内循环多级喷动流态化烟气脱硫技术研究
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摘要
“十五”期间,我国二氧化硫(SO2)排放量不但没有完成削减10%的控制目标,反而增加了27%。为此,国务院要求到2010年末,全国SO2排放总量要比“十五”末减少10%。这个目标能否实现,占全国二氧化硫排放总量一半以上的火电厂,能否脱硫成为问题的焦点。循环流化床烟气脱硫技术,具有造价低、脱硫效率适中、适合机组改造、用水量少,不产生二次废水等优点,已经成为我国优先推广使用的烟气脱硫技术之一。但是,该技术在实际应用中普遍存在脱硫剂利用率较低,脱硫塔塔体负荷适应性不强等问题。为了解决上述问题,本文提出了新型内循环多级喷动脱硫塔结构,通过变化的塔体横截面积和新型塔体内部构件,实现了强化脱硫剂、脱硫灰塔内稳定、均匀循环的目的,进而提高了脱硫剂的有效利用率。多级喷动塔内,一级塔体流速高、二级塔体流速低,使得在负荷降低时一级塔体速度降低值明显小于普通塔体。脱硫塔自身的负荷适应性得到增强。
变化的塔体截面形成了下部塔体颗粒浓度稀疏,上部塔体颗粒浓度稠密的分布特点。依据该特点,提出了结合塔体级数,分段实施脱硫的工艺方案。即在一级塔体内部进行以气液传质反应为主的脱硫过程;二级塔体进行以气体和含湿颗粒传质反应为主的脱硫过程。
本文首先在冷态试验台上进行了气固两相PDA试验和床层塌陷试验,研究了塔内气固流动和颗粒浓度分布规律。试验发现在文丘里入口和两级塔体连接处以及塔顶出口附近存在三个气固流动紊乱区域,这三个区域的流场复杂。多级喷动塔内形成稳定、均匀的颗粒内部循环,颗粒浓度整体分布上部稠密、下部稀疏,两级塔体平均颗粒浓度比可以达到4倍以上;截面变化有利于增加气固两相间的滑移速度;塔顶距离水平出口高度,有利于气固分离,从而提高塔内颗粒浓度。雨披导流装置能够强化颗粒内部循环。一级塔体壁面附近存在颗粒轴向脉动速度局部峰值区域。壁面附近颗粒脉动剧烈,有利于一级塔体颗粒高速冲刷塔体壁面,从而减小一级塔体壁面,因湿壁导致结垢等问题出现的可能。
为了研究多级喷动脱硫塔内SO2脱除过程,优化其运行参数及方案,建立了热态试验台系统。采用在线测量SO2浓度装置和自行研制的夹层抽气式热电偶,研究了浆液雾化时SO2脱除过程和塔内温度场分布特性以及不同气液比、喷浆级数、不同雾化喷嘴结构等因素对脱硫过程的影响。以粉煤灰模拟脱硫灰,研究了入口灰浓度、两级喷浆量比例、不同喷嘴安装位置等对整体脱硫效率的影响,给出了优化后的运行参数及方案。
应用Syamlal-Obrien-Symmetric(S-O-S)颗粒作用力模型和气固两相双流体(Two-Flow-Model,TFM)模型,对试验台内气固两相双组分流动进行了数值模拟。分析了时间步长、颗粒弹性恢复系数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:两级塔体内大小颗粒速度变化对比趋势刚好相反,不同粒径颗粒的速度大小,呈现此消彼长的势头。在文丘里加速段、一级塔体、二级塔体三个区间,两种颗粒速度大小比较的规律为:小颗粒速度为高-低-高,大颗粒为低-高-低。不同粒径颗粒速度的交替变化有利于提高塔内颗粒脉动速度和气固滑移速度,进而强化传质过程。数值模拟结果与PDA测试结果吻合较好。
建立了两段含湿颗粒干燥模型,该模型同时考虑了蒸汽二次换热和脱硫产物摩尔质量增加对干燥过程的影响。将该干燥模型与分段SO2传质模型及气固两相双流体模型耦合,编制了求解程序。应用该程序通过“UDF”接口,对“FLUENT”计算软件进行了二次开发。结果表明,该方法可对脱硫塔内SO2脱除过程进行较好的模拟。
为一台20t/h燃煤链条锅炉应用该技术进行了工艺和控制方案设计。针对该示范工程所需的附属设备进行了设计计算和设备选型。给出了工业设计时需参照的标准,分析了脱硫系统运行的特点,并针对其特点给出了附属主要设备选用依据。在控制方案的设计上,重点考虑了系统运行中可能出现的问题并提出了相应的解决措施。应用本文部分研究结果对示范工程的脱硫效果进行了数值模拟预测,在模拟工况下,当Ca/S摩尔比1.2时,脱硫效率为83%,脱硫剂利用率为69.2%。上述工作为示范工程的顺利实施和该技术的进一步推广奠定了基础。
Air pollution is an increasingly important issue throughout the word。The SO2 emission can’t measure up to standard that percentage composition SO2 of air pollution from coal combustion is decreasing 10% planed at the during of the fifteen plan,while the number is larger 27% than the original. Our country request that the SO2 emission is 10% less than the standard number required by the fifteen plan at the end of 2010。It is crucial to control the SO2 emission, and fifty percent of the total emission quantity is produced by the thermal power units. The circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization technique (CFB-FGD)has drawn increasing interest and popularized in our country. The CFB- FGD technique is projected to have lower capital and operating costing than the conventional wet FGD techniques. Further more, the waste products hasn’t secondary drain water. Due to the advantage of moderate SO2 removal efficiency, the technique has been widely used for boilers. With these factors in mind, current technologies of CFB-FGD are reviewed while focus on the removal efficiency and utilization of calcium-based sorbents. In order to resolve the problem of the poor sorbents utilization, removal efficiency and the tower maladjustment, one new style internally circulating multistage spouting tower is presented in this paper. The process features the variable cross-section area and internal structural unit. The advantages include rapid mixing of sorbent, as well as very high heat- and mass-transfer rates between the gas and sorbent. And the technique is the stable flow field and improving the sorbents utilization. Due to the variable cross-section area in tower, the operating flue gas velocity in the level one tower exceeds the value in the second-order. The variable amplitude is lower than single-stage tower on the operating flue gas velocity when load is changed. The capability of adequate variability is improving.
