基于介孔二氧化硅复合纳米粒子的制备、性能及药物控释研究
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摘要
随着纳米生物技术的发展,智能型有机-无机复合纳米粒子受到了人们广泛的关注,纳米材料在生物标记、重大疾病的临床检测与治疗等诸多领域都体现出了巨大的优势。其中介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(Mesoporous silica nanoparticles,简称MSNs)代表了一类极其重要的纳米材料,在过去的几十年的科学研究和实际应用中,都已经取得了非常显著的进展。MSNs材料具有生物相容性好、比表面积和孔容大、介孔孔径尺寸可调以及表面易于有机基团改性等优点,非常适合用作抗肿瘤药物分子的载体,有利于提高药效降低药物的毒副作用。
在抗肿瘤的临床应用中,较为理想的可控药物传输系统不仅要求其自身具有良好的生物相容性以及对药物有较高的负载率,还必须满足在血液循环时药物分子的“零释放”,但到达病灶部位后药物分子却能够快速且完全地释放。在这种研究背景下,本论文以MSNs粒子为基本的出发点,制备了多种纳米尺度且稳定分散的功能性MSNs复合材料。由于MSNs对药物具有较高的负载能力,因此可将MSNs视为储存药物的“仓库”,再利用具有生物环境刺激响应性的聚合物壳层作为“开关”,实现对药物的可控释放。具体来说,有以下四个方面的结果：
(1)基于阳离子表面活性剂CTAB稳定无机纳米粒子的思路,设计用MSNs基质包覆各种不同性质的无机纳米粒子,包括亲水性／疏水性、带正电／带负电、球形／棒状以及小尺寸／大尺寸等。研究发现,实验配方中的各种原料和反应条件对最终得到的介孔复合纳米粒子的影响程度明显不同：CTAB的用量越多得到的粒子的稳定性越好,体系的pH为12左右以及反应温度为40℃时得到的产物的核-壳结构最为完善且介孔有序性最为优异。
(2)以第二章合成的Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子为基础,在其介孔孔道中修饰上各种有机官能团,以调节药物分子与MSNs基质之间的相互作用,以增强或者减弱药物分子的负载效率和释放速度。结果表明,在MSNs孔道表面引入上羧基基团后,DOX的释放速度呈现出明显的pH依赖性：pH越小释放速度越快；而对于疏水性的PTX,苯基基团改性后的MSNs孔道则能够明显地加快PTX在水溶液中的释放速度。
(3)以第二章合成的Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子为基础,通过沉淀聚合法制备了以Fe3O4@MSNs为核、聚合物P(NIPAM-co-MAA)为壳的有机-无机复合纳米粒子。该复合纳米粒子Fe3O4@MSNs@P(NIPAM-co-MAA)在保留MSNs介孔性质的同时,呈现出明显的温度和pH耦合响应性。聚合物壳层P(NIPAM-co-MAA)能够作为“开关”,对DOX的释放起到有效地调控：在体积相转变之前,DOX的释放量仅仅只有7.2wt%；在发生体积相转变后,DOX的释放量则大幅度的增加到80.2wt%。
(4)参照第四章Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子的改性方法,先在MSNs的孔道中修饰上羧基基团;再运用第五章的沉淀聚合技术制备出了以MSNs为核、聚合物P(VCL-s-s-MAA)为壳层的有机-无机复合纳米粒子,其中壳层聚合物用带二硫键的BACy进行有效的交联,最后在整体粒子的外表面接枝上适当数量的PEG链段。该复合纳米粒子MSNs-COOH@P(VCL-s-s-MAA)-PEG具有粒径均匀、结构完善、胶体分散以及介孔性质突出等优点,并能够对外界环境的变化做出灵敏的反应。在10mM谷胱甘肽还原性条件下,壳层中二硫键会完全断开,壳层聚合物发生明显的降解,导致复合纳米粒子的核-壳结构不复存在。药物释放结果表明,在体积相转变之前,DOX的释放量只有5.4wt%；在体积相转变发生之后,DOX的释放量则增加到64.0wt%；尤其是在还原性环境中,DOX实现了完全的释放。本章的研究发现证明,复合纳米粒子MSNs-COOH@P(VCL-s-s-MAA)-PEG中的MSNs核作为药物储存的“仓库”,而具有温度/pH耦合响应性且可还原敏感降解的聚合物壳层具备“开关阀门”的功能,能够非常高效率地调控药物分子的释放速度,是一类性质优异的药物控制释放载体。
The development of new nanomaterials for the diagnosis and/or treatment of different diseases has been receiving greater attention in recent years and has now become an important field in medical research. Dedicated nanomaterials can be used to monitor the progress of a therapy or disease, to determine the blood type of patients requiring transfusion, or for tissue typing when a transplant is required. The following unique properties of MSNs, such as tunable particle size, stable and rigid framework, uniform and tunable pore size, high surface area and large pore volume, two functional surfaces, unique porous structure and biocompatibility, have attracted a lot of research attention for various controlled release delivery applications.
