天线雷达散射截面分析与控制术研究
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摘要
由于当今隐身技术的飞速发展,飞行器以及舰艇等武器的雷达散射截面与以前相比下降了1到2个数量级。同时由于FSS结构、吸波材料、高阻抗表面等隐身新材料的发展以及应用,使隐身目标自身的RCS已经非常小。因此影响目标隐身性能的主要因素是载体目标上的天线。所以,天线RCS的分析研究与减缩技术对于目标隐身设计将变的非常重要。本文从天线RCS的分析与减缩两个方面为研究目标,分别对天线散射的特性与减缩方法进行了研究。本文工作的主要创新点可概括如下:
1.受到阵列天线辐射方向图乘积定理的启发,提出阵列天线散射场也可以分解为阵列散射因子与单元散射场的乘积。同时,根据阵列天线散射的基本理论,导出了阵列散射因子的表达式。
通过阵列散射因子,分析了阵列天线散射场的一些重要特性,得到了一些基本结论:首先,阵列天线散射方向图主要与阵列结构形式有关,而与单元散射方向图无关;其次,阵列天线散射峰值所在的角度位置以及峰值数目都与阵列单元之间的距离相关,同时散射峰值会随着单元间距的变化按一定规律而变化;第三,对半波振子、螺旋天线、微带天线阵列散射的分析可以看出,阵列散射方向图特性主要是由阵列结构决定,与阵列天线单元形式无关。
2.提出了一种综合阵列天线散射方向图的新方法。根据导出的阵列散射因子表达式,通过改变阵列单元之间的空间分布而对阵列散射因子进行优化,从而使阵列天线散射峰值得到明显的抑制。为了验证本方法,分别对平面半波振子阵列、线性领结型天线阵列、波导缝隙阵列的散射方向图进行综合,仿真与计算结果证实了该方法的正确性。同时,在阵列天线散射方向图的综合中我们发现:无论单元接多大负载,通过优化阵列散射因子得到的单元空间位置都能有效的抑制其散射方向图。对于波导缝隙阵列,入射波极化激励与不激励缝隙电压时,优化得到的缝隙位置对其散射方向图的影响非常大。即当入射波极化激励起缝隙电压时,通过本方法得到的缝隙位置可以抑制缝隙阵列的散射峰值;而当入射波不能激励起缝隙电压时,则无论缝隙位置怎么变,其散射方向图变化都不大。
3.利用频率选择表面的等效电路分析模型,提出了一种新型的频率选择表面。该新型FSS结构是通过给传统金属方环FSS结构引入并联电感而形成。通过引入并联电感,新型FSS结构的阻带带宽得到了明显的减小,从而提高了FSS结构的频率选择特性。同时,对该FSS结构的反射系数以及反射相位的频带特性进行分析后,得到结论:即在阻带内,FSS结构对电磁波的反射与金属板类似。因此将该FSS结构作为一微带偶极子天线地板来代替传统的金属板能实现对天线RCS的减缩。仿真和测试结果证实利用FSS地板代替传统金属板可以有效的减小天线RCS。
4.高阻抗表面(HIS)由于其对特定频率的垂直入射波具有同相反射特性;同时金属表面对入射电磁波具有180度的反射相位。因此本文提出利用HIS与金属面的叠加而使两者反射场在空间相互抵消,从而减小目标的RCS。将该想法应用到了两个微带天线上,通过给两微带天线周围加载HIS结构,这样使HIS与微带天线金属表面的散射场相互抵消,从而减缩微带天线的RCS。仿真与测试结果表明本方法确实能减小微带天线的带内RCS。
Today, due to the rapidly development of stealing technology, the RCS levels of many weapons such as aircraft and warship is decreased for 1 or 2 quantities. Meanwhile, the RCS of platform themselves become very small by using the Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS), Radar Absorbing materials, High Impedance Surfaces (HIS), etc. Then the main factor that impacts the RCS of platform is the antennas on the platform. So it is important to analyzing and reducing the RCS of antennas for the design of stealth platform. The analysis and reduction of the RCS of antennas are the two main research objects of this thesis. The main contributions and innovation of the thesis are outlined as follows:
1. Inspired by the multiplication principle of radiation pattern, we present scattering pattern of array antennas can also be decomposed into the multiplication of array scattering factor and element scattering. Base on the basic theory of antenna scattering, the formula of array scattering factor is derived.
