双尺寸超材料结构的设计及自组装
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摘要
超材料的制备方法包括精细加工法和自组装法，由于精细加工法具有设备昂贵、工艺复杂的缺点，不利于其推广应用。采用纳米、亚微米或微米级的球形颗粒进行自组装的方法是合成具有密堆积结构的胶体晶体的有效途径。目前，大部分研究集中于单尺寸胶体晶体的制备，所得到的结构往往局限于面心立方结构（fcc）和六方密堆结构（hcp）。自首次在巴西本士蛋白石中发现双尺寸晶格，双尺寸超材料结构的制备备受关注。
由二氧化硅胶体球自组装而形成的超材料结构，由于本身结构存在的缺陷及二氧化硅较低的介电常数，其应用受到限制。提高二氧化硅胶体球的表面荷电可有效地减少超材料结构中的缺陷，使超材料结构周期性排列更为有序，从而改善其性能。含有其他高折射率材料的异质超材料结构可提高周期性介电函数的变化幅度，从而提供新的性能。
本文通过不同St ber工艺过程合成不同粒径和形貌的SiO2胶体球，对三个St ber工艺进行对比分析，并对[TEOS]和[NH3]等工艺因素的影响及反应机理进行了探讨。引入NaCl为电荷控制剂对SiO2胶体球进行表面荷电，以提高其Zeta电位，探索了NaCl用量对SiO2胶体球的形貌、粒径及Zeta电位的影响。
采用垂直沉积法、双基片法和电泳辅助提拉法制备了单尺寸SiO2胶体晶体，并对其结构和缺陷进行了探讨，分析了不同工艺、表面荷电、煅烧温度、电压及Zeta电位对胶体晶体形貌的影响。对LS_2、LS_4、LS6和LS_x型双尺寸超材料结构进行了设计及计算，并采用垂直沉积法制备出多种同质双尺寸超材料结构，研究了大小胶体球的粒径比及体积比对结构的影响规律，对双尺寸胶体晶体的生长过程进行了探讨，研究了同质双尺寸超材料结构的光学性能。
采用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯相二氧化硅、钛酸钡和氧化铁纳米粉体，探索了络合中间产物的结构和热处理过程，分析了pH值和煅烧温度等工艺因素对纳米粉体晶型、形貌和粒径的影响规律。利用所制备的纳米粉体材料自组装制备了多种异质双尺寸超材料结构，对超材料结构的排列方式进行分析，探讨了纳米粉体材料的种类、填充材料制备工艺及填充方式对异质超材料结构的影响，并探索了异质超材料结构的生长过程。
论文的主要工作成果如下：
1）采用三种不同的St ber工艺，通过改变反应物浓度成功合成了粒径分布均匀的单分散SiO_2胶体球、芽型SiO_2胶体球和双尺寸SiO_2胶体球，通过对三个工艺过程中不同反应物浓度下所得SiO_2胶体球的形貌及粒径的比较分析，探索性地对SiO_2胶体球形成机理进行了分析，获得可用于超材料结构制备用胶体球的制备工艺。
2）采用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球，获得粒径为443～701nm的单分散SiO_2胶体球，在相同TEOS和氨水的浓度下，与未改性SiO_2胶体球相比，NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球的粒径明显增大，大大提高了SiO_2胶体球的Zeta电位值，当氨水体积为3.5mL时，Zeta电位值平均可提高12.34mV。分别采用垂直沉积法和双基片法制备出六方排列SiO_2胶体晶体，利用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球可获得有序性更好的六方排列胶体晶体。利用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球，采用电泳辅助提拉法不仅获得了六方排列（111）结构，也创新性地获得了四方排列（100）胶体晶体，通过计算可知，所得四方排列胶体晶体表面为面心立方结构的（100）晶面。
3）分别设计了LS_2、LS_4、LS_6和LSx型双尺寸超材料结构，并对其大小球体积比和胶体球的空间占有率进行了计算，利用两种粒径的SiO_2胶体球，采用垂直沉积法制备出了LS_2、LS_4、LS_6、LS_x1和LSx2型双尺寸超材料结构，发现大小胶体球的粒径比及体积比是决定能否形成双尺寸超材料结构及其排列方式的主要影响因素，提出了双尺寸胶体晶体的生长过程，研究了同质双尺寸超材料结构的光学性能，发现365/70nm（80:1）超材料结构的带隙中心波长与LS2型非密堆结构的理论计算值较为吻合，365/70nm（10:1）超材料结构的带隙中心波长与LSx型结构的理论计算值有一定的差距，这均由其胶体球的空间占有率所决定。
4）采用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法分别制备出符合异质超材料结构用的纳米异质材料，其中所得SiO_2颗粒为非晶态的类球状颗粒，平均粒径分别约为10nm和20nm；所得BaTiO_3粉体为立方相，分别获得20～30nm、40～60nm的类球状颗粒以及20～130nm的类球状和块状颗粒；所得Fe_2O_3粉体为纯α-Fe_2O_3相，所得形貌多样，包括类球状颗粒、类“珊瑚状”板状颗粒和多孔板状颗粒，其中内部小颗粒的粒径为28～60nm。
5）利用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米粉体探索性地制备了异质双尺寸超材料结构，并成功地获得多种异质双尺寸超材料结构。研究发现，SiO_2纳米颗粒包裹于SiO_2胶体球表面形成芽型结构；利用不同的钛酸钡凝胶可获得两种结构，一种为LS_2、LS_4和LS_6型结构，另一种为钛酸钡颗粒形成于层与层之间胶体球的间隙处；利用Fe_2O_3纳米粉体可制备出类“海胆状”异质结构。
Metamaterials can be prepared by precision process and self-assemblyMethod. The application of precision process is limited for its defects ofexpensive equipment and complex process. The self-assembly of colloidalnano-，submicro-or micro-spherical particles is a useful technique for obtainingcolloidal crystals with close-packed crystal structures. Most of the researcheshave focused on the preparation of colloidal crystals composed of single-sizespheres, and the obtained structures are limited to face-centered cubic (fcc) orhexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures. Since the first discovery of binarysuperlattice in native Brazilian opal, synthesis of binary metamaterial structureshas gained growing interest.
