声回波抵消算法的研究和实现
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摘要
随着通讯、数字信号处理和大规模集成电路技术的飞速发展，人们对语音通信(如视频会议系统和免提电话等系统)质量的要求越来越高。因此，回波消除技术也就成为世界各大通讯公司竞争的热点技术之一。回波消除技术能有效地解决长距离电话网络、IP电话、免提电话和视频会议等通信系统中的回波问题，很好地改善了语音通信质量，具有广阔的市场前景。
本文主要研究用于声音通讯系统中的声回波抵消技术。声回波抵消通常采用声回波抵消器来实现，最简单的声回波抵消器由自适应滤波器组成。具体方法是用自适应滤波器来估计回波信号，并从麦克风信号中减掉该估计值，从而实现声回波的抵消。
本文内容安排如下：
绪论简要介绍了回波抵消器的背景知识，包括回波的产生机理，自适应回波抵消器的基本原理和构成，最后介绍了本文的主要工作。
第二章主要讨论了回波抵消器中常用的各种自适应滤波算法。对现有主要算法的优缺点进行了分析和评价。
为了在收敛速度和运算量之间得到很好的折中，第三章提出了一种基于仿射投影算法和精确块技术的快速的自适应算法(BEFAP算法)，并对该算法作了详细的分析和研究。
第四章针对会议电视系统终端的具体应用，结合BEFAP算法，给出了一种基于TMS320VC5409DSP实现声回波抵消的软硬件设计方案。
第五章给出声回波消除器的测试结果以及未来工作展望。其中主要测试指标为收敛速度和稳态残留回波。
With the rapid development of communication techniques, digital signal processing and VLSI techniques, people demand higher and higher speech quality in communication. So acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) technique has become a hotspot of competition in famous communicaton company all over the world.However, it is not always easy to implement acoustic equipments for communication system with satisfactory speech quality. The technology of echo cancellation has been a very active research field in recent years.
This paper is focused on the AEC in communication system,e.g. tele-conference, video-conference.Acoustic echo cancellation is normally achieved by means of an acoustic echo canceller,which,in its simplest form,consists of an adaptive filter which mimics the transfer function of the echo path (or room acoustic ) to synthesize a replica of the echo,and then subtracts the estimation from the combined echo and near-end speech(or disturbance)signal to obtain the near-end signal alone. This paper is organized as follows:
The background knowledge about echo canceller such as echo mechanism, basic principle of echo canceller and basic components of echo canceller is introduced in chapter 1
In chapter 2 , many kinds of adaptive filter algorithms are dicussed,and their merit and demerit are analyzed .
To solve the tradeoff between congverence and computational complexity, BEFAP is proposed in chapter 3,which is based on block-exact processing and affine projection algorithm.
Chapter 4 offers hardware and software implementation of the acoustic echo canceller based on TMS320VC5409 DSP ,which can be applied to a terminal of the tele-conference or video-conference.
Through simulation and test, Chapter 5 analyzes and evaluates the main performance of the proposed algorithm and gets the result as expected.
本文主要研究用于声音通讯系统中的声回波抵消技术。声回波抵消通常采用声回波抵消器来实现，最简单的声回波抵消器由自适应滤波器组成。具体方法是用自适应滤波器来估计回波信号，并从麦克风信号中减掉该估计值，从而实现声回波的抵消。
本文内容安排如下：
绪论简要介绍了回波抵消器的背景知识，包括回波的产生机理，自适应回波抵消器的基本原理和构成，最后介绍了本文的主要工作。
第二章主要讨论了回波抵消器中常用的各种自适应滤波算法。对现有主要算法的优缺点进行了分析和评价。
为了在收敛速度和运算量之间得到很好的折中，第三章提出了一种基于仿射投影算法和精确块技术的快速的自适应算法(BEFAP算法)，并对该算法作了详细的分析和研究。
第四章针对会议电视系统终端的具体应用，结合BEFAP算法，给出了一种基于TMS320VC5409DSP实现声回波抵消的软硬件设计方案。
第五章给出声回波消除器的测试结果以及未来工作展望。其中主要测试指标为收敛速度和稳态残留回波。
With the rapid development of communication techniques, digital signal processing and VLSI techniques, people demand higher and higher speech quality in communication. So acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) technique has become a hotspot of competition in famous communicaton company all over the world.However, it is not always easy to implement acoustic equipments for communication system with satisfactory speech quality. The technology of echo cancellation has been a very active research field in recent years.