As outlined below, several perquisites need to be incorporated into such a material in order to serve as efficient drug delivery systems.(1) The carrier material should be biocompatible.(2) High loading/encapsulation of desired drug molecules.(3) Zero premature release of drug molecules.(4) Controlled release of drug molecules with a proper rate of release to achieve an effective local concentration. Based on the MSNs, several nano-sized drug carriers with uniform diameters were synthesized. A diversity of surface modification was subjected to systematic investigation using organic silanes, in order to study the drug loading capacity and sustained release behaviour of the modified M-MSNs for representative drugs. The polymer coated MSNs systems were used as "gatekeepers" to regulate the encapsulation and release of drug molecules. The main results were listed as follows:
(1) A general and facile strategy was developed to coat hydrophilic nanoparticles directly with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was adsorbed to various hydrophobic or hydrophilic inorganic nanoparticles, introducing the CTAB layer overcoating with positive charge. The subsequent sol-gel reaction of TEOS with the basic catalyst resulted in uniform nanocomposites. The relatively high CTAB concentration and proper pH value in the initial reaction system were the key factors for synthesizing uniform, colloidal nanocomposites with obvious core/shell-structure. The controlled preparation method of multifunctional silica nanocomposites provided the platform for designing multifunctional MSNs to assess biological effects.
(2) The keystone in the development of MSNs as drug carriers is the modification or functionalization of the surface through organic groups. This process provides numerous possibilities to control drug adsorption and release. A diversity of surface modification was subjected to systematic investigation using organic silanes, eventually resulting in the decoration with the carboxyl (-COOH), methyl phosphonate (-PO3-), amino (-NH2) and phenyl (-Ph) groups on the surface of MSNs. The hydrophilically modified MSNs with-COOH and-PO3-were beneficial for loading the water-soluble doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) through electrostatic attraction. The results demonstrated that MSNs-PO3-achieved a higher loading content and MSNs-COOH presented a distinct pH-responsible release behavior. On the other hand, MSNs-Ph displayed a controlled release rate in a short term via the weakened hydrogen bonding interaction.
(3) A kind of core-shell composite nanosphere was prepared based on poly(N-iso propylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) coated magnetic MSNs via precipitation polymerization. The composite nanoparticles presented a thermo/pH-coupling sensitivity and the volume phase transition could be precisely regulated by the molar ratio of MAA to NIP AM or the concentration of NaCl. At physiological conditions (37℃,0.15M NaCl), the P(NIPAM-co-MAA) shell underwent a distinct transition from a swollen state in pH7.4to a collapsed state in pH5.0, so that the polymer shell was active in moderating the diffusion of embedded drugs in-and-out of the pore channels of MSNs. DOX was applied as a model drug and the behaviors of drug storage/release were investigated. The drug loaded behavior was pH-dependent, and the composite nanoparticles had a drug embed efficiency of about91.3%under alkaline condition. The cumulative in vitro release of the DOX-loaded nanocomposite showed a low level of leakage below the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) and was significantly enhanced above its VPTT, exhibiting an apparent thermo/pH-response controlled drug release. The cytotoxicity assay of a blank carrier to normal cells indicated that the composite microspheres were suitable as drug carriers, while the DOX-loaded composite microspheres had a similar cytotoxicity to HeLa cells compared with free DOX.
(4) The nanocomposites was prepared with-COOH modified MSNs as core and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-s-s-methacrylic acid)(P(VCL-s-s-MAA)) as shell, which comprised a polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona to stabilize the particles and the N,N'-bis (acryloyl) cystamine as a reversible cross-linker, while the mesostructure of the core was completely retained. The obtained core-shell nanospheres presented both temperature and pH sensitivity. The thermo-sensitive volume phase transition could be precisely regulated by the mass ratios of MAA to VCL. An increase in the pH value led to a significant increase in VPTT, which can be adjusted as desired close to human body temperature (37℃). The composite nanospheres, though sufficiently stable in water, were prone to fast disappearance for polymer shell in the presence of10mM glutathione (GSH), due to shedding of the reductive cleavage of the intermediate disulfide bonds in P(VCL-s-s-MAA) polymer shell. DOX was also applied as a model drug to evaluate the loading and release properties. Drug leakage can be avoided in MSNs@P(VCL-s-s-MAA) storage and significantly reduced in blood circulation, whereas a burst release of drug was triggered in an acidic and reductant-enriched environment such as in lysosomes. Therefore, the thermo/pH-sensitive nanocomposites with reductively sheddable polymer shell gate could, in principle, be used for in vivo cancer therapy with a low premature drug release during blood circulation whilst having a rapid release upon reaching tumor tissues.