Some important properties of array scattering is obtained through analyzing the array scattering factor, then some important conclusion are drawn: first, the scattering pattern of array antennas is affected by the structure of array configuration, and there are no relationship between the scattering pattern of array antennas and elements; Second, the amounts and angles related to the peak scattering of array antennas is determined by the interelement spacing. Meanwhile, the angle related to the peak scattering is varied with the interelement spacing in a special rule. Third, it can be seen that the scattering properties of array antennas is mainly determined by the configuration of array, rather than antenna elements.
2. A new method to synthesize the scattering pattern of array antennas is presented in the thesis. The scattering peaks of array antennas are restrained by the spatial arrangement of array elements which is obtained by optimizing the array scattering factor. In order to validate the proposed method, the scattering patterns of a planar Half-dipole array, a bow-tie antenna array, and a waveguide slots array are optimized, respectively. The simulated and calculated results validated the proposed method. Through the optimization of the scattering pattern of array antennas, it was found that the proposed method can help to restrain the peak scattering when the antenna elements are connected any loads. For the waveguide slot array, the optimized positions of the slots are affected the scattering pattern in different ways, when the incident wave excited the slot or not. When the incident wave excited the slots, the optimized positions of antenna elements can restrain the peak scattering. Otherwise, when the incident wave can not excited the slots, the optimized positions of antenna elements have little impact on the scattering pattern.
3. A new FSS structure which has high frequency selectivity is presented utilizing the equivalent circuit model. The proposed FSS is a transformation form of conventional square-loop FSS. Besides, four narrow branches are added to each element, and connect to other neighboring elements to decrease the bandwidth of the proposed FSS. After analyzing the amplitude and phase of reflection coefficient, it can be concluded that the FSS acts as perfect conductor surface when it reflects the incident wave whose frequency is in the stop-band of the FSS. Consequently, in order to reduce the RCS of a microstrip dipole antenna, the metallic ground of the antenna is replaced by the proposed FSS ground. The simulated and measured results show that the RCS of the antenna is reduced considerably when replacing the metallic ground with FSS ground.
4. For the normal incident plane wave, the reflection phase of High Impedance Surface (HIS) is 00, and the reflection phase of metallic surface is 1800. Hence, a new method that reduces the RCS of objects is proposed. In this method, the scattering from HIS and PEC surface is canceled out due to the different reflection phase when combining the HIS and the PEC surface. In order to validated the proposed method, the HIS is added surround the two microstrip antennas to cancel the reflected field from the metallic surface of antennas. The simulated and measured results proved that the proposed method can effectively reduce the in- band RCS of micrstrip antennas.
1.受到阵列天线辐射方向图乘积定理的启发,提出阵列天线散射场也可以分解为阵列散射因子与单元散射场的乘积。同时,根据阵列天线散射的基本理论,导出了阵列散射因子的表达式。
通过阵列散射因子,分析了阵列天线散射场的一些重要特性,得到了一些基本结论:首先,阵列天线散射方向图主要与阵列结构形式有关,而与单元散射方向图无关;其次,阵列天线散射峰值所在的角度位置以及峰值数目都与阵列单元之间的距离相关,同时散射峰值会随着单元间距的变化按一定规律而变化;第三,对半波振子、螺旋天线、微带天线阵列散射的分析可以看出,阵列散射方向图特性主要是由阵列结构决定,与阵列天线单元形式无关。
2.提出了一种综合阵列天线散射方向图的新方法。根据导出的阵列散射因子表达式,通过改变阵列单元之间的空间分布而对阵列散射因子进行优化,从而使阵列天线散射峰值得到明显的抑制。为了验证本方法,分别对平面半波振子阵列、线性领结型天线阵列、波导缝隙阵列的散射方向图进行综合,仿真与计算结果证实了该方法的正确性。同时,在阵列天线散射方向图的综合中我们发现:无论单元接多大负载,通过优化阵列散射因子得到的单元空间位置都能有效的抑制其散射方向图。对于波导缝隙阵列,入射波极化激励与不激励缝隙电压时,优化得到的缝隙位置对其散射方向图的影响非常大。即当入射波极化激励起缝隙电压时,通过本方法得到的缝隙位置可以抑制缝隙阵列的散射峰值;而当入射波不能激励起缝隙电压时,则无论缝隙位置怎么变,其散射方向图变化都不大。
3.利用频率选择表面的等效电路分析模型,提出了一种新型的频率选择表面。该新型FSS结构是通过给传统金属方环FSS结构引入并联电感而形成。通过引入并联电感,新型FSS结构的阻带带宽得到了明显的减小,从而提高了FSS结构的频率选择特性。同时,对该FSS结构的反射系数以及反射相位的频带特性进行分析后,得到结论:即在阻带内,FSS结构对电磁波的反射与金属板类似。因此将该FSS结构作为一微带偶极子天线地板来代替传统的金属板能实现对天线RCS的减缩。仿真和测试结果证实利用FSS地板代替传统金属板可以有效的减小天线RCS。
4.高阻抗表面(HIS)由于其对特定频率的垂直入射波具有同相反射特性;同时金属表面对入射电磁波具有180度的反射相位。因此本文提出利用HIS与金属面的叠加而使两者反射场在空间相互抵消,从而减小目标的RCS。将该想法应用到了两个微带天线上,通过给两微带天线周围加载HIS结构,这样使HIS与微带天线金属表面的散射场相互抵消,从而减缩微带天线的RCS。仿真与测试结果表明本方法确实能减小微带天线的带内RCS。
