基于时频分析的锚杆无损检测技术研究
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摘要
锚杆施工属于隐蔽工程,肉眼不易察觉,它的质量受到地质界面、软弱地层等各种因素的影响,往往存在许多缺陷使施工质量难以满足设计要求,造成工程事故及重大经济损失。因此,采用恰当的方法检测锚杆的施工质量,防止工程事故的发生,成为当今锚杆工程中的重要问题。目前应用于锚杆检测的各种理论、检测手段都有不足之处,声频应力波无损检测技术作为一种既简便经济又迅速可靠的锚杆质量无损检测技术,成为了重要的研究方向。
首先,本文介绍了锚杆锚固的结构及机理,基于弹性力学为基础的波动理论,简单介绍了声频应力波法在锚杆锚固体检测中的基本原理,得到了弹性波在锚杆锚固体系中衰减规律和能量分配规律,为锚杆锚固质量检测提供了理论依据。其次基于时频分析理论,在阐述各种方法基本原理的基础上,进行模型数据试验与效果分析,从中选取效果较好的分析方法。本文利用多道统计法对实测锚杆曲线进行子波提取分析;通过数值模拟锚杆合成记录,验证了该方法的可行性;并通过对锚杆模型曲线提取分析,得到了可靠结果。
本文结合工程实际,通过时频分析方法对实测曲线进行分析,以验证该方法的可行性。本研究从不同锚固质量等级的锚杆中提取子波进行分析,得到不同锚固质量等级锚杆的子波形态,并利用子波合成模拟曲线验证判别结果,提高了判别精度,对锚杆锚固质量检测及评价具有重要意义。在完成本研究的过程中,作者发现通过时频分析方法及对锚杆实测信号进行子波提取分析是一项艰巨的工作,受到理论尚未完善等众多条件的限制,还存在一些不足,有待于做进一步的理论和试验研究。
Anchor construction work is hidden, and its quality is not easily detected by the naked eye, and can be effected by the geological surfaces, soft ground and other factors. There are many defects in construction quality which make it difficult to meet the design requirements and make construction accidents and major economic losses. Therefore, using appropriate methods in detecting anchor quality and preventing construction accidents become important issues in the bolt work. Currently, a variety of theories and testing methods used in bolt test are inadequate. Sound frequency stress wave nondestructive testing technique as an easy and economical, fast and reliable of the nondestructive testing technology of anchor quality, has become an important research direction.
Firstly, the article describes the structure and the anchoring mechanism based on elastic wave theory and introduces briefly the basic principle of sound frequency stress wave in anchorage bolt detect. We get the attenuation and distribution of energy of elastic wave in bolt anchoring system, which provides the theoretical basis for the detection of anchoring quality. Then, based on time-frequency analysis theory, we explain the basic principles of various methods, testing data and results analysis on the models, and have selected better analytical methods based on the results. In this paper, use multi-channel statistics on wavelet extraction of measured bolt curve and demonstrate the feasibility of the method by using one dimensional wave equation on the waveform modeling. The reliable results have been reached from our extraction analysis on the bolt curve.
Base on the real engineering, it is validated to use the time-frequency analysis method to analyze the measured curve. This study has done wavelet extraction from different quality levels of anchor, has got wavelet patterns of different quality and grade of anchor bolt, and has discriminated validation results by using simulation curve of wavelet synthesis, has improved the identification accuracy, which is of importance to the detection and the evaluation of anchoring quality. Upon completion of this study, the authors found that using the time-frequency analysis method and wavelet extraction analysis from measured signal of the bolt curve is a difficult task due to the unperfected theory and many other conditions. There are still some shortcomings, which need further theoretical and experimental research.
