生产性服务业与城市经济可持续发展研究
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摘要
走中国特色新型城市化、工业化、信息化道路，实现城市经济可持续发展将是我国经济社会发展面临的重要任务，也是调整经济结构和转变经济发展方式的关键问题。随着城市经济水平的不断提高和功能体系的不断完善，城市的服务、协调功能将逐步增强。服务业，尤其是知识密集度高、产业关联性强、空间占用小和资源消耗低的生产性服务业在城市经济中的地位明显上升，并逐渐取代制造业成为城市发展的主要推动力。
世界城市转型通常经历了资源型城市或区位型城市向制造型城市转变，再向服务型城市转变的过程。生产性服务业在城市发展的不同阶段分别起到“润滑剂”作用、“生产力”功能和“推进器”作用，有利于促进城市产业升级、完善城市经济功能、提高城市创新能力，实现经济可持续发展。纽约、伦敦、东京、北京和上海等大都市均依托生产性服务业成功实现了经济转型，提高了城市经济的可持续发展能力。
生产性服务业将知识资本、人力资本和技术资本投入到生产过程中，改善了要素投入的质量，有利于促进工业的转型升级。生产性服务业通过向外输出生产性服务，发挥产业关联效应而增加城市的就业和收入，避免大城市由于工业发展趋缓后带来的“产业空心化”。生产性服务中间投入的增加，意味着物质中间投入的减少，在降低资源的消耗的同时减少污染的排放，改变过去被动的城市生态治理局面。本文将生产性服务业的产业关联、知识密集和中间投入等基本产业特征与城市的工业转型升级、就业结构优化和“减物质化”过程结合起来研究，分析生产性服务业对城市经济可持续发展的影响机制。
长期处于价值链低端的我国工业通过提高资本有机构成和劳动报酬激励等措施有效提高了劳动生产率，但并没有导致利润水平的同步上升。在市场化程度高和基础条件较好的中心城市和特大型城市生产性服务业有助于提高工业生产效率和实现价值链地位跃升，从而在城市之间形成有机的专业化分工体系。而垄断竞争条件下，生产性服务业却会增加企业的运营成本，对工业劳动生产率的提高并没有积极作用。
生产性服务业在中心城市和特大型城市集聚，推动了大型城市成为新的工业中心和先进制造业基地，广大中小型城市围绕特大型城市和大城市进行有机配套。生产性服务业通过产业关联效应增加了其他相关产业的总体就业量，从而实现了就业总量扩容。城市体系逐渐完善的过程也是劳动力有序流动、解决就业市场结构性矛盾的过程。由于生产性服务业处于价值链的高端，更高的工资回报，带动了其他产业收入水平的提高，缓解中心城市的高运营成本。
生产性服务业发展与城市经济发展水平具有高度相关性，并有利于北京和上海等中心城市实现生产过程的“减物质化”。尽管各个城市采取一定的措施努力降低了单位GDP的能耗，但是由于反弹效应，工业废气和固体废物的排放总量还是比较大，并呈上升趋势。在粗放的经济发展模式下，制造业对生产性服务业的需求不足使城市经济难以摆脱对物质资源的高度依赖，实行合理的环境规制有利于工业企业的服务外包和专业化水平的提高。
我国生产性服务业全要素生产率增长迅速，且东部地区的增长要快于中西部地区，北京和上海的生产性服务业发展水平在全国处于领先地位。基于各城市的工业化水平，发展我国城市生产性服务业的着力点应体现在优化工业化技术线路、推动市场化体制改革、促进产业集群化布局、加速产业融合化发展和实行产业生态化规制等方面，切实推动生产性服务业发展，形成合理的城市专业化分工体系，保障城市经济的可持续性。
Being urbanization of the new characteristics, industrialization, informationizationand realizing the sustainable development of the urban economy are important tasksfor the development of Chinese economy and social, and they are the key problem toadjust the economic structure and change the mode of economic development. Alongwith the increasing of the urban economy and the continuous improvement of the cityfunction system, the service and coordination function will be gradually increased.Service industry, especially the high knowledge intensive, strong industry relationship,small occupied space and low resource consumption of the producer services in theurban economic status was significantly raised, and gradually substituted for themanufacturing industry to become the main driving force of the development of thecity.
The world cities transformation usually experienced the transformation from theresource-based city or the regional city to the manufacturing city, then to aservice-oriented city. Producer services in different stages of the city developmentplay different roles, such as "lubricant","productivity" and "propeller". It is useful forthe promoting the upgrading of city industrial, perfecting the economic functions ofthe city, improving the city innovation ability, and realizing the sustainabledevelopment of economy. New York, London, Tokyo, Beijing and Shanghai and othercities rely on the producer services to achieving of the economic transformationsucceed and improving the ability of sustainable development of city economy.
