针对建筑幕墙风效和城市土地利用规划的可持续量化研究
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摘要
近年来,由于人类活动与自然环境的冲突造成了自然环境、人居环境的恶化,迫使人们重新审视人与自然、建筑和城市规划与自然环境的关系。随着可持续发展观念的提出,使建筑师开始思考如何从根源上解决对建筑对能源和环境的影响,可持续建筑的出现正是基于这样的背景。
本文试图从当前的时代背景和长沙地区的现状出发,先回顾了可持续建筑的发展历程和现阶段成果,总结了可持续建筑与规划的发展趋势和方向。
然后利用计算流体力学中的数值风洞模拟双幕墙建筑的通风状况,并与风洞试验结果相比较;采用多种倾角工况和不同来流风向对通风口百叶进行建模计算。分析结果表明,采用大涡湍流模型中的动力亚格子尺度(SGS)模型能很好地模拟双幕墙体系的实际风场;在满足建筑通风要求的前提下使用箱体式来代替廊道式幕墙能获得更加良好的居住环境;通风百叶在一定程度上起到导风板的作用,在45°倾角附近具有最佳的通风效果。
分析了1995～2005年长沙市快速城市化的5城区土地利用/覆盖变化,参照谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,计算并研究了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化以及生态系统服务价值与土地利用结构的关系。结果表明:(1)研究期内,研究区耕地、园地、林地、水域和未利用地减少,耕地减少最多,草地和建设用地增加,建设用地增加最多;(2)研究区内土地利用程度存在明显差异,其中芙蓉区土地利用程度最大,开福区最小;(3)生态系统服务价值由1995年的655.15×106元减少到2005年的589.26×106元,年变化率-1.01%,水域和林地面积减少,建设用地面积大幅度增加是ESV减少的主要原因;(4)研究区单位ESV(Y)与林地(X1)、水域(X2)、建设用地(X3)所占比例明显相关,用多元线性回归方程可很好的表示,由此预测2010年长沙市城区的单位ESV将进一步下降,总ESV将减少为541.47×106元。
提出了城市建筑生态位适宜度的概念,构建了城市建筑生态位适宜度模型,从经济、环境、社会三方面选取了15项指标建立了城市建筑评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,同时评价多个城市建筑现实水平与预期目标水平的贴近程度,以期实现社会、生态、经济三效益的优化配置目标,为城市建筑设计提供决策上的参考。
Recent years, because of the deterioration of natural environment, living environment caused by the conflict between people and natural, people began to reconsider the relation among people, natural, architecture and city planning and natural environment. as the opinion of sustainable development being raised, architect began to think how to resolve the influence of architecture to environment. the appearance of sustainable architecture is based on such background.
the article proceed from present time background and Changsha's situation. it first reviewed the developing process and achievements in the present period of sustainable architecture and then summarized the developing direct and trend of sustainable architecture and city planning.
The ventilation in double-skin facades was studied by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling and wind tunnel test. It was shown that the Sub Grid Scale(SGS) model of large eddy simulation correctly predicted wind field in this case. The rate of ventilation for corridor double-skin facade and box facade were compared. Given that ventilating condition is met,box facade is preferable to corridor double-skin facade, in terms of dwelling quality. Multi obliquity and different approaching flows models were utilized to investigate the effects of shutter obliquity on ventilation. Shutters were shown to have an air-oriented effect to certain extend,and the optimal obliquity is near 450 in all different wind directions.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the land use/cover change and to examine their effects on ESV in the rapid urbanization area of Changsha city between 1995 and 2005, and do some research on the relationship between ESV and land use structure. The methods are based on ESV computing formula and ESV coefficients. The results showed that: (1) From 1995 to 2005, the area of arable land, garden land, woodland, water area and unused land decreased, while rangeland and construction land increased, arable land decreased most and construction land increased most. The percentage of arable land decreased from 23.485% to 17.982% and the proportion of construction land increased from 34.659% to 44.579%. (2) There is obvious differences of the land use degree in the city, Furong district has the biggest, and Kaifu district has the smallest. (3) The total ESV in study area had decreased from 655.15×106 yuan of year 1995 to 589.26×106 yuan of (RMB)2005, the annual change rate is -1.01%.The reduction of water area and woodland and dramatic increase of construction land is the mainly responsible for the decrease of the ESV. (4) Unit ESV in Changsha city has obvious relation with the area percentage of woodland, water area and constructive land. It can be modeled with multiple linear regression equation. According to the equation, ESV is predicted would decrease to 541.47×106 yuan in 2010.
