微动目标雷达信号参数估计与物理特征提取
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摘要
弹头、飞机、车辆和生命体等目标内在的动力学特性决定了其特有的微运动形式。随着雷达工艺水平的提高和先进信号处理技术的发展,目标微运动信息在目标识别领域越来越受到重视。目前,微动目标对雷达信号的频率调制—微多普勒信息的利用是国内外学术界和工程界的热点问题。论文以微动目标的雷达目标识别为背景,以微多普勒模型—微多普勒参数估计—微动目标物理特征提取为技术路线,采用理论分析和测量实验相结合的方法,系统深入地研究了微动目标雷达信号处理和特征提取等问题。
首先,研究了微多普勒的理论模型,建立了目标运动参数、几何结构参数与雷达回波微多普勒参数的显式关系。根据目标电磁散射机理,分别推导了理想散射情况和非理想散射情况下雷达目标的微多普勒模型:在理想散射情况下,将转动、振动和锥旋三种基本的微运动引起的微多普勒模型进行了统一的表征,并分析了其频域特性、时频特性和高阶瞬时矩特性;在非理想散射情况下,分析了滑动型散射中心对微多普勒的影响,重点建立了圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型。结合目标的质心平动对多普勒的调制,建立了质心运动情况下微动目标回波的多普勒模型,给出了信号参数与平动、微动参数之间的关系。
其次,以TFD(Time Frequency Distribution)-Hough变换为理论工具,研究了微多普勒的参数化估计方法及其快速算法。针对理想点散射情况下的微多普勒模型,提出了三参数正弦调频信号的TFD-Hough变换估计方法,研究了其中正弦调频信号伪魏格纳分布的窗长选择,分析了其离散数学表达式和输入输出信噪比,并设计了正弦曲线的随机Hough变换算法,提出了基于时频脊—随机Hough变换的快速处理方法;针对圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型,结合弹道中段目标识别等应用背景,提出了部分参数已知情况下时频曲线的Hough变换参数方程,并根据圆环结构的刚体特性和对称特性,提出了参数空间融合处理的方法,从而提高了估计精度;针对实际目标散射中心之间强度不一致的情况,提出了基于频域“CLEAN”思想的多分量微多普勒信号参数估计方法,避免了对时域信号幅度进行估计,能够有效地对不同强度信号的微多普勒参数进行估计;针对理想点散射情况下质心运动时微动目标回波的多普勒模型,利用多项式相位信号和正弦调频信号的高阶瞬时矩特性,采用多时延高阶瞬时矩处理将正弦调频分量和多项式相位分量解耦,提出了通过正弦调频信号和线性调频信号的TFD-Hough变换分步估计正弦调频—多项式相位信号参数的方法,可以同时估计出目标的微多普勒参数和平动多普勒参数,并根据正弦调频信号和线性调频信号的时频脊-随机Hough变换,提出了正弦调频—多项式相位信号参数估计的快速算法。
最后,根据目标运动参数、几何结构参数与微多普勒参数的对应关系,研究了微动目标物理特征的提取技术,并开展了相关的微动目标动态测量实验。以毫米波导引头的目标识别为应用背景,开展了毫米波导引头旋转目标外场测量实验,验证了理想散射情况下微多普勒的参数估计算法的有效性,并通过实测数据处理提取了旋转目标物理特征;以弹道中段目标识别为应用背景,提出了一种空间进动目标宽带全极化动态散射特性的实验研究方法,并通过暗室测量实验初步验证了微波雷达对弹头进动微多普勒的可观测性,观察到空间进动目标常见结构的非理想散射引起的微多普勒,验证了圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型及其参数估计算法的有效性,通过实测数据处理提取了空间进动目标的物理特征。
论文提出的微多普勒参数估计方法、微动目标特征提取方法和微动目标动态测量的实验方法将丰富微动目标雷达信息处理体系,对解决弹道导弹防御、防空作战和战场监视等领域中的目标识别应用有着一定的指导意义。
Some targets, such as wareheads, planes, vehicles and lives usually perform their unique micro-motion, which are determined by their intrinsic kinetics property. With the development of the radar technology and advanced signal processing technology, the micro-motion information is got more attraction in the area of target recognition. Currently, the application of micro-doppler, the frequency modulation to the radar signal by the micro-motion targets, is a hot problem in the field of academe and industry. In this thesis, based on the background of radar target recognition, we systematically study the radar signal processing and feature extraction of micro-motion targets by combining both the theoretical analysis and the experimental certifications. In summary, the work is composed with three parts according the study sequence: establishing micro-doppler model, parameter estimation of the micro-doppler and the physical feature extraction of the micro-motion targets.
