Aynsley,Pressure distributions behind double facades the implications fornatural ventilation,Proc 11st Int Conf on Wind Engineering,2003:713-720.
[20]N.J.Cook,The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures,Part 2.Static structures.BRE Garston Watford Butterworths London,1990:333-336.
[21]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Multi-storey double-skin facades influence on surface pressure distribution,CISBAT 2004,Lausanne.
[22]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Effects of different multi-storey double skin facade configurations on surface pressures,CISBAT 2005,Lausanne.
[23]卢旦,楼文娟,双幕墙建筑通风性能的数值模拟研究,浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(1):46-50.
[24]卢旦,楼文娟,双幕墙建筑通风性能的CFD模拟,第十二届全国计算机学术会议论文集,北京,2004:60-63.
[25]胡卫法,楼文娟,双幕墙平均风荷载的CFD数值模拟研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:1061-1065.
[26]赵西安,双层通风幕墙的构造及工程应用,建筑技术,2002,33(9),651-655.
[27]余世策,开孔结构风致内压及其与柔性屋盖的耦合作用,浙江大学博士学位论文,2006.
[28]International Standard ISO4354.Wind action on Structures,2004.
[29]Minimm Design Loads for building and other structures(ANSI/ASCE-95),1996.
[30]张相庭,结构风压和风振计算,同济大学出版社,1985.
[31]Kumar K.S.& Stathopoulos,"Wind loads on low building roofs:a stochastic prespective",Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.126,No.8,PP.944-956.
[32]沈国辉,大跨度屋盖结构的抗风研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,2004.
[33]玻璃幕墙工程技术规范JGJ102-2003,中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[34]王福军,计算流体动力学分析-CFD软件原理与应用,清华大学出版社,2004.
[35]H.K.Versteeg,W.Malalasekera,An introduction to computational fluid dynamics:The finite volume method,Wiley,New York,1995.
[36]陶文铨,数值传热学(第2版),西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[37]周雪漪,计算水力学[M],清华大学出版社,1995.
[38]郭鸿志,传输过程数值模拟[M],冶金工业出版社,1998.
[39]Fluent Inc,Fluent Documentation,Fluent Inc,2003.
[40]彪仿俊,建筑物表面风荷载的数值模拟研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2005.
[41]S.V.Patanker,D.B.Spalding,A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows,Int.J.Heat Mass Transfer,,1972,15:1787-1806.
[42]S.V.Patanker,Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow,Hemisphere,Washington,1980.
[43]J.P.Van Doormal,G.G.Raithby,Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows,Numerical Heat Transfer,1984,7:147-163.
[44]R.I.Issa,Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting,J.Comput.Phys,1986,62:40-65.
[45]Marzio Piller,Enrico Nobile,J.Thomas,DNS study of turbulent transport at low Prandtle numbers in a channel flow[J],Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2002(458):419-441.
[46]J.G.Wissink,DNS of separating low Reynolds number flow in a turbine cascade with incoming wakes[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2003,24(4):626-635.
[47]秦云,张耀春,王春刚,计算流体动力学在建筑风工程中的应用,哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,35(8):977-981.
[48]P.Tollet-Miet,D.Laurence,J.Ferziger,LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1999,20(3):241-254.
[49]B.E.Launder,D.B.Spalding,Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence,Academic Press,London,1972.
[50]Hoxey,R.P.and Richards,P.J.,Flow pattern and pressure field around a full-scale building,Journal of wind engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,50,203-212.
[51]Richards,P.J.and Hoxey,R.P.,Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ε model,Journal of wind engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,46-47,145-153.
[52]Easom,Improve turbulence models for computational wind engineering,PhD thesis,School of Civil Eng.,The University of Nottingham,UK.
[53]杨伟,基于RANS的结构风荷载和响应的数值模拟研究,同济大学博士学位论文,2004.
[2]Crespo,A.M.L.History of the Double Skin Facade.
[3]李保峰,“双层皮”幕墙类型分析及应用展望,建筑学报,2001(11):28-31.
[4]杨居光,关于双层玻璃幕墙的初步研究,天津大学硕士学位论文,2004.
[5]Kragh,M.(2000).Building Envelopes and Environmental System.Paper presented at Modern Facades of Office Building Delft Technical University,the Netherlands.
[6]Uuttu,S.(2001).Study of Current Structures in Double-Skin Facades.MSc thesis in Structural Engineering and Building Physics.Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,Helsinki University of Technology(HUT),Finland.
[7]GB5009-2001,建筑结构荷载规范.
[8]日本建议,AIJ Recommendations for Loads on Building,1996.
[9]Sharma R.N.& Richards P.J.,"The multi-stage process of windward wall pressure admittance",Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,Vol.92,PP.1191-1218.
[10]埃米尔·希缪,罗伯特·H·斯坎伦,风对结构的作用-风工程导论,同济大学出版社,1992.
[11]黄鹏,顾明,双层玻璃幕墙风压分布特性的试验研究,第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,三亚,2003:117-122.
[12]楼文娟,李恒,魏开重等,典型体型高层建筑双层幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究.哈尔滨工业大学学报,2008,40(2):296-301.
[13]张敏,楼文娟,陈勇,矩形建筑双层幕墙的风荷载特征及阵风系数,浙江大学学报(工学版),2008,42(1):54-59.