This paper is focused on the AEC in communication system,e.g. tele-conference, video-conference.Acoustic echo cancellation is normally achieved by means of an acoustic echo canceller,which,in its simplest form,consists of an adaptive filter which mimics the transfer function of the echo path (or room acoustic ) to synthesize a replica of the echo,and then subtracts the estimation from the combined echo and near-end speech(or disturbance)signal to obtain the near-end signal alone. This paper is organized as follows:
The background knowledge about echo canceller such as echo mechanism, basic principle of echo canceller and basic components of echo canceller is introduced in chapter 1
In chapter 2 , many kinds of adaptive filter algorithms are dicussed,and their merit and demerit are analyzed .
To solve the tradeoff between congverence and computational complexity, BEFAP is proposed in chapter 3,which is based on block-exact processing and affine projection algorithm.
Chapter 4 offers hardware and software implementation of the acoustic echo canceller based on TMS320VC5409 DSP ,which can be applied to a terminal of the tele-conference or video-conference.
Through simulation and test, Chapter 5 analyzes and evaluates the main performance of the proposed algorithm and gets the result as expected.
引文
[1]David G.Messerschmitt.Echo Cancellation in Speech and Data Transmission .IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communciations, 1984, Sac-2(2):283-297
[2]Koen Eneman,Marc.Moonen.Real-Time Implementation of an Acoustic Echo Canceller on DSP Proceedings of the Pro RISC / IEEE Workshop on Circuits. System and Singal Processing, 1997,Nov:27-28
[3]Keith Gibson.Real-World Echo Control. Middle East Communications, 1996,11 (6)
[4]覃景繁，韦岗，欧阳景正．回波消除理论进展及其应用．电路与系统学报，1998，3(3)：73-80
[5]Trevor N.Yensen,Rafik A.Goubran and Ioannis Lambadaris.Synthetic Stereo Acoustic Echo Cancellation Structure for Multiple Participant VoIP Conferences. IEEE Trans.on Speech and Audio Processing.2001,9(2): 168-173
[6]Jiande Chen,Jeos Vandewalle.Design of a Zero Delay Subband Acoustic Echo Canceller. ICASSP,88,1998:1325-1328
[7]Walter Kellermann. Analysis and Design of Multirate Systerms for Cancellation of Acoustic Echoes. Proc ICASSP,88,1998:2570-2573
[8]ITU-T Recommendation G. 164 Echo Suppressors, 1988
[9]ITU-T Recommendation G.165 Echo Canceller,1993, March
[10]ITU-T Recommendation G. 167 Acoustic Echo Controller, 1993, March
[11]ITU-T Recommendation G. 168 Digital Network Echo Canceller, 1996
[12]A.Gilloire,,M.Vetterli. Adaptive Filtering in Subbands with Critical Sampling.Analysis, Experiments and Application to Echo Cancellation. IEEE Trans.on SP,1992 40(8): 1862-1875
[13]TI Application Repoert, Acoustic echo Cancellation Algorithms and Implication on the TMS320C8X, 1996,May
[14]Tushar Shah.Echoing the Need of Voice Quality. Wireless Business and Technology, 1996.10
[15]G.K.Boray and M.D.Srinath.Conjugate Gradient Techniques for Adaptive Filtering ,IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ :Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1992,39(1): 1-10
[16]叶华，吴伯修，变步长自适应滤波算法的研究，电子学报，1990，18(4)：63—69
[17]Mariane R.Petraglia,Rogerrio G.Alves and Paulo S.R .Diniz New Structures for Adaptive Filtering in Subbands with Critical Sampling .IEEE Trans .Signal Processing 2000,48(12)
[19]Ravi N.Banavar, Amit A.Kalele A Mixed Norm Performance Measure for the Design of Multirate Filterbanks.IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing. 2001,49(2):354-359
[20]Joseph O.Chapa,Raghuveer M.Rao.Algorithms for Designing Wavelets to Match a Specified Signal,IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing,2000,48(12):3395-3406
[21]Sudhakar kalluri,Gonzalo.R.A General Class of Nonlinear Normalized Adaptive Filtering Algorithms.IEEE.Trans.on Signal Processing, 1999,47(8):2262-2272