The variable cross-section area has an influence on the concentration distribution in different tower. The results show that the particle concentrations are low in the level one tower and high in the level two tower. According to the characters of multistage spouted tower, the paper has adopted to sector SO2 removal. The gas-liquid contacting and mass-transfer transport processes mainly occur in the level one tower, while reaction in the second-order is between the flue gas and aqueous particles. Firstly, this paper is devoted to understanding the heterogeneity gas-solid two-phase flow in tower by means of the phase doppler particle analyzer (PDA) measurements and bed collapse test. Cross-sectional profiles of mean and fluctuation particle velocities in axial and lateral directions, particle number density, particle size and its distribution, as well as the local temporal evolutions of particle velocity and particle size are measured by PDA. The heterogeneous flow structures in gas-particle flows are obvious in the venturi inlet and at joints two-level tower and tower outlet. The particle internal recycling is stable and homogeneous in multistage spouted tower, and particle concentrations are dilute in lower and dense in upper. The ratio of concentration level two to level one is 4 or larger than 4. Varity of cross-section has good effect on improving the slip velocity between gas and particle. The distance between the top tower and the level outlet is favorable to gas-solid separation and improve particle concentration. The rain cape guide device can reinforce internal particle circulation. Particle fluctuate velocities in axial direction exists peak value in local zone near the wall of level one tower. The more the particle fluctuate is large near the wall, the more particle flushing the tower wall is intense. The probability of deposition is decreasing because of the mass-transfer reaction of gas-liquid in the level one tower.
A hot-state experiment study has been performed. The influence of operation parameters on SO2 removal has been investigated. Its key component-atomizer has been researched in detail. The facts effected SO2 removal efficiency that the distribution characteristic of droplet size in space at different deepness of lime slurry and the quality rate of gas and liquid have been studied. The distributions of concentration and velocity and temperature of particle and SO2 have been measured by the on-line admeasurement devices and home-made thermojunction of sandwich structure thermocouple with air pump. The influence of powder concentration inlet and the quantity of lime slurry in the different tower level and components-atomizer installation position are investigated.
The dynamic behavior of gas-solid flow is predicted based on the theory of gas-solid two-phase flow and the kinetic theory of granular flows and considered the interaction particle and particle. The effects of the time step and coefficient of restitution on the fluidization in tower are investigated. Simulation results show that the ratio of large particle velocity and small particle is different in the two-level tower. The results can be obtained small size particle velocity is high in the acceleration zone venturi inlet and in level two tower, and is low in the level one tower. The velocity distribution of large size particle is different from the small size particle and contrary completely. It is improving to gas-solid mass-transfer rate because the strengh particle fluctuate velocity and slip velocity between different size particles.The time-averaged particle concentration and velocities reflect heterogeneous flow structure in agreement with experiment measurement were predicted by PDA.
Aqueous particle drying model is presented in two-stage tower considered the effect of heat transfer vapor and the product mole. The mechanisms responsible for improvements in performance with the use of additives were investigated and discussed. The paper has compiled program coupled with drying model and gas-solid two phase flow model by compiler interface. Simulation results show that the method is to allow predictions of the mass transfer coefficients and to model the SO2 removal.