Producer services invest more knowledge, human capital and technology into theproduction process, and improve the quality of factor inputs, promoting the upgradingof the industrial transformation. Productive services through outputting the productiveservice, playing the effect about industry association and increasing the urbanemployment and income, avoids the "Industrial Hollowing" in big city because ofindustrial develope slowing. The increasing of the intermediate inputs in the producerservices, means material intermediate input is reducing, that not only can reduce theconsumption of resources, but also reduce the pollution emissions, and change thepast passive city ecological governance situation. This paper will combine the basicindustry characteristics of the producer services knowledge-intensive, industryassociation, and intermediate input, the urban of industrial transformation and upgrading, and the employment structure optimization and "dematerialization"process for researching, and analysis the economy influence mechanism that theproducer services to the economic sustainable development of the city.
Being in the low-end value chain in long time, our country industry improve thelabor productivity effectively by increasing the organic composition of capital andlabor remuneration incentive measures, but it did not increase the profits. In thecenter city and mega polis that have a high degree of mercerization and good basiccondition, producer services is helpful for enhancing the efficiency of industrialproduction and the realization the jump in the value chain position, then form theorganic specialized division of labor system. And under the monopolistic competitionconditions, producer services will increase the enterprise operating costs, withoutincreasing the industrial labor productivity.
Producer services are agglomering in the center city and large urban, and itpromotes the big cities become the new industrial center and advanced manufacturingindustry base, the small and medium-sized cities around large cities for organicsupporting. The producer services increase the overall employment of the otherrelated industry so as to realize the total employment expansion though the industryassociation effect. The process that the urban system gradually perfect is the processthat the labor and orderly are flowing, and the employment market structuralcontradiction solved. Due to the producer services in the high-end of the value chain,it brings the higher wage returns, higher income level of the other industry, andreducing the operation cost of the center city.
Producer services development and the urban economic development level havea high correlation, and it is helpful to Beijing and Shanghai and other central cities torealize the production process of "dematerialization". Although each city has takensome certain measures to reduce the energy consumption per unit of GDP, due to therebound effect, the industrial waste gas and solid waste discharging amount is alsolarge, and shows ascendant trend. Under extensive economic development mode, thedemand that the manufacturing for producer services is not enough, so it makes urbaneconomy to get rid of the material resources which highly depend on difficultly. Areasonable environmental regulation is helpful for improving the level of theindustrial enterprise service outsourcing and specialization.
The TFP of Chinese producer services grows rapidly, and the eastern regiongrows faster than the central and western regions, the development level of Beijingand Shanghai's producer services is in a leading position in the country. Based on the urban industrialization level, developing the producer services in the city of ourcountry should be focus in optimizing industrial technical line, promoting themarketization reform, promote industrial cluster layout, accelerate industrialintegration development and implement industrial ecological regulation, etc., so thatto promote the development of producer services, and form the right city specializeddivision of labor system to ensure the sustainability of urban economy.
世界城市转型通常经历了资源型城市或区位型城市向制造型城市转变，再向服务型城市转变的过程。生产性服务业在城市发展的不同阶段分别起到“润滑剂”作用、“生产力”功能和“推进器”作用，有利于促进城市产业升级、完善城市经济功能、提高城市创新能力，实现经济可持续发展。纽约、伦敦、东京、北京和上海等大都市均依托生产性服务业成功实现了经济转型，提高了城市经济的可持续发展能力。
生产性服务业将知识资本、人力资本和技术资本投入到生产过程中，改善了要素投入的质量，有利于促进工业的转型升级。生产性服务业通过向外输出生产性服务，发挥产业关联效应而增加城市的就业和收入，避免大城市由于工业发展趋缓后带来的“产业空心化”。生产性服务中间投入的增加，意味着物质中间投入的减少，在降低资源的消耗的同时减少污染的排放，改变过去被动的城市生态治理局面。本文将生产性服务业的产业关联、知识密集和中间投入等基本产业特征与城市的工业转型升级、就业结构优化和“减物质化”过程结合起来研究，分析生产性服务业对城市经济可持续发展的影响机制。
长期处于价值链低端的我国工业通过提高资本有机构成和劳动报酬激励等措施有效提高了劳动生产率，但并没有导致利润水平的同步上升。在市场化程度高和基础条件较好的中心城市和特大型城市生产性服务业有助于提高工业生产效率和实现价值链地位跃升，从而在城市之间形成有机的专业化分工体系。而垄断竞争条件下，生产性服务业却会增加企业的运营成本，对工业劳动生产率的提高并没有积极作用。
生产性服务业在中心城市和特大型城市集聚，推动了大型城市成为新的工业中心和先进制造业基地，广大中小型城市围绕特大型城市和大城市进行有机配套。生产性服务业通过产业关联效应增加了其他相关产业的总体就业量，从而实现了就业总量扩容。城市体系逐渐完善的过程也是劳动力有序流动、解决就业市场结构性矛盾的过程。由于生产性服务业处于价值链的高端，更高的工资回报，带动了其他产业收入水平的提高，缓解中心城市的高运营成本。
生产性服务业发展与城市经济发展水平具有高度相关性，并有利于北京和上海等中心城市实现生产过程的“减物质化”。尽管各个城市采取一定的措施努力降低了单位GDP的能耗，但是由于反弹效应，工业废气和固体废物的排放总量还是比较大，并呈上升趋势。在粗放的经济发展模式下，制造业对生产性服务业的需求不足使城市经济难以摆脱对物质资源的高度依赖，实行合理的环境规制有利于工业企业的服务外包和专业化水平的提高。
我国生产性服务业全要素生产率增长迅速，且东部地区的增长要快于中西部地区，北京和上海的生产性服务业发展水平在全国处于领先地位。基于各城市的工业化水平，发展我国城市生产性服务业的着力点应体现在优化工业化技术线路、推动市场化体制改革、促进产业集群化布局、加速产业融合化发展和实行产业生态化规制等方面，切实推动生产性服务业发展，形成合理的城市专业化分工体系，保障城市经济的可持续性。
Being urbanization of the new characteristics, industrialization, informationizationand realizing the sustainable development of the urban economy are important tasksfor the development of Chinese economy and social, and they are the key problem toadjust the economic structure and change the mode of economic development. Alongwith the increasing of the urban economy and the continuous improvement of the cityfunction system, the service and coordination function will be gradually increased.Service industry, especially the high knowledge intensive, strong industry relationship,small occupied space and low resource consumption of the producer services in theurban economic status was significantly raised, and gradually substituted for themanufacturing industry to become the main driving force of the development of thecity.