[22]殷福亮，刘恩彩等，回波抵消器研制报告，1997
[23]Regalia P.A,Liavas A.P. Acoustic Echo Cancellation :Do IIR Models Offer Better Modeling Capabilities than FIR Counterparts ?,IEEE Trans SP. 1998,46(9):2499-2504
[24]S.Haykin.Adaptive Filter Theory Fourth Edition.北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[25]James R.Zeidler.Performance Analysis of LMS Adaptive Prediction Filters,Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990,78(12): 1780-1806
[26]J.M.Cioffi,T.Kailath.Fast RLS Transversal Filters for Adaptive,IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1984, 32(4):304-337
[27]张玲华，郑宝玉 随机信号处理．第一版．北京：清华大学出版．2003．133-144
[28]何振亚．自适应信号处理．第一版．北京：科学出版社．2002．21-67
[29]Ang, W. P. and B. Farhang Boroujeny, A New Class of Gradient Adaptive Step Size LMS Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2001,49(4):805-810
[30]Thierry Petilion, Andree Gilloire and Sergios Theodoridis.The Fast NewtonTransversal Filter: An Efficient Scheme for Acoustic Echo Cancellation in MobileRadio.IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1994,42(3):509—517
[31]Aboulnasr, T. and K. Mayyas, A Robust Rariable Step Size LMS-type Algorithm:Analysis and Simulations , IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1997,45(3):631-639
[32]J.C.Lee,C.K.Un.Performance of Transform-Domain LMS Adaptive Digital Filters.IEEE Trans.on ASSP, 1986,34(6)
[33]D.T.M.Slock,On the Convergence Behavior of the LMS and the Normalized LMS Algorithm, IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1993,41 (9):2811-2825
[34]沈福民．自适应信号处理．第一版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2001．62-66
[35]姚天任，孙洪．现代数字信号处理．第一版．武汉：华中理工大学出版社．1999．93-111
[36]K.Mayyas.Sterophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using Lattice Orthogonalization.IEEE Trans on Speech and Processing, 2002, 10 (7)
[37]A.A.Rontogiannis, S.Theodoridis.Multichannel Fast QRD-LS Adaptive Filtering:New Technigue and Algorithms,IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1998,46(11):2862-2876
[38]张贤达．现代信号处理．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．206-215
[39]张贤达，保诤．通信信号处理．第二版．北京：国防工业出版社．2002．258-260
[40]M.Tanaka, S.makino, Y.Kaneda etal. A Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEICE Trans on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. 1995,E78-A(10): 1355-1361
[41]S.G.Sankaran and A. A. L.Beex.Convergence behavior of Affine Projection Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2000, 48(4) :1086-1096
[42]G..A.Clark,S.K.Mitra and S.R.Parker.Block Implementation of Adaptive Digital Filters.IEEE Trans on CAS,1981,28(6):584--592
[43]Z.J.Mou, P.Duhamel.Fast FIR Filtering: Algorithms and Implementation.Signal Process, 1987,13(12):377-384
[44]Masashi Tanaka, Shoji Makino,Junji Kojim.A Block Exact Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing, 1999,7(1):79-86
[45]Geert Rombouts and Marc Moonen. A Sparse Block Exact Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing, 2002,10(2): 100-108
[46]T.Furukawa,H.Kubota, S.Tsujii.A Fast Block Adaptive Algorithm and Its Performance.Trans. IEICE (A), 1989, J72-A(7): 1069-1076
[47]Tomas Gansler, Steven L.Gay, M.Mohan,etal. Double-Talk Robust Fast Converging Algorithms for Network Echo Cancellation. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing. 2000,8(6):656-663
[48]TEXAS INSTRUMENTS.TMS320C5000 DSP Family Functional Overview. 1998
[49]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set Volume 1: CPU and Peripherals. Texas Instruments
Incorporated.2000, SPRU131F: 1-50
[50]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 4: Applications Guide. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1996,SPRU173:1-43
[51]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 5: Enhanced Peripherals. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1999, SPRU302:16-45