On the basis of experimental and simulated study, the internally circulating and multistage spouting fluidized desulfurization has been applied to a 20t/h grate-fired boiler. Control and processing schemes were designed, the governing standards were also given. Auxiliary equipments design calculation and Selection for he demonstration plant were carried out. The potential problems and treatment process were considered particularly. It was forecasted that SO2 removal of 83% and sorbents utilization of 69.2% were achieved at the condition of Ca/S=1.2, by the condition of numerical simulation work condition.
变化的塔体截面形成了下部塔体颗粒浓度稀疏,上部塔体颗粒浓度稠密的分布特点。依据该特点,提出了结合塔体级数,分段实施脱硫的工艺方案。即在一级塔体内部进行以气液传质反应为主的脱硫过程;二级塔体进行以气体和含湿颗粒传质反应为主的脱硫过程。
本文首先在冷态试验台上进行了气固两相PDA试验和床层塌陷试验,研究了塔内气固流动和颗粒浓度分布规律。试验发现在文丘里入口和两级塔体连接处以及塔顶出口附近存在三个气固流动紊乱区域,这三个区域的流场复杂。多级喷动塔内形成稳定、均匀的颗粒内部循环,颗粒浓度整体分布上部稠密、下部稀疏,两级塔体平均颗粒浓度比可以达到4倍以上;截面变化有利于增加气固两相间的滑移速度;塔顶距离水平出口高度,有利于气固分离,从而提高塔内颗粒浓度。雨披导流装置能够强化颗粒内部循环。一级塔体壁面附近存在颗粒轴向脉动速度局部峰值区域。壁面附近颗粒脉动剧烈,有利于一级塔体颗粒高速冲刷塔体壁面,从而减小一级塔体壁面,因湿壁导致结垢等问题出现的可能。
为了研究多级喷动脱硫塔内SO2脱除过程,优化其运行参数及方案,建立了热态试验台系统。采用在线测量SO2浓度装置和自行研制的夹层抽气式热电偶,研究了浆液雾化时SO2脱除过程和塔内温度场分布特性以及不同气液比、喷浆级数、不同雾化喷嘴结构等因素对脱硫过程的影响。以粉煤灰模拟脱硫灰,研究了入口灰浓度、两级喷浆量比例、不同喷嘴安装位置等对整体脱硫效率的影响,给出了优化后的运行参数及方案。
应用Syamlal-Obrien-Symmetric(S-O-S)颗粒作用力模型和气固两相双流体(Two-Flow-Model,TFM)模型,对试验台内气固两相双组分流动进行了数值模拟。分析了时间步长、颗粒弹性恢复系数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:两级塔体内大小颗粒速度变化对比趋势刚好相反,不同粒径颗粒的速度大小,呈现此消彼长的势头。在文丘里加速段、一级塔体、二级塔体三个区间,两种颗粒速度大小比较的规律为:小颗粒速度为高-低-高,大颗粒为低-高-低。不同粒径颗粒速度的交替变化有利于提高塔内颗粒脉动速度和气固滑移速度,进而强化传质过程。数值模拟结果与PDA测试结果吻合较好。
建立了两段含湿颗粒干燥模型,该模型同时考虑了蒸汽二次换热和脱硫产物摩尔质量增加对干燥过程的影响。将该干燥模型与分段SO2传质模型及气固两相双流体模型耦合,编制了求解程序。应用该程序通过“UDF”接口,对“FLUENT”计算软件进行了二次开发。结果表明,该方法可对脱硫塔内SO2脱除过程进行较好的模拟。
为一台20t/h燃煤链条锅炉应用该技术进行了工艺和控制方案设计。针对该示范工程所需的附属设备进行了设计计算和设备选型。给出了工业设计时需参照的标准,分析了脱硫系统运行的特点,并针对其特点给出了附属主要设备选用依据。在控制方案的设计上,重点考虑了系统运行中可能出现的问题并提出了相应的解决措施。应用本文部分研究结果对示范工程的脱硫效果进行了数值模拟预测,在模拟工况下,当Ca/S摩尔比1.2时,脱硫效率为83%,脱硫剂利用率为69.2%。上述工作为示范工程的顺利实施和该技术的进一步推广奠定了基础。
Air pollution is an increasingly important issue throughout the word。The SO2 emission can’t measure up to standard that percentage composition SO2 of air pollution from coal combustion is decreasing 10% planed at the during of the fifteen plan,while the number is larger 27% than the original. Our country request that the SO2 emission is 10% less than the standard number required by the fifteen plan at the end of 2010。It is crucial to control the SO2 emission, and fifty percent of the total emission quantity is produced by the thermal power units. The circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization technique (CFB-FGD)has drawn increasing interest and popularized in our country. The CFB- FGD technique is projected to have lower capital and operating costing than the conventional wet FGD techniques. Further more, the waste products hasn’t secondary drain water. Due to the advantage of moderate SO2 removal efficiency, the technique has been widely used for boilers. With these factors in mind, current technologies of CFB-FGD are reviewed while focus on the removal efficiency and utilization of calcium-based sorbents. In order to resolve the problem of the poor sorbents utilization, removal efficiency and the tower maladjustment, one new style internally circulating multistage spouting tower is presented in this paper. The process features the variable cross-section area and internal structural unit. The advantages include rapid mixing of sorbent, as well as very high heat- and mass-transfer rates between the gas and sorbent. And the technique is the stable flow field and improving the sorbents utilization. Due to the variable cross-section area in tower, the operating flue gas velocity in the level one tower exceeds the value in the second-order. The variable amplitude is lower than single-stage tower on the operating flue gas velocity when load is changed. The capability of adequate variability is improving.