首先,本文介绍了锚杆锚固的结构及机理,基于弹性力学为基础的波动理论,简单介绍了声频应力波法在锚杆锚固体检测中的基本原理,得到了弹性波在锚杆锚固体系中衰减规律和能量分配规律,为锚杆锚固质量检测提供了理论依据。其次基于时频分析理论,在阐述各种方法基本原理的基础上,进行模型数据试验与效果分析,从中选取效果较好的分析方法。本文利用多道统计法对实测锚杆曲线进行子波提取分析;通过数值模拟锚杆合成记录,验证了该方法的可行性;并通过对锚杆模型曲线提取分析,得到了可靠结果。
本文结合工程实际,通过时频分析方法对实测曲线进行分析,以验证该方法的可行性。本研究从不同锚固质量等级的锚杆中提取子波进行分析,得到不同锚固质量等级锚杆的子波形态,并利用子波合成模拟曲线验证判别结果,提高了判别精度,对锚杆锚固质量检测及评价具有重要意义。在完成本研究的过程中,作者发现通过时频分析方法及对锚杆实测信号进行子波提取分析是一项艰巨的工作,受到理论尚未完善等众多条件的限制,还存在一些不足,有待于做进一步的理论和试验研究。
Anchor construction work is hidden, and its quality is not easily detected by the naked eye, and can be effected by the geological surfaces, soft ground and other factors. There are many defects in construction quality which make it difficult to meet the design requirements and make construction accidents and major economic losses. Therefore, using appropriate methods in detecting anchor quality and preventing construction accidents become important issues in the bolt work. Currently, a variety of theories and testing methods used in bolt test are inadequate. Sound frequency stress wave nondestructive testing technique as an easy and economical, fast and reliable of the nondestructive testing technology of anchor quality, has become an important research direction.
Firstly, the article describes the structure and the anchoring mechanism based on elastic wave theory and introduces briefly the basic principle of sound frequency stress wave in anchorage bolt detect. We get the attenuation and distribution of energy of elastic wave in bolt anchoring system, which provides the theoretical basis for the detection of anchoring quality. Then, based on time-frequency analysis theory, we explain the basic principles of various methods, testing data and results analysis on the models, and have selected better analytical methods based on the results. In this paper, use multi-channel statistics on wavelet extraction of measured bolt curve and demonstrate the feasibility of the method by using one dimensional wave equation on the waveform modeling. The reliable results have been reached from our extraction analysis on the bolt curve.
Base on the real engineering, it is validated to use the time-frequency analysis method to analyze the measured curve. This study has done wavelet extraction from different quality levels of anchor, has got wavelet patterns of different quality and grade of anchor bolt, and has discriminated validation results by using simulation curve of wavelet synthesis, has improved the identification accuracy, which is of importance to the detection and the evaluation of anchoring quality. Upon completion of this study, the authors found that using the time-frequency analysis method and wavelet extraction analysis from measured signal of the bolt curve is a difficult task due to the unperfected theory and many other conditions. There are still some shortcomings, which need further theoretical and experimental research.
引文
[1]T.H.汉纳.胡定等译.锚固技术在岩土工程中的应用[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1987.
[2]程良奎,刘启深.岩土锚固工程技术的应用与发展[M].北京:万国学术出版社,1996.
[3]冶金部建筑研究总院.土层锚杆设计与施工规范CECS22:90[S].北京:1991.
[4]中国建筑科学研究院.建筑基桩检测技术规范(JGJ106-2003)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[5]朱自强,何现启.全长锚杆的无损检测研究[J].工程物理学报, 2005,2(5):330-334.
[6]钟宏伟,胡祥云,熊永红等.锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的现状分析[J].工程地球物理学报,2005,2(1):50-55.
[7]H.F.Thurner.Boltometer-Instrument for non-destructive testing of grouted rock bolts[J]. Proceedings of the second international symposium on filed measurements in geomachanics,1988.
[8]M.D.Beard,M.J.S.Lowe.Non-destructive testing of rock bolts using guided ultrasonic waves[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40:527-536.
[9]王礼立.应力波基础[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[10]张胜业,潘玉玲.应用地球物理学原理[M].中国地质大学,2000.
[11]汪明武,王鹤龄.声频应力波在锚杆锚固状态检测中的应用[J].地质与勘探,1998,34(4):54-59.
[12]李义,王成.应力反射波法检测锚杆锚固质量的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(2):160-164.
[13]柯玉军.锚杆检测技术研究及应用[博士学位论文][D].兰州:兰州大学,2006.
[14]秦莹.锚杆无损检测及锚固质量评价[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
[15]郭世明,高才坤.弹性应力波法锚杆质量检测初探[J].西部探矿工程,1999,11(2):9-10.
[16]汪明武,王鹤龄.无损检测锚杆锚固质量的现场试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1998(1):56-58.
[17]汪明武,王鹤龄,谢焰.锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的研究[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(1):72-76.
[18]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固质量的无损检测技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(1):126-129.
[19]许明,张永兴.锚固系统质量检测的小波分析法[J].岩土力学,2003,24(2):262-265.
