火电机组冷端系统建模与节能优化研究
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摘要
火力发电在我国的电源结构中占据主导地位,传统的火电机组节能降耗潜力巨大。冷端系统是火电机组重要的辅助系统,其运行状况对机组的安全、经济运行有十分重要的影响。因此,对冷端系统的各子系统进行研究,提高其运行性能,保证凝汽器在最佳真空下工作,实现冷端系统的优化运行,是电厂节能降耗、提高机组热经济性的重要手段。本文主要围绕冷端系统的建模与节能优化两个方面展开研究工作,力求在深入的理论分析的基础上,建立冷端系统各子系统的精确模型,并对冷端系统的节能优化提出有效解决方案。
冷端系统的建模主要围绕其四个子系统展开,即凝汽器、冷却塔、汽轮机低压缸末端以及循环水泵。对于凝汽器,提出了一种新的基于换热器效能基本理论的凝汽器热力特性计算方法,该方法引入了设计工况数据作为凝汽器固有属性的体现,解决了传统的凝汽器热力特性计算方法中总体传热系数的复杂计算以及焓差不变的假设带来的问题,提高了凝汽器压力变工况计算的精度。在冷却塔部分,本文提出了一种冷却塔的变工况计算方法,有效解决了焓差法在非线性方程求解过程中存在的初值、解析解位置以及迭代退出条件等难以确定的问题。出塔水温、进塔风速是冷却塔热力计算中至关重要的参数,本文通过对迭代过程中各参数变化特征的分析,基于焓差动力的原则,获得了解析解的特征,给出了二者的计算方法。针对汽轮机低压缸末端,本文基于汽轮机的功率背压特性建立了循环水变速调节系统的多目标节能优化体系结构。该体系结构设置了真空保护系统、最佳真空系统以及负荷响应系统三个子系统,分别用来保证机组的安全、经济运行以及在需要机组做出负荷响应时快速实现升降负荷的目的。在循环水泵运行特性的研究中,本文建立了变频循环水泵的扬程-流量特性模型,给出了其数学描述与求解方法,并在此基础上建立了变频循环水泵在不同运行方式下的流量-功耗模型,并给出了其数学描述与求解方法。
冷端系统的节能优化主要围绕三条主线展开,一是冷端系统子系统运行方式的优化,二是定速循环水泵的优化运行,三是基于变频调速的最佳真空定值优化。首先,本文提出了参数应达值的概念,并建立了冷端系统性能参数的三级指标体系,进而在冷端系统建模的基础上,确定了各指标参数的应达值并将其与实际运行值比较,以监测冷端系统各设备是否正常运行,从而优化各子系统的运行方式。第二,由于闭式循环水系统在循环水泵运行方式不同的情况下,其循环水入口温度差异较大,因此,本文提出在环境温度相等的前提下获取凝汽器的最佳真空,以确定循环水泵的最优运行方式。第三,将变频泵的优化运行归为一类带约束的连续非线性函数的优化问题,以确定其最佳真空定值。
Thermal power generation is predominant in the power supply structure of our country. Traditional thermal power units have great potentiality in saving energy and reducing consumption. Cold end system is an important auxiliary system, and its working condition has great effects on safety and economic operation. As a result, to do research on subsystems of cold end system, improve their operating characteristics, make sure condenser in the optimum vacuum, and optimize operation of cold end system, is an important way for thermal power units to reduce consumption, save energy, and improve thermal economy. Centered in the modeling, energy conservation, and optimization of cold end system, the thesis strived to build accurate models for subsystems of cold end system, and determine useful plans for energy saving and optimization of cold end systemon the basis of intensive theory analysis.
