赋形反射面天线及馈源系统研究
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摘要
近几十年来,赋形反射面天线及其馈源系统在卫星通信系统中获得了广泛的应用。随着卫星通信技术的飞速发展,对赋形反射面天线及馈源系统的性能提出了更高要求。赋形反射面天线不仅能够作为星载天线用来提供能够覆盖地面区域的波束,还能作为具有高效率、低旁瓣和低交叉极化的地面终端站天线。本文在综述赋形反射面天线及馈源系统国内外现状的基础上,结合科研课题,系统地研究了赋形反射面天线的分析和设计技术,并对其馈源系统——包括馈源喇叭和波导馈电器件的设计方法进行了深入研究,作者的主要工作可概括为:
1.对馈源喇叭进行了研究。首先针对反射面天线系统的指标要求,设计了四种不同波束宽度的轴向槽波纹喇叭,具有小型化特性和良好的辐射特性,满足了系统需求;然后设计了Ku频段双槽波纹喇叭,采用直槽结合轴向槽结构,实现了小型化和低副瓣,并且在工作频带内具有较为一致的波束宽度,可作为双偏置赋形反射面天线的馈源喇叭;最后针对反射面天线多频工作的要求,设计了一种能够同时覆盖Ku收发频段和Ka发射频段的三频馈源喇叭,采用了同轴型中心介质棒加载的形式,利用金属环加载改善Ku频段匹配特性,并通过波纹喇叭和介质棒分别控制Ku和Ka频段的辐射特性,使天线在三个频带内均具有良好的辐射特性和阻抗匹配特性。测试结果表明,上述馈源喇叭均具有良好的电性能,并与仿真分析结果一致。
2.对波导馈电器件的设计方法进行了研究。首先分析了正交模耦合器的工作原理,设计了Ku和Ka频段窄带正交模耦合器,为了满足宽带工作的需要,提出了一种Ku频段双脊波导型对称分支宽带正交模耦合器,利用结构上的对称性,抑制了高次模的激励,从而拓展了正交器的工作带宽,该正交器还具有紧凑的结构;其次,设计了Ka频段方波导金属膜片式圆极化器;最后为了提高收发端口隔离度和实现馈源系统的小型化,结合DEGL算法和模式匹配法,充分利用DEGL算法全局搜索能力强和模式匹配法(MMM)分析速度快的特点,设计了Ku和Ka频带非对称谐振窗结构带通滤波器和Ku频带宽通带E面单边膜片低通滤波器,实现了良好的带内回波损耗和较高的带外抑制,并具有紧凑的结构、易于加工。测试结果表明,上述器件均具有良好的电性能,并与仿真分析结果一致。
3.对单馈源单偏置反射面天线赋形技术进行了研究。首先,研究了物理光学(PO)和物理绕射法(PTD)在计算单偏置反射面天线辐射特性中的应用;其次,分析了Zernike多项式表示反射面形状的方法;然后,结合DEGL算法和上述方法,利用单馈源单偏置反射面天线对方形区域进行了赋形设计;最后,对单馈源单偏置反射面天线进行了赋形设计,使其波束能够以需求方向系数覆盖中国国土。利用GRASP9.3.01验证了上述计算的正确性。
4.对单馈源双偏置反射面天线赋形技术进行了研究。首先,介绍了具有零交叉极化条件的格里高利型双偏置反射面天线的结构;其次,研究了利用PO和PTD分析双偏置反射面天线辐射特性的过程;然后,根据具有零交叉极化条件的格里高利型双偏置反射面天线的结构数据,利用Zernike多项式来表示其形状,结合DEGL算法和PO/PTD方法,对单馈源双偏置反射面天线进行了中国国土赋形设计;最后,针对VSAT卫星通信系统的需求,先采用高斯理想馈源对单馈源双偏置反射面天线进行了以高效率、低旁瓣和低交叉极化为优化目标的赋形设计,然后采用球面波模型来精确描述实际使用馈源的辐射特性,通过进一步优化得到了双偏置反射面天线的形状。利用GRASP9.3.01验证了上述计算的正确性。
In recent decades, the shaped reflector antennas and feed systems have been widely used in the satellite communication systems. With the rapid development of the satellite communication techniques, more demands are required on the performance of the shaped reflector antenna and its feed systems. The shaped reflector antennas can serve as satellite antennas to provide the radiation patterns to cover the required coverage region. Moreover, it can work as ground terminal antennas with high efficiency, low sidelobe and low cross-polarization. Based on recent progresses of both home and abroad and related to the research projects, this dissertation presents a systematic investigation on the analysis and design of the shaped reflector antenna, and the feed systems including feed horns and waveguide-fed devices are studied. The author’s major contributions are as follows:
1. The feed horns are studied. Firstly, according to the requirements of reflector antenna systems, four axial corrugated horns with different beamwidth are designed with compact size and good radiation characteristics. Then the Ku-band corrugated horns composed of two kinds of corrugations are designed with compact size and low sidelobe. With nearly constant beamwidth over the operating band, the horns can be used as the feed of the dual-offset shaped reflector antennas. Finally, the coaxial horn loaded with a dielectric rod is proposed to cover the Ku receiving/transmitting band and Ka transmitting band simultaneously, which meets the multiband requirements. The loaded metal rings improve impedance matching in Ku-band, and the corrugations and the dielectric rod control the radiation characteristics in Ku-band and Ka-band respectively. Thus, the horn achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics over these bands. The measured and simulated results show that these horns have good performance.