[14]张敏,楼文娟,双层玻璃幕墙风荷载特性的试验研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:136-141.
[15]左建明,朱凤荣,梁彬,双层玻璃墙的风荷载及层间流态的显示,第十一届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,三亚,2003:163-168.
[16]H.J.Gerhardt,C.Kramer,Wind loads on wind-permeable building facades,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn,1983,11,1-20.
[17]H.J.Gerhardt,F.Janser,Wind loads on permeable facade,J.Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn,1994,53,37-48.
[18]H.Kawai,Wind loads on double skin facades with opening windows,Proceeding of The Sixth Asia-Pacific Conference on Wind Engineering,,Seoul,Korea,2005:231-247.
[19]R.Potangaroa,R.Aynsley,Pressure distributions behind double facades the implications fornatural ventilation,Proc 11st Int Conf on Wind Engineering,2003:713-720.
[20]N.J.Cook,The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures,Part 2.Static structures.BRE Garston Watford Butterworths London,1990:333-336.
[21]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Multi-storey double-skin facades influence on surface pressure distribution,CISBAT 2004,Lausanne.
[22]M.G.Gomes,F.M.Silva,Effects of different multi-storey double skin facade configurations on surface pressures,CISBAT 2005,Lausanne.
[23]卢旦,楼文娟,双幕墙建筑通风性能的数值模拟研究,浙江大学学报(工学版),2005,39(1):46-50.
[24]卢旦,楼文娟,双幕墙建筑通风性能的CFD模拟,第十二届全国计算机学术会议论文集,北京,2004:60-63.
[25]胡卫法,楼文娟,双幕墙平均风荷载的CFD数值模拟研究,第十三届全国结构风工程学术会议论文集,大连,2007:1061-1065.
[26]赵西安,双层通风幕墙的构造及工程应用,建筑技术,2002,33(9),651-655.
[27]余世策,开孔结构风致内压及其与柔性屋盖的耦合作用,浙江大学博士学位论文,2006.
[28]International Standard ISO4354.Wind action on Structures,2004.
[29]Minimm Design Loads for building and other structures(ANSI/ASCE-95),1996.
[30]张相庭,结构风压和风振计算,同济大学出版社,1985.
[31]Kumar K.S.& Stathopoulos,"Wind loads on low building roofs:a stochastic prespective",Journal of Structural Engineering,Vol.126,No.8,PP.944-956.
[32]沈国辉,大跨度屋盖结构的抗风研究,浙江大学博士学位论文,2004.
[33]玻璃幕墙工程技术规范JGJ102-2003,中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[34]王福军,计算流体动力学分析-CFD软件原理与应用,清华大学出版社,2004.
[35]H.K.Versteeg,W.Malalasekera,An introduction to computational fluid dynamics:The finite volume method,Wiley,New York,1995.
[36]陶文铨,数值传热学(第2版),西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[37]周雪漪,计算水力学[M],清华大学出版社,1995.
[38]郭鸿志,传输过程数值模拟[M],冶金工业出版社,1998.
[39]Fluent Inc,Fluent Documentation,Fluent Inc,2003.
[40]彪仿俊,建筑物表面风荷载的数值模拟研究,浙江大学硕士论文,2005.
[41]S.V.Patanker,D.B.Spalding,A calculation procedure for heat,mass and momentum transfer in three-dimensional parabolic flows,Int.J.Heat Mass Transfer,,1972,15:1787-1806.
[42]S.V.Patanker,Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow,Hemisphere,Washington,1980.
[43]J.P.Van Doormal,G.G.Raithby,Enhancement of the SIMPLE method for predicting incompressible fluid flows,Numerical Heat Transfer,1984,7:147-163.
[44]R.I.Issa,Solution of the implicitly discretised fluid flow equations by operator-splitting,J.Comput.Phys,1986,62:40-65.
[45]Marzio Piller,Enrico Nobile,J.Thomas,DNS study of turbulent transport at low Prandtle numbers in a channel flow[J],Journal of Fluid Mechanics,2002(458):419-441.
[46]J.G.Wissink,DNS of separating low Reynolds number flow in a turbine cascade with incoming wakes[J],International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,2003,24(4):626-635.
[47]秦云,张耀春,王春刚,计算流体动力学在建筑风工程中的应用,哈尔滨工业大学学报,2003,35(8):977-981.
[48]P.Tollet-Miet,D.Laurence,J.Ferziger,LES and RANS of turbulent flow in tube bundles,International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow,1999,20(3):241-254.
[49]B.E.Launder,D.B.Spalding,Lectures in Mathematical Models of Turbulence,Academic Press,London,1972.
[50]Hoxey,R.P.and Richards,P.J.,Flow pattern and pressure field around a full-scale building,Journal of wind engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,50,203-212.
[51]Richards,P.J.and Hoxey,R.P.,Appropriate boundary conditions for computational wind engineering models using the k-ε model,Journal of wind engineering and Industrial aerodynamics,46-47,145-153.
[52]Easom,Improve turbulence models for computational wind engineering,PhD thesis,School of Civil Eng.,The University of Nottingham,UK.
[53]杨伟,基于RANS的结构风荷载和响应的数值模拟研究,同济大学博士学位论文,2004.