Firstly, we investigate the micro-doppler model and establish the explicit relationship among the kinetic parameters, the structure parameters and the micro-doppler parameters. At the same time, two different scattering mechanisms– both the ideal scattering and the nonideal scattering, are considered in the derivation of our micro-doppler models. In the case of ideal scattering centers, three basic micro-motions– rotation, vibration and coning, are modeled into a uniform expression. Then, the frequency, time-frequency and high-order instantaneous moment characteristics of these micro-motions are studied. In the case of the nonideal scattering centers, we analyze the influence of slip-type scattering center to the micro-doppler and establish the coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure. Also, considering the frequency modulation of the mass translation, we establish the Doppler model of the micro-motion targets with the mass translation and then give the relationship among the parameters of the signal, the mass translation and the micro-motion.
Secondly, we study the parametric estimation method and the fast estimation algorithm of the micro-doppler by using the tool of TFD (Time Frequency Distribution)-Hough transformation. According to the micro-doppler model in the ideal scattering centers situation, an estimation method of sinusoidal frequency modulation signal with three parameters is proposed, where the window length choice of the pseudo wigner-ville distribution is studied; the discrete expression and the improvement of signal noise ratio are analyzed; and then a fast estimation method is given based on time-frequency ridge-random Hough transformation. According to the coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure, the parametric function of the Hough transformation of the time frequency curve when partial parameters are known is proposed, based on the target recognition in the ballistic midcourse. At the same time, the fusion method of the parametric space is given to improve the estimation precision according to the rigidity and symmetry of the ring structure. For the situation of non-even scattering intensity, a parametric multi-component micro-doppler estimation method based on“CLEAN”in frequency domain is proposed, which can avoid estimating of the signal amplitude. According to the Doppler model of the micro-motion targets with the mass translation in the case of ideal scattering centers, the parameter estimation of the SinFM-PPS (Sinusoidal Frequency modulation-Polynomial Phase Signal) are proposed based on the high instantaneous moment character of the SinFM signal and the PPS signal. The algorithm uses the multilag high instantaneous moment transformation to decouple the SinFM and PPS components. Then, by using the TFD-Hough transformation of the SinFM and linear FM signals, we propose an estimation method to obtain the parameters of the micro-doppler and the mass Doppler step by step. Furthermore, we give a fast estimation algorithm for SimFM-PPS based on the time frequency ridge-random Hough transformation of the SinFM and linear FM signals.
Finally, we investigate the physical feature extraction method based on the relationship among the kinetic parameters, the structure parameters and the micro-doppler parameters. In the meanwhile, two dynamic measurement experiments of the micro-motion targets are carried out. Based on the application of the target recognition of the millimeter wave seeker, an outdoor experiment to measure of the rotating target by the millimeter wave seeker was carried out. Through the experiment, the micro-doppler parameter estimation method for the ideal scattering center is verified, and the physical features of the rotating target are extracted. Based on the target recognition in the ballistic midcourse, an experimental research method of the wideband full-polarization dynamic scattering properties is proposed for the space precession target. The observability of the micro-Doppler of the precession target by microwave radar is demonstrated and also the non-ideal scattering centers caused by the normal structure of the warhead are observed.
The coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure and the signal processing method are verified. The physical features of the space precession target are extracted. The parameter estimation of micro-doppler, the feature extraction of micro-motion targets and the experimental method of dynamic measurement of micro-motion targets, which are proposed in the thesis, will improve the theoretical architecture of radar information processing of micro-motion targets and furthermore support the target recognition application of ballistic missile defense, anti-aircraft combat and battlefield surveillance.
首先,研究了微多普勒的理论模型,建立了目标运动参数、几何结构参数与雷达回波微多普勒参数的显式关系。根据目标电磁散射机理,分别推导了理想散射情况和非理想散射情况下雷达目标的微多普勒模型:在理想散射情况下,将转动、振动和锥旋三种基本的微运动引起的微多普勒模型进行了统一的表征,并分析了其频域特性、时频特性和高阶瞬时矩特性;在非理想散射情况下,分析了滑动型散射中心对微多普勒的影响,重点建立了圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型。结合目标的质心平动对多普勒的调制,建立了质心运动情况下微动目标回波的多普勒模型,给出了信号参数与平动、微动参数之间的关系。
其次,以TFD(Time Frequency Distribution)-Hough变换为理论工具,研究了微多普勒的参数化估计方法及其快速算法。针对理想点散射情况下的微多普勒模型,提出了三参数正弦调频信号的TFD-Hough变换估计方法,研究了其中正弦调频信号伪魏格纳分布的窗长选择,分析了其离散数学表达式和输入输出信噪比,并设计了正弦曲线的随机Hough变换算法,提出了基于时频脊—随机Hough变换的快速处理方法;针对圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型,结合弹道中段目标识别等应用背景,提出了部分参数已知情况下时频曲线的Hough变换参数方程,并根据圆环结构的刚体特性和对称特性,提出了参数空间融合处理的方法,从而提高了估计精度;针对实际目标散射中心之间强度不一致的情况,提出了基于频域“CLEAN”思想的多分量微多普勒信号参数估计方法,避免了对时域信号幅度进行估计,能够有效地对不同强度信号的微多普勒参数进行估计;针对理想点散射情况下质心运动时微动目标回波的多普勒模型,利用多项式相位信号和正弦调频信号的高阶瞬时矩特性,采用多时延高阶瞬时矩处理将正弦调频分量和多项式相位分量解耦,提出了通过正弦调频信号和线性调频信号的TFD-Hough变换分步估计正弦调频—多项式相位信号参数的方法,可以同时估计出目标的微多普勒参数和平动多普勒参数,并根据正弦调频信号和线性调频信号的时频脊-随机Hough变换,提出了正弦调频—多项式相位信号参数估计的快速算法。
最后,根据目标运动参数、几何结构参数与微多普勒参数的对应关系,研究了微动目标物理特征的提取技术,并开展了相关的微动目标动态测量实验。以毫米波导引头的目标识别为应用背景,开展了毫米波导引头旋转目标外场测量实验,验证了理想散射情况下微多普勒的参数估计算法的有效性,并通过实测数据处理提取了旋转目标物理特征;以弹道中段目标识别为应用背景,提出了一种空间进动目标宽带全极化动态散射特性的实验研究方法,并通过暗室测量实验初步验证了微波雷达对弹头进动微多普勒的可观测性,观察到空间进动目标常见结构的非理想散射引起的微多普勒,验证了圆环结构边缘型散射中心的锥旋微多普勒模型及其参数估计算法的有效性,通过实测数据处理提取了空间进动目标的物理特征。
论文提出的微多普勒参数估计方法、微动目标特征提取方法和微动目标动态测量的实验方法将丰富微动目标雷达信息处理体系,对解决弹道导弹防御、防空作战和战场监视等领域中的目标识别应用有着一定的指导意义。
Some targets, such as wareheads, planes, vehicles and lives usually perform their unique micro-motion, which are determined by their intrinsic kinetics property. With the development of the radar technology and advanced signal processing technology, the micro-motion information is got more attraction in the area of target recognition. Currently, the application of micro-doppler, the frequency modulation to the radar signal by the micro-motion targets, is a hot problem in the field of academe and industry. In this thesis, based on the background of radar target recognition, we systematically study the radar signal processing and feature extraction of micro-motion targets by combining both the theoretical analysis and the experimental certifications. In summary, the work is composed with three parts according the study sequence: establishing micro-doppler model, parameter estimation of the micro-doppler and the physical feature extraction of the micro-motion targets.