[52]Designing an Echo Canceller System Using the TMS320C50 DSP. SPRA322. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1997, 14-18
[53]Serial-Port 16-Bit Sound Port Stereo Codec AD1849K. Analog Devices,Inc. 2000. 22-25
[54]张雄伟，陈亮，徐光辉．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．第三版．北京：电子工业出版社．2003年2月
[55]刘益成．TMS320C54X DSP应用程序设计与开发．第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002．
[56]殷福亮，宋爱军．数字信号处理C语言程序集．第一版．沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社．1997．341-344
[57]戴明桢，周建江．TMS320C54X DSP结构，原理及应用，第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．
[58]郑红，吴冠．TMS320C54X DSP应用系统设计．第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002．
[59]汪安民．TMS320C54XX DSP实用技术．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．
[60]李刚．数字信号处理的原理极其开发应用．第一版．北京：天津大学出版社．2000．530-540
[2]Koen Eneman,Marc.Moonen.Real-Time Implementation of an Acoustic Echo Canceller on DSP Proceedings of the Pro RISC / IEEE Workshop on Circuits. System and Singal Processing, 1997,Nov:27-28
[3]Keith Gibson.Real-World Echo Control. Middle East Communications, 1996,11 (6)
[4]覃景繁，韦岗，欧阳景正．回波消除理论进展及其应用．电路与系统学报，1998，3(3)：73-80
[5]Trevor N.Yensen,Rafik A.Goubran and Ioannis Lambadaris.Synthetic Stereo Acoustic Echo Cancellation Structure for Multiple Participant VoIP Conferences. IEEE Trans.on Speech and Audio Processing.2001,9(2): 168-173
[6]Jiande Chen,Jeos Vandewalle.Design of a Zero Delay Subband Acoustic Echo Canceller. ICASSP,88,1998:1325-1328
[7]Walter Kellermann. Analysis and Design of Multirate Systerms for Cancellation of Acoustic Echoes. Proc ICASSP,88,1998:2570-2573
[8]ITU-T Recommendation G. 164 Echo Suppressors, 1988
[9]ITU-T Recommendation G.165 Echo Canceller,1993, March
[10]ITU-T Recommendation G. 167 Acoustic Echo Controller, 1993, March
[11]ITU-T Recommendation G. 168 Digital Network Echo Canceller, 1996
[12]A.Gilloire,,M.Vetterli. Adaptive Filtering in Subbands with Critical Sampling.Analysis, Experiments and Application to Echo Cancellation. IEEE Trans.on SP,1992 40(8): 1862-1875
[13]TI Application Repoert, Acoustic echo Cancellation Algorithms and Implication on the TMS320C8X, 1996,May
[14]Tushar Shah.Echoing the Need of Voice Quality. Wireless Business and Technology, 1996.10
[15]G.K.Boray and M.D.Srinath.Conjugate Gradient Techniques for Adaptive Filtering ,IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems-Ⅰ :Fundamental Theory and Applications, 1992,39(1): 1-10
[16]叶华，吴伯修，变步长自适应滤波算法的研究，电子学报，1990，18(4)：63—69
[17]Mariane R.Petraglia,Rogerrio G.Alves and Paulo S.R .Diniz New Structures for Adaptive Filtering in Subbands with Critical Sampling .IEEE Trans .Signal Processing 2000,48(12)
[19]Ravi N.Banavar, Amit A.Kalele A Mixed Norm Performance Measure for the Design of Multirate Filterbanks.IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing. 2001,49(2):354-359
[20]Joseph O.Chapa,Raghuveer M.Rao.Algorithms for Designing Wavelets to Match a Specified Signal,IEEE Trans.on Signal Processing,2000,48(12):3395-3406
[21]Sudhakar kalluri,Gonzalo.R.A General Class of Nonlinear Normalized Adaptive Filtering Algorithms.IEEE.Trans.on Signal Processing, 1999,47(8):2262-2272
[22]殷福亮，刘恩彩等，回波抵消器研制报告，1997
[23]Regalia P.A,Liavas A.P. Acoustic Echo Cancellation :Do IIR Models Offer Better Modeling Capabilities than FIR Counterparts ?,IEEE Trans SP. 1998,46(9):2499-2504
[24]S.Haykin.Adaptive Filter Theory Fourth Edition.北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[25]James R.Zeidler.Performance Analysis of LMS Adaptive Prediction Filters,Proceedings of the IEEE, 1990,78(12): 1780-1806
[26]J.M.Cioffi,T.Kailath.Fast RLS Transversal Filters for Adaptive,IEEE Trans on ASSP, 1984, 32(4):304-337
[27]张玲华，郑宝玉 随机信号处理．第一版．北京：清华大学出版．2003．133-144
[28]何振亚．自适应信号处理．第一版．北京：科学出版社．2002．21-67