2. The design techniques of the waveguide-fed devices are studied. Firstly, the operating principle of the ortho-mode transducers (OMTs) is analyzed, and the Ku-band OMTs and Ka-band OMTs are designed. To meet the broadband requirement, a Ku broadband OMT based on a symmetric double ridged waveguide junction with two symmetric side branches is proposed and designed. With the symmetry of the structure, the OMT makes the higher order modes evanescent and achieves wide bandwidth. Moreover, the OMT is compact in size. Secondly,a Ka-band square waveguide iris-type polarizer is designed. To improve the isolation between the transmitting port and the receiving port and make the feed system compact, the Ku-band and Ka-band directly coupled non-centered resonant irises bandpass filters and the Ku broadband E-plane single-side irises lowpass filter are designed by combining DEGL algorithm with mode-matching method (MMM). These filters achieve good return losses in the passband and high attenuations in the stopband. The measured and simulated results show that the designed devices have good performance.
3. The synthesis technique of single offset shaped reflector antenna with a single feed is studied. Firstly, an approach combining physical optics (PO) with physical theory of diffraction (PTD) is investigated for analyzing the radiation characteristics of the single offset reflector antenna. Secondly, the method of the shape of the reflector parameterized by Zernike polynomial expansion is studied. Then with these methods a single offset reflector antenna with a single feed is shaped to cover the square region. Finally, a contoured beam covering the China’s territory in Ku-band with the desired directivity is obtained by shaping the single offset reflector antenna. The calculated results are validated by commercial software GRASP9.3.01.
4. The synthesis technique of dual offset shaped reflector antenna with a single feed is studied. Firstly, the structure of offset Gregorian antenna with zero cross-polarization radiation condition is introduced. Secondly, the analysis procedure of the radiation characteristics of the offset Gregorian antenna employing PO/PTD methods is studied. The geometry of the offset Gregorian antenna with zero cross-polarization radiation condition is parameterized by Zernike polynomial expansion. Then it is shaped employing DEGL algorithm and PO/PTD methods. After optimization a contoured beam is achieved to cover the China’s territory in Ku-band. Finally, with the Gaussian feed illuminating, a dual offset reflector antenna is shaped to have high efficiency, low sidelobe and low cross-polarization for VSAT satellite communication systems. Then the spherical-wave expansion coefficients are used to accurately describe the radiation characteristics of the feed, and the shape of the antenna is further optimized. The calculated results are validated by commercial software GRASP9.3.01.
1.对馈源喇叭进行了研究。首先针对反射面天线系统的指标要求,设计了四种不同波束宽度的轴向槽波纹喇叭,具有小型化特性和良好的辐射特性,满足了系统需求;然后设计了Ku频段双槽波纹喇叭,采用直槽结合轴向槽结构,实现了小型化和低副瓣,并且在工作频带内具有较为一致的波束宽度,可作为双偏置赋形反射面天线的馈源喇叭;最后针对反射面天线多频工作的要求,设计了一种能够同时覆盖Ku收发频段和Ka发射频段的三频馈源喇叭,采用了同轴型中心介质棒加载的形式,利用金属环加载改善Ku频段匹配特性,并通过波纹喇叭和介质棒分别控制Ku和Ka频段的辐射特性,使天线在三个频带内均具有良好的辐射特性和阻抗匹配特性。测试结果表明,上述馈源喇叭均具有良好的电性能,并与仿真分析结果一致。
2.对波导馈电器件的设计方法进行了研究。首先分析了正交模耦合器的工作原理,设计了Ku和Ka频段窄带正交模耦合器,为了满足宽带工作的需要,提出了一种Ku频段双脊波导型对称分支宽带正交模耦合器,利用结构上的对称性,抑制了高次模的激励,从而拓展了正交器的工作带宽,该正交器还具有紧凑的结构;其次,设计了Ka频段方波导金属膜片式圆极化器;最后为了提高收发端口隔离度和实现馈源系统的小型化,结合DEGL算法和模式匹配法,充分利用DEGL算法全局搜索能力强和模式匹配法(MMM)分析速度快的特点,设计了Ku和Ka频带非对称谐振窗结构带通滤波器和Ku频带宽通带E面单边膜片低通滤波器,实现了良好的带内回波损耗和较高的带外抑制,并具有紧凑的结构、易于加工。测试结果表明,上述器件均具有良好的电性能,并与仿真分析结果一致。
3.对单馈源单偏置反射面天线赋形技术进行了研究。首先,研究了物理光学(PO)和物理绕射法(PTD)在计算单偏置反射面天线辐射特性中的应用;其次,分析了Zernike多项式表示反射面形状的方法;然后,结合DEGL算法和上述方法,利用单馈源单偏置反射面天线对方形区域进行了赋形设计;最后,对单馈源单偏置反射面天线进行了赋形设计,使其波束能够以需求方向系数覆盖中国国土。利用GRASP9.3.01验证了上述计算的正确性。
4.对单馈源双偏置反射面天线赋形技术进行了研究。首先,介绍了具有零交叉极化条件的格里高利型双偏置反射面天线的结构;其次,研究了利用PO和PTD分析双偏置反射面天线辐射特性的过程;然后,根据具有零交叉极化条件的格里高利型双偏置反射面天线的结构数据,利用Zernike多项式来表示其形状,结合DEGL算法和PO/PTD方法,对单馈源双偏置反射面天线进行了中国国土赋形设计;最后,针对VSAT卫星通信系统的需求,先采用高斯理想馈源对单馈源双偏置反射面天线进行了以高效率、低旁瓣和低交叉极化为优化目标的赋形设计,然后采用球面波模型来精确描述实际使用馈源的辐射特性,通过进一步优化得到了双偏置反射面天线的形状。利用GRASP9.3.01验证了上述计算的正确性。