The application of metamaterials self-assembled by SiO_2is limited for thestructure defects and low dielectric constant of SiO_2colloidal spheres. Withincreasing the surface charge of SiO_2colloidal spheres, the defects ofmetamaterials decrease which can improve the performance of metamaterials.Metamaterial heterostructures which contain the materials with high refractiveindex widen the range of periodicity dielectric function that could provide newperformances.
The thesis worked on the preparation of silica particles with different sizedistributions and surface morphologies by St ber methods with different mixingprocesses. The comparison of three st ber methods was investigated. Thereaction conditions including TEOS and NH3concentrations and the formationmechanism of particles were also investigated. The silica spheres were modifiedby electrolyte NaCl to enhance the Zeta potential. The effects of NaClconcentration on the morphology, size and Zeta potential were discussed.
Single-size silica colloidal crystals were synthesized by vertical depositionmethod, dual substrates method and electrophoresis-assisted self-assembly. The morphology, structure and defects of colloidal crystals were investigated. Theeffects of processes, surface charge, calcination temperature, voltage and Zetapotential on the morphology of colloidal crystals were discussed. The LS_2、LS_4、LS_6and LS_xbinary metamaterial structures were designed and calculated. Andseveral binary metamaterial structures were prepared by vertical depositionmethod. The effects of particle size ratio and volume ratio on the structure ofbinary colloidal crystals were discussed. The formation and optical property ofbinary colloidal crystals were studied.
Single-phase SiO_2, BaTiO_3and Fe_2O_3nano-particles were synthesized viaPechini sol-gel method. The structural coordination and thermal behavior ofas-prepared polymeric intermediates were investigated. The effects of pH valueand calcination temperature on the crystalline phase, morphology and particlesize of nano-particles were studied. Several binary metamaterial heterostructureswere prepared by self-assembly method with the obtained nano-powders. Thestructure of binary metamaterial heterostructures was discussed. The effects ofthe types and fabricating technique of nano-powders and filling process on thestructure of metamaterial heterostructures were studied. And the growth ofmetamaterial heterostructures was investigated.
The results were listed:
1) Uniform, monodisperse silica spheres, budded silica spheres andbinary silica spheres were successfully prepared by three St berprocesses. By comparing the morphology and particle size of silicaparticles obtained by three St ber processes with different reactantsconcentrations, the formation mechanism of colloidal silica sphereswas analysed.