[20]M.D.Beard.Guided wave inspection of embedded cylindrical structures[D].Doctoral thesis,2002,University of London, England.
[21]李义,刘海峰,王富春.锚杆锚固状态参数无损检测及其应用[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2004,23(10):1741-1744.
[22]张昌锁,李义等.锚杆锚固质量无损检测中的激发波研究[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,25(6):1140-1145.
[23]李义,张昌锁,王成.锚杆锚固质量无损检测几个关键问题的研究[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):108-116.
[24]雷宛,肖宏跃等.工程与环境物探教程[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[25]杨湖,王成,杨录.利用反射波法对锚杆锚固质量进行无损检测的研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2004,24(3):245-248.
[26]岳向红.基于小波神经网络的锚杆锚固质量分析[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[27]杨湖,王成.弹性波在锚杆锚固体系中传播规律的研究[J].测试技术学报,2003,17(2):145-149.
[28]刘天佑.应用地球物理的数据采集与处理[M].中国地质大学.2003.
[29]刘葵,刘招军,朱建伟等.时频分析在石油地球物理勘探中的应用[J].世界地质,2000, 19(1):282-284.
[30]卫俊平.时频分析技术及应用[硕士学位论文][D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2005.
[31]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2002.
[32]孙云莲,刘敦敏.时频分析与小波变换及其应用[J].武汉大学学报,2003,36(2):103-106.
[33]张晔.信号时频分析及应用[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.
[34]唐向宏,李齐良.时频分析与小波变换[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[35]陈斌.时频分析及在地震信号分析中的应用研究[硕士学位论文][D].成都:成都理工大学,2007.
[36]刘喜武,张宁,勾永峰等.地震勘探信号时频分析方法对比与应用分析[J].地球物理进展, 2008,23(3):743-753.
[37]许朝阳,刘俊民.时频分析技术在地震信号滤波中的应用[J].核电子学与探测技术, 2008,28(6):1140-1143.
[38]李录明,李正文.地震勘探原理、方法及解释[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[39]薛有平.应力波检测锚杆技术在拉西瓦水电站的推广和应用[J].工程物探,2008,102(3):18-21.
[40]陈新球,常伟,赵党军.锚杆无损检测的几点探讨性认识[J].工程物探,2009,104(1):10-13.
[41]F.-S.Jeng,T.-H.Huang.The holding mechanism of under-reamed rock bolts in soft rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:761-775.
[42]C.Li,B.Stillborg.Analytical models for rock bolts[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:1013-1029.
[43]Ana Ivanovic, Richard D.Neilson, Albert A.Rodger.Lumped parameter modeling of single-tendon ground anchorage systems[J].Geotechical Engineering,2001,149(2):103-113.
[44]Andy Starkey, Ana Ivanovic.Condition Monitoring of ground anchorages by dynamic Impulses:GRANIT System[J].Meccanica,2003,38:265-282.
[45]Ana Ivanovic,Andy Starkey, Richard D.Neilson,Albert A.Rodger.The influence of load on the frequency response of rock bolt anchorage[J].Advances in Engineering Software,2003,34:697-705.
[2]程良奎,刘启深.岩土锚固工程技术的应用与发展[M].北京:万国学术出版社,1996.
[3]冶金部建筑研究总院.土层锚杆设计与施工规范CECS22:90[S].北京:1991.
[4]中国建筑科学研究院.建筑基桩检测技术规范(JGJ106-2003)[S].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2003.
[5]朱自强,何现启.全长锚杆的无损检测研究[J].工程物理学报, 2005,2(5):330-334.
[6]钟宏伟,胡祥云,熊永红等.锚杆锚固质量声波检测技术的现状分析[J].工程地球物理学报,2005,2(1):50-55.
[7]H.F.Thurner.Boltometer-Instrument for non-destructive testing of grouted rock bolts[J]. Proceedings of the second international symposium on filed measurements in geomachanics,1988.
[8]M.D.Beard,M.J.S.Lowe.Non-destructive testing of rock bolts using guided ultrasonic waves[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2003,40:527-536.
[9]王礼立.应力波基础[M].北京:国防工业出版社,1985.
[10]张胜业,潘玉玲.应用地球物理学原理[M].中国地质大学,2000.
[11]汪明武,王鹤龄.声频应力波在锚杆锚固状态检测中的应用[J].地质与勘探,1998,34(4):54-59.