The modeling of cold end system was carried out surrounded by its four subsystems, which are condenser, cooling tower, the end of lower pressure cylinder, and circulating water pump. As for condenser, a novel method for thermal performance calculation on condenser based on the theory of effectiveness of heat exchanger was proposed. The method solves prolems caused by complicated calculation on overall heat transfer coefficient and constant enthalpy difference asuumption in traditional method, and improves the precision of varying condition calculation on condenser pressure through introducing data in design condition as the reflection of condenser's nature property. As far as cooling tower, the thesis proposed an algorithm for variable calculation on cooling tower, and solves some troublesome problems when solving the nonlinear equation, such as the determination of initial value, position of real value and end condition for iteration, and so on. Both outlet water temperature and inlet air speed of cooling tower are with great importance to the thermal calculation of cooling tower. The thesis got the characteristics of real value, and supplied methods for their calculation based on the principle of enthalpy difference motive force. To the end of lower pressure cylinder, the thesis set up architecture of multi-objective energy saving for thermal power units on the basis of power characteristic to back pressure of steam turbine. It has three subsystems, vacuum protection system, optimum vacuum system, and load demand response system. They take separately charge of safe operation, economic operation and load response of power units. During the research on operation characteristic of circulating water pumps, the thesis established the model of lift and flow for variable speed pump, and gave rise to its mathematical description and solution method. And then models in different pumps' connection modes between consumed power and flow rate was established. Their mathematical description and solution method were also given
There were three main lines in the energy saving and optimization of cold end system, one is to establish target value evaluation system for performance parameters of cold end system, the second is to determine the optimum operating mode of circulating water pumps based on the optimum vacuum of condenser, and the last one is constant vacuum optimization. First of all, the thesis proposed a conception called target value of parameters, and then set up a three-level index system for cold end system. Afterwards, target values of all index parameters are determined to be compared with their actual values so as to monitor whether equipments of cold end system are in normal operation, and finally optimize operating modes of subsystems. Secondly, inlet cooling water temperature are different when circulating water pumps are in different operating modes, so the thesis came up an idea to determine optimum vacuum on the assumption of equal environmental condition. In this process, a conception called net income power of cold end system was proposed. And then the thesis succeeded in determining inlet cooling water temperature in different operating modes of circulating water pumps, introduced the method to optimize the operation of circulating water pumps based on optimum vacuum, analyzed the process of operation optimization of constant speed pump and its energy saving effect. And finally the thesis concluded that the operation optimization of variable speed pump is a constrained, continuous, and nonlinear optimization propostion, the solution of which could result in its constant optimized vacuum.
冷端系统的建模主要围绕其四个子系统展开,即凝汽器、冷却塔、汽轮机低压缸末端以及循环水泵。对于凝汽器,提出了一种新的基于换热器效能基本理论的凝汽器热力特性计算方法,该方法引入了设计工况数据作为凝汽器固有属性的体现,解决了传统的凝汽器热力特性计算方法中总体传热系数的复杂计算以及焓差不变的假设带来的问题,提高了凝汽器压力变工况计算的精度。在冷却塔部分,本文提出了一种冷却塔的变工况计算方法,有效解决了焓差法在非线性方程求解过程中存在的初值、解析解位置以及迭代退出条件等难以确定的问题。出塔水温、进塔风速是冷却塔热力计算中至关重要的参数,本文通过对迭代过程中各参数变化特征的分析,基于焓差动力的原则,获得了解析解的特征,给出了二者的计算方法。针对汽轮机低压缸末端,本文基于汽轮机的功率背压特性建立了循环水变速调节系统的多目标节能优化体系结构。该体系结构设置了真空保护系统、最佳真空系统以及负荷响应系统三个子系统,分别用来保证机组的安全、经济运行以及在需要机组做出负荷响应时快速实现升降负荷的目的。在循环水泵运行特性的研究中,本文建立了变频循环水泵的扬程-流量特性模型,给出了其数学描述与求解方法,并在此基础上建立了变频循环水泵在不同运行方式下的流量-功耗模型,并给出了其数学描述与求解方法。
冷端系统的节能优化主要围绕三条主线展开,一是冷端系统子系统运行方式的优化,二是定速循环水泵的优化运行,三是基于变频调速的最佳真空定值优化。首先,本文提出了参数应达值的概念,并建立了冷端系统性能参数的三级指标体系,进而在冷端系统建模的基础上,确定了各指标参数的应达值并将其与实际运行值比较,以监测冷端系统各设备是否正常运行,从而优化各子系统的运行方式。第二,由于闭式循环水系统在循环水泵运行方式不同的情况下,其循环水入口温度差异较大,因此,本文提出在环境温度相等的前提下获取凝汽器的最佳真空,以确定循环水泵的最优运行方式。第三,将变频泵的优化运行归为一类带约束的连续非线性函数的优化问题,以确定其最佳真空定值。
