MW级风力发电系统单机电气控制技术研究
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摘要
风能作为一种绿色能源，已经成为一种新兴的重要发电型式。本文对兆瓦级风力发电机组电控系统中的中心控制和软并网两个部分进行了设计和研究。
首先，根据电控系统的控制要求，分析了中心控制器的输入输出信号，在此基础上确定了其型号及硬件配置，并基于模块化的编程思想，设计了主要的程序流程和相应的安全保护措施。
其次，对异步发电机的软起动和软并网技术进行了研究。建立了由晶闸管控制的风力发电机软并网系统模型，以一台275kVA的发电机为例进行了仿真，给出了起动和并网的仿真波形。通过对直接起动、升压软起动和限流软起动的仿真研究，对这三种起动方式进行了比较分析。从仿真结果可以看出，无论在减小起动电流冲击、减小起动转矩冲击，还是在抑制电机电流、转矩振荡方面，采用限流软起动方式都表现出良好的性能。另外，通过仿真还得出，与电压斜波方式并网相比，采用限流方式更能使发电机平稳的并入电网。本文还对风力机的大小电机切换进行了简要的理论分析和设计。
接下来介绍了软并网控制系统的硬件和软件设计。按功能模块说明了以TMS320F240为其核心的硬件电路，给出了限流软起动方式的主程序流程以及各个子程序流程。
最后，通过实际的软并网系统实验，证明设计的硬件电路和软件控制算法能够很好的实现软起动和软并网功能，从而可以满足大型风力发电机组软并网控制的要求。
The utilization of wind energy which is clean has become more and more important in electric power, In this paper, the electric control system of the large-scale Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) is designed and studied, including central control system and grid-connected control system.
Firstly, according to the requirements of the electric control system, the input and output signals of the central control system are analyzed. And the configuration of the core is based on the Siemens S7-300. On the basis of the idea of modularized software design, the flowcharts and the corresponding safety and protection design are given.
Secondly, this paper discusses the technique of soft starting and soft cutting-in electrical network for asynchronous generator. Mathematic model of WTG has been established which includes wind turbine, induction generator, thyristors, synchronous 6-pulse generator and so on. The numerical simulation curves on the 275kVA WTG are given. With the model, direct starting, increasing voltage starting and current limit starting are studied and compared. The results of simulation suggest that current limit starting has good performance in starting current and torque limit and their oscillation restraint. Through simulation, it can be pointed out that the generator can be connected to electric grid stably when the current limit control method is used. The thesis also discusses the switch process between the big and small generators for WTG.
The hardware and software of the grid-connected control system are designed. The function modules of the system with TMS320F240 as its central unit are illuminated. The flowcharts of the program and the subprograms by means of current limit starting are all given.
Finally, the validity of the theoretical analysis and computer simulation is proved by experimental results. And the results show that the electric control system can satisfy the requirement of large-scale WTG
首先，根据电控系统的控制要求，分析了中心控制器的输入输出信号，在此基础上确定了其型号及硬件配置，并基于模块化的编程思想，设计了主要的程序流程和相应的安全保护措施。
其次，对异步发电机的软起动和软并网技术进行了研究。建立了由晶闸管控制的风力发电机软并网系统模型，以一台275kVA的发电机为例进行了仿真，给出了起动和并网的仿真波形。通过对直接起动、升压软起动和限流软起动的仿真研究，对这三种起动方式进行了比较分析。从仿真结果可以看出，无论在减小起动电流冲击、减小起动转矩冲击，还是在抑制电机电流、转矩振荡方面，采用限流软起动方式都表现出良好的性能。另外，通过仿真还得出，与电压斜波方式并网相比，采用限流方式更能使发电机平稳的并入电网。本文还对风力机的大小电机切换进行了简要的理论分析和设计。
接下来介绍了软并网控制系统的硬件和软件设计。按功能模块说明了以TMS320F240为其核心的硬件电路，给出了限流软起动方式的主程序流程以及各个子程序流程。
最后，通过实际的软并网系统实验，证明设计的硬件电路和软件控制算法能够很好的实现软起动和软并网功能，从而可以满足大型风力发电机组软并网控制的要求。
The utilization of wind energy which is clean has become more and more important in electric power, In this paper, the electric control system of the large-scale Wind Turbine Generator(WTG) is designed and studied, including central control system and grid-connected control system.
Firstly, according to the requirements of the electric control system, the input and output signals of the central control system are analyzed. And the configuration of the core is based on the Siemens S7-300. On the basis of the idea of modularized software design, the flowcharts and the corresponding safety and protection design are given.