The variable cross-section area has an influence on the concentration distribution in different tower. The results show that the particle concentrations are low in the level one tower and high in the level two tower. According to the characters of multistage spouted tower, the paper has adopted to sector SO2 removal. The gas-liquid contacting and mass-transfer transport processes mainly occur in the level one tower, while reaction in the second-order is between the flue gas and aqueous particles. Firstly, this paper is devoted to understanding the heterogeneity gas-solid two-phase flow in tower by means of the phase doppler particle analyzer (PDA) measurements and bed collapse test. Cross-sectional profiles of mean and fluctuation particle velocities in axial and lateral directions, particle number density, particle size and its distribution, as well as the local temporal evolutions of particle velocity and particle size are measured by PDA. The heterogeneous flow structures in gas-particle flows are obvious in the venturi inlet and at joints two-level tower and tower outlet. The particle internal recycling is stable and homogeneous in multistage spouted tower, and particle concentrations are dilute in lower and dense in upper. The ratio of concentration level two to level one is 4 or larger than 4. Varity of cross-section has good effect on improving the slip velocity between gas and particle. The distance between the top tower and the level outlet is favorable to gas-solid separation and improve particle concentration. The rain cape guide device can reinforce internal particle circulation. Particle fluctuate velocities in axial direction exists peak value in local zone near the wall of level one tower. The more the particle fluctuate is large near the wall, the more particle flushing the tower wall is intense. The probability of deposition is decreasing because of the mass-transfer reaction of gas-liquid in the level one tower.
A hot-state experiment study has been performed. The influence of operation parameters on SO2 removal has been investigated. Its key component-atomizer has been researched in detail. The facts effected SO2 removal efficiency that the distribution characteristic of droplet size in space at different deepness of lime slurry and the quality rate of gas and liquid have been studied. The distributions of concentration and velocity and temperature of particle and SO2 have been measured by the on-line admeasurement devices and home-made thermojunction of sandwich structure thermocouple with air pump. The influence of powder concentration inlet and the quantity of lime slurry in the different tower level and components-atomizer installation position are investigated.
The dynamic behavior of gas-solid flow is predicted based on the theory of gas-solid two-phase flow and the kinetic theory of granular flows and considered the interaction particle and particle. The effects of the time step and coefficient of restitution on the fluidization in tower are investigated. Simulation results show that the ratio of large particle velocity and small particle is different in the two-level tower. The results can be obtained small size particle velocity is high in the acceleration zone venturi inlet and in level two tower, and is low in the level one tower. The velocity distribution of large size particle is different from the small size particle and contrary completely. It is improving to gas-solid mass-transfer rate because the strengh particle fluctuate velocity and slip velocity between different size particles.The time-averaged particle concentration and velocities reflect heterogeneous flow structure in agreement with experiment measurement were predicted by PDA.
Aqueous particle drying model is presented in two-stage tower considered the effect of heat transfer vapor and the product mole. The mechanisms responsible for improvements in performance with the use of additives were investigated and discussed. The paper has compiled program coupled with drying model and gas-solid two phase flow model by compiler interface. Simulation results show that the method is to allow predictions of the mass transfer coefficients and to model the SO2 removal.
On the basis of experimental and simulated study, the internally circulating and multistage spouting fluidized desulfurization has been applied to a 20t/h grate-fired boiler. Control and processing schemes were designed, the governing standards were also given. Auxiliary equipments design calculation and Selection for he demonstration plant were carried out. The potential problems and treatment process were considered particularly. It was forecasted that SO2 removal of 83% and sorbents utilization of 69.2% were achieved at the condition of Ca/S=1.2, by the condition of numerical simulation work condition.
引文
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