新型光子晶体光纤结构设计及应用研究
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摘要
光子晶体光纤自1996年问世以来,就以其较传统光纤所无法比拟的优越性,而受到广泛关注。各种各样新型光子晶体光纤结构不断涌现,促进了其在光通信、光纤传感、非线性光学等众多领域的应用。随着光子晶体光纤应用领域的不断拓展和深入,设计新型的高性能光子晶体光纤并拓展其应用成为研究的一项重要内容。本文致力于新型光子晶体光纤的结构设计及其应用研究,主要工作如下：
1、光子晶体光纤由于其灵活控制的色散特性而在超连续谱产生、四波混频等领域有重要应用,而这些领域通常需要光纤具有平坦的色散曲线。本论文首先就超宽带超平坦色散光子晶体光纤进行设计。提出了圆形结构光子晶体光纤,仿真发现：第1圈空气孔主要决定色散曲线的走向,第2圈空气孔主要影响短波区域色散大小,而第3圈空气孔主要影响长波区域色散大小,第4,5圈对色散曲线影响很小。基于这个规律,对圆形光子晶体光纤的色散曲线进行优化,得到了超宽带平坦色散曲线。4圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤色散值在0±0.5ps/(km·nm)波动的波长范围为1.225到1.84μm；而5圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤的波长范围为1.215到2.02μm。1.55μm波长处,4圈和5圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤的色散斜率分别为-1.905×10-5ps/nm2/km和-1.162×10-5ps/nm2/km,非线性系数分别为13.8W-1km-1和15.7W-1km-1。
将色散曲线优化方法推广到几种光子晶体光纤结构：常规六边形结构、矩形结构、八边形结构及中心缺陷为7个空气孔的大模场面积六边形结构。利用该优化方法,很容易地得到了这几种结构光子晶体光纤的平坦色散曲线。该色散曲线优化方法具有易于操作、普适性、节省时间及计算空间的优点。
2、高非线性光子晶体光纤广泛应用于波长变换、受激拉曼散射等方面。论文提出了全固折射率传导型光子晶体光纤,其纤芯由掺锗中心区域外加一层掺氟同心圆环共同组成,而包层孔则由掺氟石英柱代替空气孔构成。讨论了掺锗浓度、掺锗区域大小、包层孔间距及大小对光纤非线性系数的影响。纤芯区域的掺氟同心圆环结构起到了进一步提高非线性系数的作用。经过仿真,设计了在1.55μm波长处具有高非线性系数、低色散斜率、低限制损耗的双零色散点、单零色散点、全正常色散的三种光子晶体光纤。突破了常规高非线性光纤色散斜率的局限,解决了空气孔高非线性光子晶体光纤所存在的与常规光纤熔接损耗大的缺点,也解决了多元素掺杂高非线性光子晶体光纤损耗大、与包层材料兼容性差等问题。
3、许多光纤有源、无源器件都需要用到双芯光纤。本论文针对传统的轴对称双芯光纤在实际应用中存在接续难的问题,设计了轴偏移的对称双芯光子晶体光纤。首先研究了双芯光子晶体光纤两芯之间的线性及非线性耦合。数值仿真结果表明,双芯光子晶体光纤的非线性耦合具有可饱和吸收特性,并将其应用于被动锁模激光器中。但是,国产的轴对称双芯光子晶体光纤应用于被动锁模激光器中时存在临界功率过高、偏振敏感等问题。接着,讨论了光纤的非线性系数及耦合长度对临界功率的影响：非线性系数的提高及耦合长度的增加都会降低临界功率。提出了轴偏移的对称双芯光子晶体光纤结构,通过纤芯区域掺锗来提高非线性。讨论了包层孔间距及大小、纤芯掺锗区域大小、两芯之间的空气孔大小这几个参数对非线性系数、耦合长度大小及其对偏振依赖性的影响。通过调整结构参数,设计了偏振无关的、临界功率大幅度降低的双芯光子晶体光纤,并数值仿真了其非线性耦合的可饱和吸收效应。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), which were first fabricated in 1996, have attracted much attention due to its unique properties compared with the conventional fibers. There are a variety of novel PCF structures, which promotes its application in optical communications, optical sensing, nonlinear optics and many other fields. As the fields of the PCF applications continue to expand, it becomes an important part of the research to design novel high-performance PCFs and expand their applications. With focus on the design and applications on PCFs, researches are carried in the following areas:
1. PCFs have been widely used in supercontinuum generation, four wave mixing etc, due to its flexibility in dispersion control. Flat dispersion profile is of great importance for these areas. We propose PCFs and obtain ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion for it. The simulation results show that the 1st air-hole ring decides the trend of the dispersion curve. The 2nd ring mainly decides the dispersion value within the short wavelength range, while the dispersion values within the longer wavelength range depends on the 3rd ring. The 4th and the 5th rings have little effect on the dispersion profile. Based on this law, an optimization procedure is utilized to control dispersion of the C-PCF. A 4-ring PCF and a 5-ring PCF with a dispersion of 0±0.5 ps/nm/km from 1.225 to 1.84μm and from 1.215 to 2.02μm, respectively, are demonstrated. The dispersion slope and the nonlinear coefficient are -1.905×10-5 ps/nm2/km and 13.8 W-1km-1 for the 4-ring PCF,-1.162×10-5 ps/nm2/km and 15.7 W-1km-1 for the 5-ring PCF at 1.55μm wavelength.