[29]Ang, W. P. and B. Farhang Boroujeny, A New Class of Gradient Adaptive Step Size LMS Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2001,49(4):805-810
[30]Thierry Petilion, Andree Gilloire and Sergios Theodoridis.The Fast NewtonTransversal Filter: An Efficient Scheme for Acoustic Echo Cancellation in MobileRadio.IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1994,42(3):509—517
[31]Aboulnasr, T. and K. Mayyas, A Robust Rariable Step Size LMS-type Algorithm:Analysis and Simulations , IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1997,45(3):631-639
[32]J.C.Lee,C.K.Un.Performance of Transform-Domain LMS Adaptive Digital Filters.IEEE Trans.on ASSP, 1986,34(6)
[33]D.T.M.Slock,On the Convergence Behavior of the LMS and the Normalized LMS Algorithm, IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1993,41 (9):2811-2825
[34]沈福民．自适应信号处理．第一版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社．2001．62-66
[35]姚天任，孙洪．现代数字信号处理．第一版．武汉：华中理工大学出版社．1999．93-111
[36]K.Mayyas.Sterophonic Acoustic Echo Cancellation Using Lattice Orthogonalization.IEEE Trans on Speech and Processing, 2002, 10 (7)
[37]A.A.Rontogiannis, S.Theodoridis.Multichannel Fast QRD-LS Adaptive Filtering:New Technigue and Algorithms,IEEE Trans on Signal Processing, 1998,46(11):2862-2876
[38]张贤达．现代信号处理．第二版．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．206-215
[39]张贤达，保诤．通信信号处理．第二版．北京：国防工业出版社．2002．258-260
[40]M.Tanaka, S.makino, Y.Kaneda etal. A Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEICE Trans on Fundamentals of Electronics, Communications and Computer Sciences. 1995,E78-A(10): 1355-1361
[41]S.G.Sankaran and A. A. L.Beex.Convergence behavior of Affine Projection Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2000, 48(4) :1086-1096
[42]G..A.Clark,S.K.Mitra and S.R.Parker.Block Implementation of Adaptive Digital Filters.IEEE Trans on CAS,1981,28(6):584--592
[43]Z.J.Mou, P.Duhamel.Fast FIR Filtering: Algorithms and Implementation.Signal Process, 1987,13(12):377-384
[44]Masashi Tanaka, Shoji Makino,Junji Kojim.A Block Exact Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing, 1999,7(1):79-86
[45]Geert Rombouts and Marc Moonen. A Sparse Block Exact Fast Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filtering. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing, 2002,10(2): 100-108
[46]T.Furukawa,H.Kubota, S.Tsujii.A Fast Block Adaptive Algorithm and Its Performance.Trans. IEICE (A), 1989, J72-A(7): 1069-1076
[47]Tomas Gansler, Steven L.Gay, M.Mohan,etal. Double-Talk Robust Fast Converging Algorithms for Network Echo Cancellation. IEEE Trans on Speech and Audio Processing. 2000,8(6):656-663
[48]TEXAS INSTRUMENTS.TMS320C5000 DSP Family Functional Overview. 1998
[49]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set Volume 1: CPU and Peripherals. Texas Instruments
Incorporated.2000, SPRU131F: 1-50
[50]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 4: Applications Guide. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1996,SPRU173:1-43
[51]TMS320C54x DSP Reference Set, Volume 5: Enhanced Peripherals. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1999, SPRU302:16-45
[52]Designing an Echo Canceller System Using the TMS320C50 DSP. SPRA322. Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1997, 14-18
[53]Serial-Port 16-Bit Sound Port Stereo Codec AD1849K. Analog Devices,Inc. 2000. 22-25
[54]张雄伟，陈亮，徐光辉．DSP芯片的原理与开发应用．第三版．北京：电子工业出版社．2003年2月
[55]刘益成．TMS320C54X DSP应用程序设计与开发．第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002．
[56]殷福亮，宋爱军．数字信号处理C语言程序集．第一版．沈阳：辽宁科学技术出版社．1997．341-344
[57]戴明桢，周建江．TMS320C54X DSP结构，原理及应用，第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2001．
[58]郑红，吴冠．TMS320C54X DSP应用系统设计．第一版．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2002．
[59]汪安民．TMS320C54XX DSP实用技术．第一版．北京：清华大学出版社．2002．
[60]李刚．数字信号处理的原理极其开发应用．第一版．北京：天津大学出版社．2000．530-540