Applying the niche theory to evaluation of urban architecture, this paper proposed the notion of niche suitability of urban architecture. With 15 monomial indexes about the economy, environment and social, which reflect the coupling degree between real niche and optimum niche, selected to constitute the system of evaluating indicators by entropy, the niche fitness model was constructed. Using the entropy method to determine the weights of evaluating indicators, we can evaluate multi-urban architecture. It is expected to make some scientific recommendations for the urban building design.
本文试图从当前的时代背景和长沙地区的现状出发,先回顾了可持续建筑的发展历程和现阶段成果,总结了可持续建筑与规划的发展趋势和方向。
然后利用计算流体力学中的数值风洞模拟双幕墙建筑的通风状况,并与风洞试验结果相比较;采用多种倾角工况和不同来流风向对通风口百叶进行建模计算。分析结果表明,采用大涡湍流模型中的动力亚格子尺度(SGS)模型能很好地模拟双幕墙体系的实际风场;在满足建筑通风要求的前提下使用箱体式来代替廊道式幕墙能获得更加良好的居住环境;通风百叶在一定程度上起到导风板的作用,在45°倾角附近具有最佳的通风效果。
分析了1995～2005年长沙市快速城市化的5城区土地利用/覆盖变化,参照谢高地等人的中国陆地生态系统单位面积生态服务价值表,计算并研究了土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值的变化以及生态系统服务价值与土地利用结构的关系。结果表明:(1)研究期内,研究区耕地、园地、林地、水域和未利用地减少,耕地减少最多,草地和建设用地增加,建设用地增加最多;(2)研究区内土地利用程度存在明显差异,其中芙蓉区土地利用程度最大,开福区最小;(3)生态系统服务价值由1995年的655.15×106元减少到2005年的589.26×106元,年变化率-1.01%,水域和林地面积减少,建设用地面积大幅度增加是ESV减少的主要原因;(4)研究区单位ESV(Y)与林地(X1)、水域(X2)、建设用地(X3)所占比例明显相关,用多元线性回归方程可很好的表示,由此预测2010年长沙市城区的单位ESV将进一步下降,总ESV将减少为541.47×106元。
提出了城市建筑生态位适宜度的概念,构建了城市建筑生态位适宜度模型,从经济、环境、社会三方面选取了15项指标建立了城市建筑评价指标体系,采用熵权法确定各评价指标权重,同时评价多个城市建筑现实水平与预期目标水平的贴近程度,以期实现社会、生态、经济三效益的优化配置目标,为城市建筑设计提供决策上的参考。
Recent years, because of the deterioration of natural environment, living environment caused by the conflict between people and natural, people began to reconsider the relation among people, natural, architecture and city planning and natural environment. as the opinion of sustainable development being raised, architect began to think how to resolve the influence of architecture to environment. the appearance of sustainable architecture is based on such background.
the article proceed from present time background and Changsha's situation. it first reviewed the developing process and achievements in the present period of sustainable architecture and then summarized the developing direct and trend of sustainable architecture and city planning.
The ventilation in double-skin facades was studied by using computational fluid dynamics(CFD) modeling and wind tunnel test. It was shown that the Sub Grid Scale(SGS) model of large eddy simulation correctly predicted wind field in this case. The rate of ventilation for corridor double-skin facade and box facade were compared. Given that ventilating condition is met,box facade is preferable to corridor double-skin facade, in terms of dwelling quality. Multi obliquity and different approaching flows models were utilized to investigate the effects of shutter obliquity on ventilation. Shutters were shown to have an air-oriented effect to certain extend,and the optimal obliquity is near 450 in all different wind directions.
The objective of this paper is to analyze the land use/cover change and to examine their effects on ESV in the rapid urbanization area of Changsha city between 1995 and 2005, and do some research on the relationship between ESV and land use structure. The methods are based on ESV computing formula and ESV coefficients. The results showed that: (1) From 1995 to 2005, the area of arable land, garden land, woodland, water area and unused land decreased, while rangeland and construction land increased, arable land decreased most and construction land increased most. The percentage of arable land decreased from 23.485% to 17.982% and the proportion of construction land increased from 34.659% to 44.579%. (2) There is obvious differences of the land use degree in the city, Furong district has the biggest, and Kaifu district has the smallest. (3) The total ESV in study area had decreased from 655.15×106 yuan of year 1995 to 589.26×106 yuan of (RMB)2005, the annual change rate is -1.01%.The reduction of water area and woodland and dramatic increase of construction land is the mainly responsible for the decrease of the ESV. (4) Unit ESV in Changsha city has obvious relation with the area percentage of woodland, water area and constructive land. It can be modeled with multiple linear regression equation. According to the equation, ESV is predicted would decrease to 541.47×106 yuan in 2010.