The world cities transformation usually experienced the transformation from theresource-based city or the regional city to the manufacturing city, then to aservice-oriented city. Producer services in different stages of the city developmentplay different roles, such as "lubricant","productivity" and "propeller". It is useful forthe promoting the upgrading of city industrial, perfecting the economic functions ofthe city, improving the city innovation ability, and realizing the sustainabledevelopment of economy. New York, London, Tokyo, Beijing and Shanghai and othercities rely on the producer services to achieving of the economic transformationsucceed and improving the ability of sustainable development of city economy.
Producer services invest more knowledge, human capital and technology into theproduction process, and improve the quality of factor inputs, promoting the upgradingof the industrial transformation. Productive services through outputting the productiveservice, playing the effect about industry association and increasing the urbanemployment and income, avoids the "Industrial Hollowing" in big city because ofindustrial develope slowing. The increasing of the intermediate inputs in the producerservices, means material intermediate input is reducing, that not only can reduce theconsumption of resources, but also reduce the pollution emissions, and change thepast passive city ecological governance situation. This paper will combine the basicindustry characteristics of the producer services knowledge-intensive, industryassociation, and intermediate input, the urban of industrial transformation and upgrading, and the employment structure optimization and "dematerialization"process for researching, and analysis the economy influence mechanism that theproducer services to the economic sustainable development of the city.
Being in the low-end value chain in long time, our country industry improve thelabor productivity effectively by increasing the organic composition of capital andlabor remuneration incentive measures, but it did not increase the profits. In thecenter city and mega polis that have a high degree of mercerization and good basiccondition, producer services is helpful for enhancing the efficiency of industrialproduction and the realization the jump in the value chain position, then form theorganic specialized division of labor system. And under the monopolistic competitionconditions, producer services will increase the enterprise operating costs, withoutincreasing the industrial labor productivity.
Producer services are agglomering in the center city and large urban, and itpromotes the big cities become the new industrial center and advanced manufacturingindustry base, the small and medium-sized cities around large cities for organicsupporting. The producer services increase the overall employment of the otherrelated industry so as to realize the total employment expansion though the industryassociation effect. The process that the urban system gradually perfect is the processthat the labor and orderly are flowing, and the employment market structuralcontradiction solved. Due to the producer services in the high-end of the value chain,it brings the higher wage returns, higher income level of the other industry, andreducing the operation cost of the center city.
Producer services development and the urban economic development level havea high correlation, and it is helpful to Beijing and Shanghai and other central cities torealize the production process of "dematerialization". Although each city has takensome certain measures to reduce the energy consumption per unit of GDP, due to therebound effect, the industrial waste gas and solid waste discharging amount is alsolarge, and shows ascendant trend. Under extensive economic development mode, thedemand that the manufacturing for producer services is not enough, so it makes urbaneconomy to get rid of the material resources which highly depend on difficultly. Areasonable environmental regulation is helpful for improving the level of theindustrial enterprise service outsourcing and specialization.
The TFP of Chinese producer services grows rapidly, and the eastern regiongrows faster than the central and western regions, the development level of Beijingand Shanghai's producer services is in a leading position in the country. Based on the urban industrialization level, developing the producer services in the city of ourcountry should be focus in optimizing industrial technical line, promoting themarketization reform, promote industrial cluster layout, accelerate industrialintegration development and implement industrial ecological regulation, etc., so thatto promote the development of producer services, and form the right city specializeddivision of labor system to ensure the sustainability of urban economy.
引文
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