双盘式渐开线测量仪数据采集与控制系统研究
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摘要
渐开线齿轮由于能保证定传动比传动、受力方向不变等优点，广泛应用于航空、汽车和自动化生产线等各种通用机械中。随着现代工业生产和科学技术的迅速发展，对齿轮制造质量的要求越来越高，而其制造质量取决于诸多方面，其中齿轮测量仪器和测试技术水平是其中的一个关键环节。在渐开线齿轮若干精度指标的测试中，渐开线齿廓偏差检验是一个重要且难度较大的检测项目。
双盘式渐开线测量仪符合机械展成法测量渐开线齿廓原理，具有结构简单、误差环节少、精度高等优点，是测量标准齿轮渐开线齿廓的高精度仪器之一，但由于其全手工操作造成测量效率低、操作不便等缺点。随着计算机技术的高速发展，计算机硬件成本的大幅降低以及可靠性的不断提高，计算机技术在检测系统中得到广泛应用，因此把计算机技术和检测技术结合起来成为现代测量领域的发展趋势。本文就是将计算机技术和电子技术引入双盘式渐开线测量仪，采用研华PCL-818L数据采集卡，基于VC++6.0编制数据采集与控制系统软件，结合硬件电子电路控制电机与常用功能按钮，实现测量过程的半自动化；接着对数据采集过程中的齿面等间隔采样和展丌长度等间隔采样两种方法进行了理论分析和实验验证；最后，对数据采集和齿廓偏差评定影响较大的电感测微仪进行了标定试验，以及对一精密标准齿轮渐开线齿廓进行实际检验。
该数据采集与控制系统依照双盘式渐开线测量仪测量要求，以软件控制为主、与硬件电路相结合，具有实时显示、数据采集与处理、自动绘图、保存打印等功能，在保证测量精度的基础上提高了测量效率。经实际测试表明，该系统具有良好的可操作性和稳定性。
The involute gear has used widely in aviation, automobile and all kinds of universal machine for example automatic production line because of it have some advantages of fixed drive ratio, constant direction of load, and so on. With the rapid development of modern industry and science and technology, the quality request of gear manufacture has got higher and higher. The quality of gear manufacturing depend on many aspects, among them the gear surveying instrument and the level of measuring and testing techniques is the one of important factors. The technology of involute tooth profile measurement for master gear is important and difficult in its all precision indexs.
The Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile meets the measuring principle of machinery unfolding, which has the characteristics of simple structure, less error aspects, and so on. It is the one of high-precision gear testers, which provided with high accuracy for ultra-precision master gear's tooth profile. However, it caused lower efficiency and operation inconveniently owing to manual measurement absolutely. Along with the rapid development of the computer science technology, the costs of computer hardware are reduced largely and the reliability are enhanced continuously, computer science technology has been applied extensively in the system of testing, therefore combined the computer science technology with testing technology is the modern development trend in the field of measurement. This paper is aims to applying the computer science technology and electronic technology into the Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile, which not only satisfied the need of measurement accuracy, but designed and implement the semiautomatic testing for involute tooth profile. Programmed the data acquisition and control system software based on VC++6.0. The measuring data firstly were collected by the PCL-818L data acquisition card of ADVANTECH company which was controlled by measuring software. The electronic control circuit was designed and implemented, which mainly used to control motor operation and some measuring buttons, combined with the measurement software, the entire measurement process have achieved semiautomatic. The experiments of inductance type transducer measurement instrument calibration have done for ascertain its accuracy, which has a great impact on data acquisition and measurement results. And make a testing to a precise master gear by this data acquisition and control system.
The data acquisition and control system according as the measurement requirement of Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile, mainly controlled by software, combined with hardware circuit, and have some functions of real-time display, data acquisition and processing, automatic mapping, and so on. It enhanced the measurement efficiency and precision. Through the actual tests show that it has good maneuverability and stability.