Applying the niche theory to evaluation of urban architecture, this paper proposed the notion of niche suitability of urban architecture. With 15 monomial indexes about the economy, environment and social, which reflect the coupling degree between real niche and optimum niche, selected to constitute the system of evaluating indicators by entropy, the niche fitness model was constructed. Using the entropy method to determine the weights of evaluating indicators, we can evaluate multi-urban architecture. It is expected to make some scientific recommendations for the urban building design.
引文
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[2]陈立东,张桂先.双幕墙通风设计的探讨.中国建筑金属结构.2002,9(2):98-104
[3]Shumann U.Subgrid Scale Model for Finite Difference Simulation of Turbulent Flows in Plane Channels and Annuli.J.Commpp.Phys.1975,18:376-404
[4]马铁犹.计算流体力学.北京:北京航空航天学院出版社,1986
[5]黄本才.结构抗风分析原理及应用.上海:同济大学出版社,2000
[6]楼文娟.黄龙体育中心20号B地块办公楼通风效果风洞试验报告.浙江大学学报,2003,(3):34-43
[7]Costanza R d,Arge R,de Groot R,,et al.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital..Nature,1997,387:253-260
[8]Opschoor.J B.The value of ecosystem services:whose calues?.Ecol Econ,1998,25:41-43
[9]Salah El Serafy.Pricing the invaluable:The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Ecol Econ,1998,25:25-27
[10]Michael Toman.Why not to calculate the value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Ecol Econ,1998,25:57-60
[11]Howarth R B,Farber S.Accounting for the value of ecosystem services.Ecol Econ,2002,41:421-429
[12]Guo Z W,Xiao X X,Gan Y L,et al.Ecosystem functions,services and their values-a case study in Xingshan County of China.Ecol Econ,2001,38:141-154
[13]欧阳志云,王如松,赵景柱.生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评估.应用生态学报,1999,10(5):635-640
[14]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值.科学通报,2000,45(1):17-22
[15]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.中国自然草地生态系统服务价值.自然资源学,2001,16(1):47-53
[16]谢高地,鲁春霞,冷允法,等.青藏高原生态资产的价值评估.自然资源学报,2003,18(2):189-196
[17]吴玲玲,陆健健,童春富,等.长江口湿地生态系统服务价值的评估.长江流域资源与环境,2003,12(5):411-416
[18]余新晓,鲁绍伟,靳芳.中国森林生态系统服务功能价值评估,生态学报,2005,25(8):2096-2102
[19]Turner B L II,Skole D,Sanderson S,et al.Land-use and land-cover change:science/research plan.In:IGBP Report No.35/HDP Report No.7.Stockholm:IGBP,1995,48-53
[20]吴后建,王学雷,宁龙梅,等.土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响—以武汉市为例.长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(2):185-190
[21]Kreuter U P,Heather H G.,Marlock D M,et al.Change in ecosystem service values in the San Antonio areas,Texas.Ecol Econ,2001,39(3):333-346
[22]Zhao Bin,Urs Kreuter,Li Bo,et al.An ecosystem service value assessment of land-use change on Chongming Island,China.Land Use Policy,2004,21:139-148
[23]Ernesto F,Viglizzo,Federico C.Frank.Land-use options for Del Plata Badin in South America:Tradeoffs analysis based on ecosystem service provision.Ecological Economics,2006,57:140-151
[24]蔡邦成,陆根法,宋莉娟,等.土地利用变化对昆山生态系统服务价值的影响,生态学报,2006,26(9):3005-3010
[25]谢春花,王克林,陈洪松,等.土地利用变化对洞庭湖区生态系统服务价值的影响,长江流域资源与环境,2006,15(2):191-195
[26]黄青,孙洪波,王让会,等.干旱区典型山地-绿洲-荒漠系统中绿洲土地利用/覆盖变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,中国沙漠,2007,27(1):76-81
[27]王宗明,张树清,张柏.土地利用变化对三江平原生态系统服务功能价值的影响,中国环境科学,2004,24(1):125-128
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