[12]李义,王成.应力反射波法检测锚杆锚固质量的实验研究[J].煤炭学报,2000,25(2):160-164.
[13]柯玉军.锚杆检测技术研究及应用[博士学位论文][D].兰州:兰州大学,2006.
[14]秦莹.锚杆无损检测及锚固质量评价[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:武汉理工大学,2006.
[15]郭世明,高才坤.弹性应力波法锚杆质量检测初探[J].西部探矿工程,1999,11(2):9-10.
[16]汪明武,王鹤龄.无损检测锚杆锚固质量的现场试验研究[J].水文地质工程地质,1998(1):56-58.
[17]汪明武,王鹤龄,谢焰.锚杆锚固质量无损检测技术的研究[J].工程地质学报,1999,7(1):72-76.
[18]汪明武,王鹤龄.锚固质量的无损检测技术[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(1):126-129.
[19]许明,张永兴.锚固系统质量检测的小波分析法[J].岩土力学,2003,24(2):262-265.
[20]M.D.Beard.Guided wave inspection of embedded cylindrical structures[D].Doctoral thesis,2002,University of London, England.
[21]李义,刘海峰,王富春.锚杆锚固状态参数无损检测及其应用[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2004,23(10):1741-1744.
[22]张昌锁,李义等.锚杆锚固质量无损检测中的激发波研究[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,25(6):1140-1145.
[23]李义,张昌锁,王成.锚杆锚固质量无损检测几个关键问题的研究[J].岩土力学与工程学报,2008,27(1):108-116.
[24]雷宛,肖宏跃等.工程与环境物探教程[M].北京:地质出版社,2006.
[25]杨湖,王成,杨录.利用反射波法对锚杆锚固质量进行无损检测的研究[J].弹箭与制导学报,2004,24(3):245-248.
[26]岳向红.基于小波神经网络的锚杆锚固质量分析[硕士学位论文][D].武汉:中国科学院研究生院,2002.
[27]杨湖,王成.弹性波在锚杆锚固体系中传播规律的研究[J].测试技术学报,2003,17(2):145-149.
[28]刘天佑.应用地球物理的数据采集与处理[M].中国地质大学.2003.
[29]刘葵,刘招军,朱建伟等.时频分析在石油地球物理勘探中的应用[J].世界地质,2000, 19(1):282-284.
[30]卫俊平.时频分析技术及应用[硕士学位论文][D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2005.
[31]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].北京:清华大学出版社.2002.
[32]孙云莲,刘敦敏.时频分析与小波变换及其应用[J].武汉大学学报,2003,36(2):103-106.
[33]张晔.信号时频分析及应用[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2006.
[34]唐向宏,李齐良.时频分析与小波变换[M].北京:科学出版社,2008.
[35]陈斌.时频分析及在地震信号分析中的应用研究[硕士学位论文][D].成都:成都理工大学,2007.
[36]刘喜武,张宁,勾永峰等.地震勘探信号时频分析方法对比与应用分析[J].地球物理进展, 2008,23(3):743-753.
[37]许朝阳,刘俊民.时频分析技术在地震信号滤波中的应用[J].核电子学与探测技术, 2008,28(6):1140-1143.
[38]李录明,李正文.地震勘探原理、方法及解释[M].北京:地质出版社,2001.
[39]薛有平.应力波检测锚杆技术在拉西瓦水电站的推广和应用[J].工程物探,2008,102(3):18-21.
[40]陈新球,常伟,赵党军.锚杆无损检测的几点探讨性认识[J].工程物探,2009,104(1):10-13.
[41]F.-S.Jeng,T.-H.Huang.The holding mechanism of under-reamed rock bolts in soft rock[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:761-775.
[42]C.Li,B.Stillborg.Analytical models for rock bolts[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,1999,36:1013-1029.
[43]Ana Ivanovic, Richard D.Neilson, Albert A.Rodger.Lumped parameter modeling of single-tendon ground anchorage systems[J].Geotechical Engineering,2001,149(2):103-113.
[44]Andy Starkey, Ana Ivanovic.Condition Monitoring of ground anchorages by dynamic Impulses:GRANIT System[J].Meccanica,2003,38:265-282.
[45]Ana Ivanovic,Andy Starkey, Richard D.Neilson,Albert A.Rodger.The influence of load on the frequency response of rock bolt anchorage[J].Advances in Engineering Software,2003,34:697-705.