2) Monodispersed SiO_2colloidal spheres with about443~701nm wereprepared by St ber method when NaCl electrolyte was introducedinto the system. At the same [TEOS] and [NH_3], the NaCl modifiedSiO_2colloidal spheres are larger than unmodified SiO_2colloidalspheres. And the Zeta potential of the modified SiO_2spheres isimproved. When VNH3=3.5mL, Zeta potential of the modified SiO_2spheres is averagely heightened12.34mV. Hexagonal array colloidalcrystals were prepared by vertical deposition method and dual substrates method. The NaCl modified SiO_2spheres couldself-assemble into more ordered structure compared to theunmodified SiO_2spheres. Besides hexagonal array structure, squarearray structure was also synthesized by electrophoresis-assistedself-assembly. And the obtained square array structure is the (111)direction of face-centered cubic structure.
3) The LS_2, LS_4, LS_6and LSxbinary metamaterial structures weredesigned. The L/S (volume ratio) and space occupancy of colloidalspheres were calculated. LS_2, LS_4, LS_6, LS_x1and LSx2binarymetamaterial structures were successfully prepared by verticaldeposition method. The structure of binary metamaterials is decidedby particle size ratio and volume ratio of colloidal spheres. Thegrowth mechanism of binary metamaterial structures was proposed.The optical properties of binary metamaterial structures wereresearched. The results show that the photonic band gap of365/70nm(80:1) binary metamaterial structure is in accordance with thetheoretical prediction of LS2non-close-packed binary structure.However, the photonic band gap of365/70nm (10:1) binarymetamaterial structure is different from the theoretical prediction ofLSxbinary structure.
4) The nano-powders which could be used to prepare the metamaterialheterostructures were synthesized by Pechini sol-gel method. Theobtained SiO_2powders are amorphous particles with about10nm or20nm. The obtained BaTiO_3powders are cubic phase particles whichare found to be20~30nm globe-like particles、40~60nm globe-likeparticles or20~130nm globe-like particles and blocks. The Fe_2O_3powders are pure α-Fe_2O_3phase. And the globe-like particles,coral-like blocks and porous blocks can be obtained. The particle sizeof small particles is about28~60nm.
5) Several binary metamaterial heterostructures were successfullysynthesized with the nano-powders prepared by Pechini sol-gelmethod. The results show that the budded structure is obtained withSiO_2nano-particles. Two binary metamaterial heterostructures can be prepared with BaTiO_3powders. One includes LS_2, LS_4and LS_6strucrure, and another one includes the BaTiO_3particles which fillinto the voids of colloidal spheres between the layers. The urchin-likemetamaterial heterostructure is obtained with Fe_2O_3nano-powders.
由二氧化硅胶体球自组装而形成的超材料结构，由于本身结构存在的缺陷及二氧化硅较低的介电常数，其应用受到限制。提高二氧化硅胶体球的表面荷电可有效地减少超材料结构中的缺陷，使超材料结构周期性排列更为有序，从而改善其性能。含有其他高折射率材料的异质超材料结构可提高周期性介电函数的变化幅度，从而提供新的性能。
本文通过不同St ber工艺过程合成不同粒径和形貌的SiO2胶体球，对三个St ber工艺进行对比分析，并对[TEOS]和[NH3]等工艺因素的影响及反应机理进行了探讨。引入NaCl为电荷控制剂对SiO2胶体球进行表面荷电，以提高其Zeta电位，探索了NaCl用量对SiO2胶体球的形貌、粒径及Zeta电位的影响。
采用垂直沉积法、双基片法和电泳辅助提拉法制备了单尺寸SiO2胶体晶体，并对其结构和缺陷进行了探讨，分析了不同工艺、表面荷电、煅烧温度、电压及Zeta电位对胶体晶体形貌的影响。对LS_2、LS_4、LS6和LS_x型双尺寸超材料结构进行了设计及计算，并采用垂直沉积法制备出多种同质双尺寸超材料结构，研究了大小胶体球的粒径比及体积比对结构的影响规律，对双尺寸胶体晶体的生长过程进行了探讨，研究了同质双尺寸超材料结构的光学性能。