在抗肿瘤的临床应用中,较为理想的可控药物传输系统不仅要求其自身具有良好的生物相容性以及对药物有较高的负载率,还必须满足在血液循环时药物分子的“零释放”,但到达病灶部位后药物分子却能够快速且完全地释放。在这种研究背景下,本论文以MSNs粒子为基本的出发点,制备了多种纳米尺度且稳定分散的功能性MSNs复合材料。由于MSNs对药物具有较高的负载能力,因此可将MSNs视为储存药物的“仓库”,再利用具有生物环境刺激响应性的聚合物壳层作为“开关”,实现对药物的可控释放。具体来说,有以下四个方面的结果：
(1)基于阳离子表面活性剂CTAB稳定无机纳米粒子的思路,设计用MSNs基质包覆各种不同性质的无机纳米粒子,包括亲水性／疏水性、带正电／带负电、球形／棒状以及小尺寸／大尺寸等。研究发现,实验配方中的各种原料和反应条件对最终得到的介孔复合纳米粒子的影响程度明显不同：CTAB的用量越多得到的粒子的稳定性越好,体系的pH为12左右以及反应温度为40℃时得到的产物的核-壳结构最为完善且介孔有序性最为优异。
(2)以第二章合成的Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子为基础,在其介孔孔道中修饰上各种有机官能团,以调节药物分子与MSNs基质之间的相互作用,以增强或者减弱药物分子的负载效率和释放速度。结果表明,在MSNs孔道表面引入上羧基基团后,DOX的释放速度呈现出明显的pH依赖性：pH越小释放速度越快；而对于疏水性的PTX,苯基基团改性后的MSNs孔道则能够明显地加快PTX在水溶液中的释放速度。
(3)以第二章合成的Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子为基础,通过沉淀聚合法制备了以Fe3O4@MSNs为核、聚合物P(NIPAM-co-MAA)为壳的有机-无机复合纳米粒子。该复合纳米粒子Fe3O4@MSNs@P(NIPAM-co-MAA)在保留MSNs介孔性质的同时,呈现出明显的温度和pH耦合响应性。聚合物壳层P(NIPAM-co-MAA)能够作为“开关”,对DOX的释放起到有效地调控：在体积相转变之前,DOX的释放量仅仅只有7.2wt%；在发生体积相转变后,DOX的释放量则大幅度的增加到80.2wt%。
(4)参照第四章Fe3O4@MSNs纳米粒子的改性方法,先在MSNs的孔道中修饰上羧基基团;再运用第五章的沉淀聚合技术制备出了以MSNs为核、聚合物P(VCL-s-s-MAA)为壳层的有机-无机复合纳米粒子,其中壳层聚合物用带二硫键的BACy进行有效的交联,最后在整体粒子的外表面接枝上适当数量的PEG链段。该复合纳米粒子MSNs-COOH@P(VCL-s-s-MAA)-PEG具有粒径均匀、结构完善、胶体分散以及介孔性质突出等优点,并能够对外界环境的变化做出灵敏的反应。在10mM谷胱甘肽还原性条件下,壳层中二硫键会完全断开,壳层聚合物发生明显的降解,导致复合纳米粒子的核-壳结构不复存在。药物释放结果表明,在体积相转变之前,DOX的释放量只有5.4wt%；在体积相转变发生之后,DOX的释放量则增加到64.0wt%；尤其是在还原性环境中,DOX实现了完全的释放。本章的研究发现证明,复合纳米粒子MSNs-COOH@P(VCL-s-s-MAA)-PEG中的MSNs核作为药物储存的“仓库”,而具有温度/pH耦合响应性且可还原敏感降解的聚合物壳层具备“开关阀门”的功能,能够非常高效率地调控药物分子的释放速度,是一类性质优异的药物控制释放载体。
The development of new nanomaterials for the diagnosis and/or treatment of different diseases has been receiving greater attention in recent years and has now become an important field in medical research. Dedicated nanomaterials can be used to monitor the progress of a therapy or disease, to determine the blood type of patients requiring transfusion, or for tissue typing when a transplant is required. The following unique properties of MSNs, such as tunable particle size, stable and rigid framework, uniform and tunable pore size, high surface area and large pore volume, two functional surfaces, unique porous structure and biocompatibility, have attracted a lot of research attention for various controlled release delivery applications.