In recent decades, the shaped reflector antennas and feed systems have been widely used in the satellite communication systems. With the rapid development of the satellite communication techniques, more demands are required on the performance of the shaped reflector antenna and its feed systems. The shaped reflector antennas can serve as satellite antennas to provide the radiation patterns to cover the required coverage region. Moreover, it can work as ground terminal antennas with high efficiency, low sidelobe and low cross-polarization. Based on recent progresses of both home and abroad and related to the research projects, this dissertation presents a systematic investigation on the analysis and design of the shaped reflector antenna, and the feed systems including feed horns and waveguide-fed devices are studied. The author’s major contributions are as follows:
1. The feed horns are studied. Firstly, according to the requirements of reflector antenna systems, four axial corrugated horns with different beamwidth are designed with compact size and good radiation characteristics. Then the Ku-band corrugated horns composed of two kinds of corrugations are designed with compact size and low sidelobe. With nearly constant beamwidth over the operating band, the horns can be used as the feed of the dual-offset shaped reflector antennas. Finally, the coaxial horn loaded with a dielectric rod is proposed to cover the Ku receiving/transmitting band and Ka transmitting band simultaneously, which meets the multiband requirements. The loaded metal rings improve impedance matching in Ku-band, and the corrugations and the dielectric rod control the radiation characteristics in Ku-band and Ka-band respectively. Thus, the horn achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics over these bands. The measured and simulated results show that these horns have good performance.
2. The design techniques of the waveguide-fed devices are studied. Firstly, the operating principle of the ortho-mode transducers (OMTs) is analyzed, and the Ku-band OMTs and Ka-band OMTs are designed. To meet the broadband requirement, a Ku broadband OMT based on a symmetric double ridged waveguide junction with two symmetric side branches is proposed and designed. With the symmetry of the structure, the OMT makes the higher order modes evanescent and achieves wide bandwidth. Moreover, the OMT is compact in size. Secondly,a Ka-band square waveguide iris-type polarizer is designed. To improve the isolation between the transmitting port and the receiving port and make the feed system compact, the Ku-band and Ka-band directly coupled non-centered resonant irises bandpass filters and the Ku broadband E-plane single-side irises lowpass filter are designed by combining DEGL algorithm with mode-matching method (MMM). These filters achieve good return losses in the passband and high attenuations in the stopband. The measured and simulated results show that the designed devices have good performance.
3. The synthesis technique of single offset shaped reflector antenna with a single feed is studied. Firstly, an approach combining physical optics (PO) with physical theory of diffraction (PTD) is investigated for analyzing the radiation characteristics of the single offset reflector antenna. Secondly, the method of the shape of the reflector parameterized by Zernike polynomial expansion is studied. Then with these methods a single offset reflector antenna with a single feed is shaped to cover the square region. Finally, a contoured beam covering the China’s territory in Ku-band with the desired directivity is obtained by shaping the single offset reflector antenna. The calculated results are validated by commercial software GRASP9.3.01.
4. The synthesis technique of dual offset shaped reflector antenna with a single feed is studied. Firstly, the structure of offset Gregorian antenna with zero cross-polarization radiation condition is introduced. Secondly, the analysis procedure of the radiation characteristics of the offset Gregorian antenna employing PO/PTD methods is studied. The geometry of the offset Gregorian antenna with zero cross-polarization radiation condition is parameterized by Zernike polynomial expansion. Then it is shaped employing DEGL algorithm and PO/PTD methods. After optimization a contoured beam is achieved to cover the China’s territory in Ku-band. Finally, with the Gaussian feed illuminating, a dual offset reflector antenna is shaped to have high efficiency, low sidelobe and low cross-polarization for VSAT satellite communication systems. Then the spherical-wave expansion coefficients are used to accurately describe the radiation characteristics of the feed, and the shape of the antenna is further optimized. The calculated results are validated by commercial software GRASP9.3.01.
引文
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