Secondly, this paper discusses the technique of soft starting and soft cutting-in electrical network for asynchronous generator. Mathematic model of WTG has been established which includes wind turbine, induction generator, thyristors, synchronous 6-pulse generator and so on. The numerical simulation curves on the 275kVA WTG are given. With the model, direct starting, increasing voltage starting and current limit starting are studied and compared. The results of simulation suggest that current limit starting has good performance in starting current and torque limit and their oscillation restraint. Through simulation, it can be pointed out that the generator can be connected to electric grid stably when the current limit control method is used. The thesis also discusses the switch process between the big and small generators for WTG.
The hardware and software of the grid-connected control system are designed. The function modules of the system with TMS320F240 as its central unit are illuminated. The flowcharts of the program and the subprograms by means of current limit starting are all given.
Finally, the validity of the theoretical analysis and computer simulation is proved by experimental results. And the results show that the electric control system can satisfy the requirement of large-scale WTG
引文
1．邰圣平等．大型风力发电机组微机监控装置的研制．电力系统自动化．1998．22(2)：53-55．
2．孙同景．200kW风力发电机控制系统研究．太阳能学报．1998．19(1)：48-53．
3．吴烽．风力发电机并网综述．风力发电．1992(1)：5-8．
4．徐德等．55／11kW风力发电机的并网过程分析与控制．太阳能学报．1996．17(3)：266-271．
5．包能胜．水平轴失速并网型风力机控制要点．风力发电．2001(4)：33-38．
6．胡宏明．风力机并网技术．江苏机械制造与自动化．1999(2)：36-38．
7．于辉等．风力发电机组并网控制器．农村能源．1996(6)：22-24．
8．林友杰等．基于MATLAB语言的三相感应电动机起动过程分析．防爆电机．2000(4)：1-4．
9．张浩等．电子软起动器软件控制算法的设计．电力电子技术．2002．36(1)：30-32．
10．王毅等．基于DSP的三相异步电机软起动控制器．中小型电机．2001．28(6)：34-36．
11．盛双文等．失速型风力发电机组双速电机切换过程的仿真分析．太阳能学报．2002．23(5)：604-609．
12. L.X.Le and G.J.Berg. Steady State Performance Analysis of SCR Controlled Induction Motors:A Closed Form Solution. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,Vol.103,No.3,pp.601-611,Mar. 1984.
13. T.M.Rowan and T.A.Lipo. A Quantitative Analysis of Induction Motor Performance Improvement by SCR Voltage Control. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.IA-19,pp.545-553, July/Aug. 1983.
14. W.Deleroi, J.B.Woudstra and A.A.Fahim. Analysis and Application of Three-Phase Induction Motor Voltage Controller with Improved Transient Performance. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.25,No.2,pp.280-286,Mar/Apr. 1989.
15. M.Sadre. Electromeehanieal Converters Associated to Wind Turbines and Their Control. Solar Energy, Vol.61,No.2,pp. 119-225,1997.
16. F.Blaabjerg, J.K.Pedersen, S.Rise, H.H.Hansen and A.M.Trzynadlowski. Can Soft-Starters Help Save Energy. IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag.,Vol.3,pp.56-66,Sept./Oct. 1997.
17. G.Zenginobuz, I.Cadirei, M.Ermis and C.Barlak. Soft Starting of Large Induction Motors at Constant Current with Minimized Starting Torque Pulsation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.37, No.5,pp. 1334-1347. 2001.