As outlined below, several perquisites need to be incorporated into such a material in order to serve as efficient drug delivery systems.(1) The carrier material should be biocompatible.(2) High loading/encapsulation of desired drug molecules.(3) Zero premature release of drug molecules.(4) Controlled release of drug molecules with a proper rate of release to achieve an effective local concentration. Based on the MSNs, several nano-sized drug carriers with uniform diameters were synthesized. A diversity of surface modification was subjected to systematic investigation using organic silanes, in order to study the drug loading capacity and sustained release behaviour of the modified M-MSNs for representative drugs. The polymer coated MSNs systems were used as "gatekeepers" to regulate the encapsulation and release of drug molecules. The main results were listed as follows:
(1) A general and facile strategy was developed to coat hydrophilic nanoparticles directly with mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was adsorbed to various hydrophobic or hydrophilic inorganic nanoparticles, introducing the CTAB layer overcoating with positive charge. The subsequent sol-gel reaction of TEOS with the basic catalyst resulted in uniform nanocomposites. The relatively high CTAB concentration and proper pH value in the initial reaction system were the key factors for synthesizing uniform, colloidal nanocomposites with obvious core/shell-structure. The controlled preparation method of multifunctional silica nanocomposites provided the platform for designing multifunctional MSNs to assess biological effects.
(2) The keystone in the development of MSNs as drug carriers is the modification or functionalization of the surface through organic groups. This process provides numerous possibilities to control drug adsorption and release. A diversity of surface modification was subjected to systematic investigation using organic silanes, eventually resulting in the decoration with the carboxyl (-COOH), methyl phosphonate (-PO3-), amino (-NH2) and phenyl (-Ph) groups on the surface of MSNs. The hydrophilically modified MSNs with-COOH and-PO3-were beneficial for loading the water-soluble doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) through electrostatic attraction. The results demonstrated that MSNs-PO3-achieved a higher loading content and MSNs-COOH presented a distinct pH-responsible release behavior. On the other hand, MSNs-Ph displayed a controlled release rate in a short term via the weakened hydrogen bonding interaction.
(3) A kind of core-shell composite nanosphere was prepared based on poly(N-iso propylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid) coated magnetic MSNs via precipitation polymerization. The composite nanoparticles presented a thermo/pH-coupling sensitivity and the volume phase transition could be precisely regulated by the molar ratio of MAA to NIP AM or the concentration of NaCl. At physiological conditions (37℃,0.15M NaCl), the P(NIPAM-co-MAA) shell underwent a distinct transition from a swollen state in pH7.4to a collapsed state in pH5.0, so that the polymer shell was active in moderating the diffusion of embedded drugs in-and-out of the pore channels of MSNs. DOX was applied as a model drug and the behaviors of drug storage/release were investigated. The drug loaded behavior was pH-dependent, and the composite nanoparticles had a drug embed efficiency of about91.3%under alkaline condition. The cumulative in vitro release of the DOX-loaded nanocomposite showed a low level of leakage below the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) and was significantly enhanced above its VPTT, exhibiting an apparent thermo/pH-response controlled drug release. The cytotoxicity assay of a blank carrier to normal cells indicated that the composite microspheres were suitable as drug carriers, while the DOX-loaded composite microspheres had a similar cytotoxicity to HeLa cells compared with free DOX.
(4) The nanocomposites was prepared with-COOH modified MSNs as core and poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-s-s-methacrylic acid)(P(VCL-s-s-MAA)) as shell, which comprised a polyethylene glycol (PEG) corona to stabilize the particles and the N,N'-bis (acryloyl) cystamine as a reversible cross-linker, while the mesostructure of the core was completely retained. The obtained core-shell nanospheres presented both temperature and pH sensitivity. The thermo-sensitive volume phase transition could be precisely regulated by the mass ratios of MAA to VCL. An increase in the pH value led to a significant increase in VPTT, which can be adjusted as desired close to human body temperature (37℃). The composite nanospheres, though sufficiently stable in water, were prone to fast disappearance for polymer shell in the presence of10mM glutathione (GSH), due to shedding of the reductive cleavage of the intermediate disulfide bonds in P(VCL-s-s-MAA) polymer shell. DOX was also applied as a model drug to evaluate the loading and release properties. Drug leakage can be avoided in MSNs@P(VCL-s-s-MAA) storage and significantly reduced in blood circulation, whereas a burst release of drug was triggered in an acidic and reductant-enriched environment such as in lysosomes. Therefore, the thermo/pH-sensitive nanocomposites with reductively sheddable polymer shell gate could, in principle, be used for in vivo cancer therapy with a low premature drug release during blood circulation whilst having a rapid release upon reaching tumor tissues.
引文
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