采用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法制备了纯相二氧化硅、钛酸钡和氧化铁纳米粉体，探索了络合中间产物的结构和热处理过程，分析了pH值和煅烧温度等工艺因素对纳米粉体晶型、形貌和粒径的影响规律。利用所制备的纳米粉体材料自组装制备了多种异质双尺寸超材料结构，对超材料结构的排列方式进行分析，探讨了纳米粉体材料的种类、填充材料制备工艺及填充方式对异质超材料结构的影响，并探索了异质超材料结构的生长过程。
论文的主要工作成果如下：
1）采用三种不同的St ber工艺，通过改变反应物浓度成功合成了粒径分布均匀的单分散SiO_2胶体球、芽型SiO_2胶体球和双尺寸SiO_2胶体球，通过对三个工艺过程中不同反应物浓度下所得SiO_2胶体球的形貌及粒径的比较分析，探索性地对SiO_2胶体球形成机理进行了分析，获得可用于超材料结构制备用胶体球的制备工艺。
2）采用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球，获得粒径为443～701nm的单分散SiO_2胶体球，在相同TEOS和氨水的浓度下，与未改性SiO_2胶体球相比，NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球的粒径明显增大，大大提高了SiO_2胶体球的Zeta电位值，当氨水体积为3.5mL时，Zeta电位值平均可提高12.34mV。分别采用垂直沉积法和双基片法制备出六方排列SiO_2胶体晶体，利用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球可获得有序性更好的六方排列胶体晶体。利用NaCl改性SiO_2胶体球，采用电泳辅助提拉法不仅获得了六方排列（111）结构，也创新性地获得了四方排列（100）胶体晶体，通过计算可知，所得四方排列胶体晶体表面为面心立方结构的（100）晶面。
3）分别设计了LS_2、LS_4、LS_6和LSx型双尺寸超材料结构，并对其大小球体积比和胶体球的空间占有率进行了计算，利用两种粒径的SiO_2胶体球，采用垂直沉积法制备出了LS_2、LS_4、LS_6、LS_x1和LSx2型双尺寸超材料结构，发现大小胶体球的粒径比及体积比是决定能否形成双尺寸超材料结构及其排列方式的主要影响因素，提出了双尺寸胶体晶体的生长过程，研究了同质双尺寸超材料结构的光学性能，发现365/70nm（80:1）超材料结构的带隙中心波长与LS2型非密堆结构的理论计算值较为吻合，365/70nm（10:1）超材料结构的带隙中心波长与LSx型结构的理论计算值有一定的差距，这均由其胶体球的空间占有率所决定。
4）采用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法分别制备出符合异质超材料结构用的纳米异质材料，其中所得SiO_2颗粒为非晶态的类球状颗粒，平均粒径分别约为10nm和20nm；所得BaTiO_3粉体为立方相，分别获得20～30nm、40～60nm的类球状颗粒以及20～130nm的类球状和块状颗粒；所得Fe_2O_3粉体为纯α-Fe_2O_3相，所得形貌多样，包括类球状颗粒、类“珊瑚状”板状颗粒和多孔板状颗粒，其中内部小颗粒的粒径为28～60nm。
5）利用Pechini溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米粉体探索性地制备了异质双尺寸超材料结构，并成功地获得多种异质双尺寸超材料结构。研究发现，SiO_2纳米颗粒包裹于SiO_2胶体球表面形成芽型结构；利用不同的钛酸钡凝胶可获得两种结构，一种为LS_2、LS_4和LS_6型结构，另一种为钛酸钡颗粒形成于层与层之间胶体球的间隙处；利用Fe_2O_3纳米粉体可制备出类“海胆状”异质结构。
Metamaterials can be prepared by precision process and self-assemblyMethod. The application of precision process is limited for its defects ofexpensive equipment and complex process. The self-assembly of colloidalnano-，submicro-or micro-spherical particles is a useful technique for obtainingcolloidal crystals with close-packed crystal structures. Most of the researcheshave focused on the preparation of colloidal crystals composed of single-sizespheres, and the obtained structures are limited to face-centered cubic (fcc) orhexagonal close-packed (hcp) structures. Since the first discovery of binarysuperlattice in native Brazilian opal, synthesis of binary metamaterial structureshas gained growing interest.
The application of metamaterials self-assembled by SiO_2is limited for thestructure defects and low dielectric constant of SiO_2colloidal spheres. Withincreasing the surface charge of SiO_2colloidal spheres, the defects ofmetamaterials decrease which can improve the performance of metamaterials.Metamaterial heterostructures which contain the materials with high refractiveindex widen the range of periodicity dielectric function that could provide newperformances.
The thesis worked on the preparation of silica particles with different sizedistributions and surface morphologies by St ber methods with different mixingprocesses. The comparison of three st ber methods was investigated. Thereaction conditions including TEOS and NH3concentrations and the formationmechanism of particles were also investigated. The silica spheres were modifiedby electrolyte NaCl to enhance the Zeta potential. The effects of NaClconcentration on the morphology, size and Zeta potential were discussed.