18．刘迪吉．航空电机学．北京：航空工业出版社．1992．
19．丁道宏．电力电子技术．北京：航空工业出版社．1999．
20．高景德等．交流电机及其系统的分析．北京：清华大学出版社．1993．
21．陈坚．交流电机数学模型及调速系统．北京：国防工业出版社．1989．
22．贺益康．交流电机调速系统计算机仿真．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1993．
23．(美)威廉斯(Williams,A.B.)．电子滤波器设计手册．北京：电子工业出版社．1986．
24．(美)博瑟(Bsoo,B.K.)．交流调速系统．北京：煤炭工业出版社．1986．
25．李锡雄等．微型计算机控制技术．北京：科学出版社．1999．
26．郑晟等．现代可编程序控制器原理与应用．北京：科学出版社．1999．
27．叶杭冶．风力发电机组的控制技术．北京：机械工业出版社．2002．
28．张志涌．精通MATLAB．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．
29．SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300可编程序控制器产品目录．2001．
30．SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300和S7-400梯形逻辑编程参考手册．2002．
31．SIEMENS STEP7 V5.1编程手册．1998．
32．颜友钧．DSP应用技术教程．北京：中国电力出版社．2002．
33．TMS320C24x DSP控制器参考手册第一卷．P&S武汉力源电子股份有限公司．2001．
34．TMS320C24x DSP控制器参考手册第二卷．P&S武汉力源电子股份有限公司．2001．
2．孙同景．200kW风力发电机控制系统研究．太阳能学报．1998．19(1)：48-53．
3．吴烽．风力发电机并网综述．风力发电．1992(1)：5-8．
4．徐德等．55／11kW风力发电机的并网过程分析与控制．太阳能学报．1996．17(3)：266-271．
5．包能胜．水平轴失速并网型风力机控制要点．风力发电．2001(4)：33-38．
6．胡宏明．风力机并网技术．江苏机械制造与自动化．1999(2)：36-38．
7．于辉等．风力发电机组并网控制器．农村能源．1996(6)：22-24．
8．林友杰等．基于MATLAB语言的三相感应电动机起动过程分析．防爆电机．2000(4)：1-4．
9．张浩等．电子软起动器软件控制算法的设计．电力电子技术．2002．36(1)：30-32．
10．王毅等．基于DSP的三相异步电机软起动控制器．中小型电机．2001．28(6)：34-36．
11．盛双文等．失速型风力发电机组双速电机切换过程的仿真分析．太阳能学报．2002．23(5)：604-609．
12. L.X.Le and G.J.Berg. Steady State Performance Analysis of SCR Controlled Induction Motors:A Closed Form Solution. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst.,Vol.103,No.3,pp.601-611,Mar. 1984.
13. T.M.Rowan and T.A.Lipo. A Quantitative Analysis of Induction Motor Performance Improvement by SCR Voltage Control. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.IA-19,pp.545-553, July/Aug. 1983.
14. W.Deleroi, J.B.Woudstra and A.A.Fahim. Analysis and Application of Three-Phase Induction Motor Voltage Controller with Improved Transient Performance. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.25,No.2,pp.280-286,Mar/Apr. 1989.
15. M.Sadre. Electromeehanieal Converters Associated to Wind Turbines and Their Control. Solar Energy, Vol.61,No.2,pp. 119-225,1997.
16. F.Blaabjerg, J.K.Pedersen, S.Rise, H.H.Hansen and A.M.Trzynadlowski. Can Soft-Starters Help Save Energy. IEEE Ind. Applicat. Mag.,Vol.3,pp.56-66,Sept./Oct. 1997.
17. G.Zenginobuz, I.Cadirei, M.Ermis and C.Barlak. Soft Starting of Large Induction Motors at Constant Current with Minimized Starting Torque Pulsation. IEEE Trans. Ind. Applicat.,Vol.37, No.5,pp. 1334-1347. 2001.
18．刘迪吉．航空电机学．北京：航空工业出版社．1992．
19．丁道宏．电力电子技术．北京：航空工业出版社．1999．
20．高景德等．交流电机及其系统的分析．北京：清华大学出版社．1993．
21．陈坚．交流电机数学模型及调速系统．北京：国防工业出版社．1989．
22．贺益康．交流电机调速系统计算机仿真．杭州：浙江大学出版社．1993．
23．(美)威廉斯(Williams,A.B.)．电子滤波器设计手册．北京：电子工业出版社．1986．
24．(美)博瑟(Bsoo,B.K.)．交流调速系统．北京：煤炭工业出版社．1986．
25．李锡雄等．微型计算机控制技术．北京：科学出版社．1999．
26．郑晟等．现代可编程序控制器原理与应用．北京：科学出版社．1999．
27．叶杭冶．风力发电机组的控制技术．北京：机械工业出版社．2002．
28．张志涌．精通MATLAB．北京：北京航空航天大学出版社．2000．
29．SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300可编程序控制器产品目录．2001．
30．SIEMENS SIMATIC S7-300和S7-400梯形逻辑编程参考手册．2002．
31．SIEMENS STEP7 V5.1编程手册．1998．
32．颜友钧．DSP应用技术教程．北京：中国电力出版社．2002．
33．TMS320C24x DSP控制器参考手册第一卷．P&S武汉力源电子股份有限公司．2001．
34．TMS320C24x DSP控制器参考手册第二卷．P&S武汉力源电子股份有限公司．2001．