Firstly, we investigate the micro-doppler model and establish the explicit relationship among the kinetic parameters, the structure parameters and the micro-doppler parameters. At the same time, two different scattering mechanisms– both the ideal scattering and the nonideal scattering, are considered in the derivation of our micro-doppler models. In the case of ideal scattering centers, three basic micro-motions– rotation, vibration and coning, are modeled into a uniform expression. Then, the frequency, time-frequency and high-order instantaneous moment characteristics of these micro-motions are studied. In the case of the nonideal scattering centers, we analyze the influence of slip-type scattering center to the micro-doppler and establish the coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure. Also, considering the frequency modulation of the mass translation, we establish the Doppler model of the micro-motion targets with the mass translation and then give the relationship among the parameters of the signal, the mass translation and the micro-motion.
Secondly, we study the parametric estimation method and the fast estimation algorithm of the micro-doppler by using the tool of TFD (Time Frequency Distribution)-Hough transformation. According to the micro-doppler model in the ideal scattering centers situation, an estimation method of sinusoidal frequency modulation signal with three parameters is proposed, where the window length choice of the pseudo wigner-ville distribution is studied; the discrete expression and the improvement of signal noise ratio are analyzed; and then a fast estimation method is given based on time-frequency ridge-random Hough transformation. According to the coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure, the parametric function of the Hough transformation of the time frequency curve when partial parameters are known is proposed, based on the target recognition in the ballistic midcourse. At the same time, the fusion method of the parametric space is given to improve the estimation precision according to the rigidity and symmetry of the ring structure. For the situation of non-even scattering intensity, a parametric multi-component micro-doppler estimation method based on“CLEAN”in frequency domain is proposed, which can avoid estimating of the signal amplitude. According to the Doppler model of the micro-motion targets with the mass translation in the case of ideal scattering centers, the parameter estimation of the SinFM-PPS (Sinusoidal Frequency modulation-Polynomial Phase Signal) are proposed based on the high instantaneous moment character of the SinFM signal and the PPS signal. The algorithm uses the multilag high instantaneous moment transformation to decouple the SinFM and PPS components. Then, by using the TFD-Hough transformation of the SinFM and linear FM signals, we propose an estimation method to obtain the parameters of the micro-doppler and the mass Doppler step by step. Furthermore, we give a fast estimation algorithm for SimFM-PPS based on the time frequency ridge-random Hough transformation of the SinFM and linear FM signals.
Finally, we investigate the physical feature extraction method based on the relationship among the kinetic parameters, the structure parameters and the micro-doppler parameters. In the meanwhile, two dynamic measurement experiments of the micro-motion targets are carried out. Based on the application of the target recognition of the millimeter wave seeker, an outdoor experiment to measure of the rotating target by the millimeter wave seeker was carried out. Through the experiment, the micro-doppler parameter estimation method for the ideal scattering center is verified, and the physical features of the rotating target are extracted. Based on the target recognition in the ballistic midcourse, an experimental research method of the wideband full-polarization dynamic scattering properties is proposed for the space precession target. The observability of the micro-Doppler of the precession target by microwave radar is demonstrated and also the non-ideal scattering centers caused by the normal structure of the warhead are observed.
The coning micro-doppler model of the ring edge structure and the signal processing method are verified. The physical features of the space precession target are extracted. The parameter estimation of micro-doppler, the feature extraction of micro-motion targets and the experimental method of dynamic measurement of micro-motion targets, which are proposed in the thesis, will improve the theoretical architecture of radar information processing of micro-motion targets and furthermore support the target recognition application of ballistic missile defense, anti-aircraft combat and battlefield surveillance.
引文
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