Thermal power generation is predominant in the power supply structure of our country. Traditional thermal power units have great potentiality in saving energy and reducing consumption. Cold end system is an important auxiliary system, and its working condition has great effects on safety and economic operation. As a result, to do research on subsystems of cold end system, improve their operating characteristics, make sure condenser in the optimum vacuum, and optimize operation of cold end system, is an important way for thermal power units to reduce consumption, save energy, and improve thermal economy. Centered in the modeling, energy conservation, and optimization of cold end system, the thesis strived to build accurate models for subsystems of cold end system, and determine useful plans for energy saving and optimization of cold end systemon the basis of intensive theory analysis.
The modeling of cold end system was carried out surrounded by its four subsystems, which are condenser, cooling tower, the end of lower pressure cylinder, and circulating water pump. As for condenser, a novel method for thermal performance calculation on condenser based on the theory of effectiveness of heat exchanger was proposed. The method solves prolems caused by complicated calculation on overall heat transfer coefficient and constant enthalpy difference asuumption in traditional method, and improves the precision of varying condition calculation on condenser pressure through introducing data in design condition as the reflection of condenser's nature property. As far as cooling tower, the thesis proposed an algorithm for variable calculation on cooling tower, and solves some troublesome problems when solving the nonlinear equation, such as the determination of initial value, position of real value and end condition for iteration, and so on. Both outlet water temperature and inlet air speed of cooling tower are with great importance to the thermal calculation of cooling tower. The thesis got the characteristics of real value, and supplied methods for their calculation based on the principle of enthalpy difference motive force. To the end of lower pressure cylinder, the thesis set up architecture of multi-objective energy saving for thermal power units on the basis of power characteristic to back pressure of steam turbine. It has three subsystems, vacuum protection system, optimum vacuum system, and load demand response system. They take separately charge of safe operation, economic operation and load response of power units. During the research on operation characteristic of circulating water pumps, the thesis established the model of lift and flow for variable speed pump, and gave rise to its mathematical description and solution method. And then models in different pumps' connection modes between consumed power and flow rate was established. Their mathematical description and solution method were also given
There were three main lines in the energy saving and optimization of cold end system, one is to establish target value evaluation system for performance parameters of cold end system, the second is to determine the optimum operating mode of circulating water pumps based on the optimum vacuum of condenser, and the last one is constant vacuum optimization. First of all, the thesis proposed a conception called target value of parameters, and then set up a three-level index system for cold end system. Afterwards, target values of all index parameters are determined to be compared with their actual values so as to monitor whether equipments of cold end system are in normal operation, and finally optimize operating modes of subsystems. Secondly, inlet cooling water temperature are different when circulating water pumps are in different operating modes, so the thesis came up an idea to determine optimum vacuum on the assumption of equal environmental condition. In this process, a conception called net income power of cold end system was proposed. And then the thesis succeeded in determining inlet cooling water temperature in different operating modes of circulating water pumps, introduced the method to optimize the operation of circulating water pumps based on optimum vacuum, analyzed the process of operation optimization of constant speed pump and its energy saving effect. And finally the thesis concluded that the operation optimization of variable speed pump is a constrained, continuous, and nonlinear optimization propostion, the solution of which could result in its constant optimized vacuum.
引文
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