The optimization procedure is extended to other PCF structures:hexagonal PCFs (H-PCF), square PCFs, octagonal PCFs and 7-hole-missing large-mode-area H-PCFs. Through the procedure that we proposed, it is easy to obtain an ultra-flattened dispersion for these structures. This design procedure is not only simple and universal but also saves lots of computing time and storage space.
2. Highly nonlinear fibers have great application in the wavelength conversion, stimulated Raman scattering etc. We present an all solid index-guiding PCF for highly nonlinearity. The fiber core consists of a Ge-doped area and a F-doped trench-assisted area, while the cladding is composed of F-doped rods. The influence of the concentration of doped germanium, the doping area, the pitch and the size of the cladding holes on the nonlinear coefficient is investigated. Finally, we obtain three PCF structures with highly nonlinearity, low dispersion slope and low confinement loss, with double zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW), single ZDW and all normal dispersion, respectively. These PCFs surpass the limitation of the dispersion slope of the conventional highly nonlinear fibers and overcomes the shortcoming of the large splice loss of air-hole PCFs with the conventional fibers. They also avoid the large loss and the poor compatibility with the conventional fibers in the multicomponent glasses fibers.
3. Many optical active and passive devices are based on the dual-core fibers. To solve the difficulty that it is hard to splice the axial symmetry dual-core fibers in the practical use, a dual-core PCF that has one core in the fiber center is proposed. The linear and nonlinear couplings between the two fiber cores are investigated. The numerical results show the saturation effect of the nonlinear coupling in the dual-core PCF. Then the PCF is applied in the passive mode-locked fiber laser. However, the critical power of the axial symmetry dual-core PCF is too high. Moreover, it is sensitive to the polarization. The influence of the nonlinear coefficient and the coupling length on the critical power is investigated and it is found that the critical power decreases with the increasing of nonlinear coefficient and coupling length. The dual-core PCF with one core in the fiber center is designed. The nonlinear coefficient is improved through the germanium doping in the core area. The influence of the parameters of the pitch, the cladding hole size, the Ge-doped area and the air hole diameter between the two fiber cores on the nonlinear coefficient, coupling length and the dependence on the polarization is investigated. Through the design, a dual-core PCF with polarization independent and significantly reduced critical power is obtained. We also numerically simulate the saturation effect of the nonlinear coupling in this PCF.
1、光子晶体光纤由于其灵活控制的色散特性而在超连续谱产生、四波混频等领域有重要应用,而这些领域通常需要光纤具有平坦的色散曲线。本论文首先就超宽带超平坦色散光子晶体光纤进行设计。提出了圆形结构光子晶体光纤,仿真发现：第1圈空气孔主要决定色散曲线的走向,第2圈空气孔主要影响短波区域色散大小,而第3圈空气孔主要影响长波区域色散大小,第4,5圈对色散曲线影响很小。基于这个规律,对圆形光子晶体光纤的色散曲线进行优化,得到了超宽带平坦色散曲线。4圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤色散值在0±0.5ps/(km·nm)波动的波长范围为1.225到1.84μm；而5圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤的波长范围为1.215到2.02μm。1.55μm波长处,4圈和5圈空气孔的光子晶体光纤的色散斜率分别为-1.905×10-5ps/nm2/km和-1.162×10-5ps/nm2/km,非线性系数分别为13.8W-1km-1和15.7W-1km-1。
将色散曲线优化方法推广到几种光子晶体光纤结构：常规六边形结构、矩形结构、八边形结构及中心缺陷为7个空气孔的大模场面积六边形结构。利用该优化方法,很容易地得到了这几种结构光子晶体光纤的平坦色散曲线。该色散曲线优化方法具有易于操作、普适性、节省时间及计算空间的优点。
2、高非线性光子晶体光纤广泛应用于波长变换、受激拉曼散射等方面。论文提出了全固折射率传导型光子晶体光纤,其纤芯由掺锗中心区域外加一层掺氟同心圆环共同组成,而包层孔则由掺氟石英柱代替空气孔构成。讨论了掺锗浓度、掺锗区域大小、包层孔间距及大小对光纤非线性系数的影响。纤芯区域的掺氟同心圆环结构起到了进一步提高非线性系数的作用。经过仿真,设计了在1.55μm波长处具有高非线性系数、低色散斜率、低限制损耗的双零色散点、单零色散点、全正常色散的三种光子晶体光纤。突破了常规高非线性光纤色散斜率的局限,解决了空气孔高非线性光子晶体光纤所存在的与常规光纤熔接损耗大的缺点,也解决了多元素掺杂高非线性光子晶体光纤损耗大、与包层材料兼容性差等问题。
3、许多光纤有源、无源器件都需要用到双芯光纤。本论文针对传统的轴对称双芯光纤在实际应用中存在接续难的问题,设计了轴偏移的对称双芯光子晶体光纤。首先研究了双芯光子晶体光纤两芯之间的线性及非线性耦合。数值仿真结果表明,双芯光子晶体光纤的非线性耦合具有可饱和吸收特性,并将其应用于被动锁模激光器中。但是,国产的轴对称双芯光子晶体光纤应用于被动锁模激光器中时存在临界功率过高、偏振敏感等问题。接着,讨论了光纤的非线性系数及耦合长度对临界功率的影响：非线性系数的提高及耦合长度的增加都会降低临界功率。提出了轴偏移的对称双芯光子晶体光纤结构,通过纤芯区域掺锗来提高非线性。讨论了包层孔间距及大小、纤芯掺锗区域大小、两芯之间的空气孔大小这几个参数对非线性系数、耦合长度大小及其对偏振依赖性的影响。通过调整结构参数,设计了偏振无关的、临界功率大幅度降低的双芯光子晶体光纤,并数值仿真了其非线性耦合的可饱和吸收效应。
Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), which were first fabricated in 1996, have attracted much attention due to its unique properties compared with the conventional fibers. There are a variety of novel PCF structures, which promotes its application in optical communications, optical sensing, nonlinear optics and many other fields. As the fields of the PCF applications continue to expand, it becomes an important part of the research to design novel high-performance PCFs and expand their applications. With focus on the design and applications on PCFs, researches are carried in the following areas:
1. PCFs have been widely used in supercontinuum generation, four wave mixing etc, due to its flexibility in dispersion control. Flat dispersion profile is of great importance for these areas. We propose PCFs and obtain ultra-flattened chromatic dispersion for it. The simulation results show that the 1st air-hole ring decides the trend of the dispersion curve. The 2nd ring mainly decides the dispersion value within the short wavelength range, while the dispersion values within the longer wavelength range depends on the 3rd ring. The 4th and the 5th rings have little effect on the dispersion profile. Based on this law, an optimization procedure is utilized to control dispersion of the C-PCF. A 4-ring PCF and a 5-ring PCF with a dispersion of 0±0.5 ps/nm/km from 1.225 to 1.84μm and from 1.215 to 2.02μm, respectively, are demonstrated. The dispersion slope and the nonlinear coefficient are -1.905×10-5 ps/nm2/km and 13.8 W-1km-1 for the 4-ring PCF,-1.162×10-5 ps/nm2/km and 15.7 W-1km-1 for the 5-ring PCF at 1.55μm wavelength.
The optimization procedure is extended to other PCF structures:hexagonal PCFs (H-PCF), square PCFs, octagonal PCFs and 7-hole-missing large-mode-area H-PCFs. Through the procedure that we proposed, it is easy to obtain an ultra-flattened dispersion for these structures. This design procedure is not only simple and universal but also saves lots of computing time and storage space.
2. Highly nonlinear fibers have great application in the wavelength conversion, stimulated Raman scattering etc. We present an all solid index-guiding PCF for highly nonlinearity. The fiber core consists of a Ge-doped area and a F-doped trench-assisted area, while the cladding is composed of F-doped rods. The influence of the concentration of doped germanium, the doping area, the pitch and the size of the cladding holes on the nonlinear coefficient is investigated. Finally, we obtain three PCF structures with highly nonlinearity, low dispersion slope and low confinement loss, with double zero dispersion wavelengths (ZDW), single ZDW and all normal dispersion, respectively. These PCFs surpass the limitation of the dispersion slope of the conventional highly nonlinear fibers and overcomes the shortcoming of the large splice loss of air-hole PCFs with the conventional fibers. They also avoid the large loss and the poor compatibility with the conventional fibers in the multicomponent glasses fibers.
3. Many optical active and passive devices are based on the dual-core fibers. To solve the difficulty that it is hard to splice the axial symmetry dual-core fibers in the practical use, a dual-core PCF that has one core in the fiber center is proposed. The linear and nonlinear couplings between the two fiber cores are investigated. The numerical results show the saturation effect of the nonlinear coupling in the dual-core PCF. Then the PCF is applied in the passive mode-locked fiber laser. However, the critical power of the axial symmetry dual-core PCF is too high. Moreover, it is sensitive to the polarization. The influence of the nonlinear coefficient and the coupling length on the critical power is investigated and it is found that the critical power decreases with the increasing of nonlinear coefficient and coupling length. The dual-core PCF with one core in the fiber center is designed. The nonlinear coefficient is improved through the germanium doping in the core area. The influence of the parameters of the pitch, the cladding hole size, the Ge-doped area and the air hole diameter between the two fiber cores on the nonlinear coefficient, coupling length and the dependence on the polarization is investigated. Through the design, a dual-core PCF with polarization independent and significantly reduced critical power is obtained. We also numerically simulate the saturation effect of the nonlinear coupling in this PCF.
引文
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