Today, due to the rapidly development of stealing technology, the RCS levels of many weapons such as aircraft and warship is decreased for 1 or 2 quantities. Meanwhile, the RCS of platform themselves become very small by using the Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS), Radar Absorbing materials, High Impedance Surfaces (HIS), etc. Then the main factor that impacts the RCS of platform is the antennas on the platform. So it is important to analyzing and reducing the RCS of antennas for the design of stealth platform. The analysis and reduction of the RCS of antennas are the two main research objects of this thesis. The main contributions and innovation of the thesis are outlined as follows:
1. Inspired by the multiplication principle of radiation pattern, we present scattering pattern of array antennas can also be decomposed into the multiplication of array scattering factor and element scattering. Base on the basic theory of antenna scattering, the formula of array scattering factor is derived.
Some important properties of array scattering is obtained through analyzing the array scattering factor, then some important conclusion are drawn: first, the scattering pattern of array antennas is affected by the structure of array configuration, and there are no relationship between the scattering pattern of array antennas and elements; Second, the amounts and angles related to the peak scattering of array antennas is determined by the interelement spacing. Meanwhile, the angle related to the peak scattering is varied with the interelement spacing in a special rule. Third, it can be seen that the scattering properties of array antennas is mainly determined by the configuration of array, rather than antenna elements.
2. A new method to synthesize the scattering pattern of array antennas is presented in the thesis. The scattering peaks of array antennas are restrained by the spatial arrangement of array elements which is obtained by optimizing the array scattering factor. In order to validate the proposed method, the scattering patterns of a planar Half-dipole array, a bow-tie antenna array, and a waveguide slots array are optimized, respectively. The simulated and calculated results validated the proposed method. Through the optimization of the scattering pattern of array antennas, it was found that the proposed method can help to restrain the peak scattering when the antenna elements are connected any loads. For the waveguide slot array, the optimized positions of the slots are affected the scattering pattern in different ways, when the incident wave excited the slot or not. When the incident wave excited the slots, the optimized positions of antenna elements can restrain the peak scattering. Otherwise, when the incident wave can not excited the slots, the optimized positions of antenna elements have little impact on the scattering pattern.
3. A new FSS structure which has high frequency selectivity is presented utilizing the equivalent circuit model. The proposed FSS is a transformation form of conventional square-loop FSS. Besides, four narrow branches are added to each element, and connect to other neighboring elements to decrease the bandwidth of the proposed FSS. After analyzing the amplitude and phase of reflection coefficient, it can be concluded that the FSS acts as perfect conductor surface when it reflects the incident wave whose frequency is in the stop-band of the FSS. Consequently, in order to reduce the RCS of a microstrip dipole antenna, the metallic ground of the antenna is replaced by the proposed FSS ground. The simulated and measured results show that the RCS of the antenna is reduced considerably when replacing the metallic ground with FSS ground.
4. For the normal incident plane wave, the reflection phase of High Impedance Surface (HIS) is 00, and the reflection phase of metallic surface is 1800. Hence, a new method that reduces the RCS of objects is proposed. In this method, the scattering from HIS and PEC surface is canceled out due to the different reflection phase when combining the HIS and the PEC surface. In order to validated the proposed method, the HIS is added surround the two microstrip antennas to cancel the reflected field from the metallic surface of antennas. The simulated and measured results proved that the proposed method can effectively reduce the in- band RCS of micrstrip antennas.
引文
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