Single-size silica colloidal crystals were synthesized by vertical depositionmethod, dual substrates method and electrophoresis-assisted self-assembly. The morphology, structure and defects of colloidal crystals were investigated. Theeffects of processes, surface charge, calcination temperature, voltage and Zetapotential on the morphology of colloidal crystals were discussed. The LS_2、LS_4、LS_6and LS_xbinary metamaterial structures were designed and calculated. Andseveral binary metamaterial structures were prepared by vertical depositionmethod. The effects of particle size ratio and volume ratio on the structure ofbinary colloidal crystals were discussed. The formation and optical property ofbinary colloidal crystals were studied.
Single-phase SiO_2, BaTiO_3and Fe_2O_3nano-particles were synthesized viaPechini sol-gel method. The structural coordination and thermal behavior ofas-prepared polymeric intermediates were investigated. The effects of pH valueand calcination temperature on the crystalline phase, morphology and particlesize of nano-particles were studied. Several binary metamaterial heterostructureswere prepared by self-assembly method with the obtained nano-powders. Thestructure of binary metamaterial heterostructures was discussed. The effects ofthe types and fabricating technique of nano-powders and filling process on thestructure of metamaterial heterostructures were studied. And the growth ofmetamaterial heterostructures was investigated.
The results were listed:
1) Uniform, monodisperse silica spheres, budded silica spheres andbinary silica spheres were successfully prepared by three St berprocesses. By comparing the morphology and particle size of silicaparticles obtained by three St ber processes with different reactantsconcentrations, the formation mechanism of colloidal silica sphereswas analysed.
2) Monodispersed SiO_2colloidal spheres with about443~701nm wereprepared by St ber method when NaCl electrolyte was introducedinto the system. At the same [TEOS] and [NH_3], the NaCl modifiedSiO_2colloidal spheres are larger than unmodified SiO_2colloidalspheres. And the Zeta potential of the modified SiO_2spheres isimproved. When VNH3=3.5mL, Zeta potential of the modified SiO_2spheres is averagely heightened12.34mV. Hexagonal array colloidalcrystals were prepared by vertical deposition method and dual substrates method. The NaCl modified SiO_2spheres couldself-assemble into more ordered structure compared to theunmodified SiO_2spheres. Besides hexagonal array structure, squarearray structure was also synthesized by electrophoresis-assistedself-assembly. And the obtained square array structure is the (111)direction of face-centered cubic structure.
3) The LS_2, LS_4, LS_6and LSxbinary metamaterial structures weredesigned. The L/S (volume ratio) and space occupancy of colloidalspheres were calculated. LS_2, LS_4, LS_6, LS_x1and LSx2binarymetamaterial structures were successfully prepared by verticaldeposition method. The structure of binary metamaterials is decidedby particle size ratio and volume ratio of colloidal spheres. Thegrowth mechanism of binary metamaterial structures was proposed.The optical properties of binary metamaterial structures wereresearched. The results show that the photonic band gap of365/70nm(80:1) binary metamaterial structure is in accordance with thetheoretical prediction of LS2non-close-packed binary structure.However, the photonic band gap of365/70nm (10:1) binarymetamaterial structure is different from the theoretical prediction ofLSxbinary structure.
4) The nano-powders which could be used to prepare the metamaterialheterostructures were synthesized by Pechini sol-gel method. Theobtained SiO_2powders are amorphous particles with about10nm or20nm. The obtained BaTiO_3powders are cubic phase particles whichare found to be20~30nm globe-like particles、40~60nm globe-likeparticles or20~130nm globe-like particles and blocks. The Fe_2O_3powders are pure α-Fe_2O_3phase. And the globe-like particles,coral-like blocks and porous blocks can be obtained. The particle sizeof small particles is about28~60nm.
5) Several binary metamaterial heterostructures were successfullysynthesized with the nano-powders prepared by Pechini sol-gelmethod. The results show that the budded structure is obtained withSiO_2nano-particles. Two binary metamaterial heterostructures can be prepared with BaTiO_3powders. One includes LS_2, LS_4and LS_6strucrure, and another one includes the BaTiO_3particles which fillinto the voids of colloidal spheres between the layers. The urchin-likemetamaterial heterostructure is obtained with Fe_2O_3nano-powders.
引文
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