双盘式渐开线测量仪符合机械展成法测量渐开线齿廓原理，具有结构简单、误差环节少、精度高等优点，是测量标准齿轮渐开线齿廓的高精度仪器之一，但由于其全手工操作造成测量效率低、操作不便等缺点。随着计算机技术的高速发展，计算机硬件成本的大幅降低以及可靠性的不断提高，计算机技术在检测系统中得到广泛应用，因此把计算机技术和检测技术结合起来成为现代测量领域的发展趋势。本文就是将计算机技术和电子技术引入双盘式渐开线测量仪，采用研华PCL-818L数据采集卡，基于VC++6.0编制数据采集与控制系统软件，结合硬件电子电路控制电机与常用功能按钮，实现测量过程的半自动化；接着对数据采集过程中的齿面等间隔采样和展丌长度等间隔采样两种方法进行了理论分析和实验验证；最后，对数据采集和齿廓偏差评定影响较大的电感测微仪进行了标定试验，以及对一精密标准齿轮渐开线齿廓进行实际检验。
该数据采集与控制系统依照双盘式渐开线测量仪测量要求，以软件控制为主、与硬件电路相结合，具有实时显示、数据采集与处理、自动绘图、保存打印等功能，在保证测量精度的基础上提高了测量效率。经实际测试表明，该系统具有良好的可操作性和稳定性。
The involute gear has used widely in aviation, automobile and all kinds of universal machine for example automatic production line because of it have some advantages of fixed drive ratio, constant direction of load, and so on. With the rapid development of modern industry and science and technology, the quality request of gear manufacture has got higher and higher. The quality of gear manufacturing depend on many aspects, among them the gear surveying instrument and the level of measuring and testing techniques is the one of important factors. The technology of involute tooth profile measurement for master gear is important and difficult in its all precision indexs.
The Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile meets the measuring principle of machinery unfolding, which has the characteristics of simple structure, less error aspects, and so on. It is the one of high-precision gear testers, which provided with high accuracy for ultra-precision master gear's tooth profile. However, it caused lower efficiency and operation inconveniently owing to manual measurement absolutely. Along with the rapid development of the computer science technology, the costs of computer hardware are reduced largely and the reliability are enhanced continuously, computer science technology has been applied extensively in the system of testing, therefore combined the computer science technology with testing technology is the modern development trend in the field of measurement. This paper is aims to applying the computer science technology and electronic technology into the Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile, which not only satisfied the need of measurement accuracy, but designed and implement the semiautomatic testing for involute tooth profile. Programmed the data acquisition and control system software based on VC++6.0. The measuring data firstly were collected by the PCL-818L data acquisition card of ADVANTECH company which was controlled by measuring software. The electronic control circuit was designed and implemented, which mainly used to control motor operation and some measuring buttons, combined with the measurement software, the entire measurement process have achieved semiautomatic. The experiments of inductance type transducer measurement instrument calibration have done for ascertain its accuracy, which has a great impact on data acquisition and measurement results. And make a testing to a precise master gear by this data acquisition and control system.
The data acquisition and control system according as the measurement requirement of Double-disc Measuring Apparatus of Involute Tooth Profile, mainly controlled by software, combined with hardware circuit, and have some functions of real-time display, data acquisition and processing, automatic mapping, and so on. It enhanced the measurement efficiency and precision. Through the actual tests show that it has good maneuverability and stability.
引文
[1] 乐美豪．中国齿轮制造业50年．机电产品市场，2000，6：64-66．
[2] 乐美豪．21世纪初的中国齿轮制造业．现代零部件，2003：64-66．
[3] 石照耀，费业泰，谢华锟．齿轮测量技术100年回顾与展望．中国工程科学，2003，5(9)：14-17．
[4] 谢华锟．近年来齿轮测量技术与仪器的发展．2004，38：27-33．
[5] 唐启昌．圆柱齿轮测量．中国计量出版社，1987．
[6] 谢华锟．齿轮测量技术的发展．中国工具信息网，2004，(5)：30-32．
[7] 李金国，陈琼，刘红．基于CATIA的齿轮三维实体模型的简便实现[J]．工艺与装备，2005，10：89-94．
[8] 张民安．圆柱齿轮精度．北京：中国标准出版社，2002．
[9] 齿轮手册编委会．齿轮手册(下册)．北京：机械工业出版社，2000：27-23．
[10] R C Frazer, R Bicker, B Cox, H Harary, F Hartighn. international comparison of involute gear profile and helix measurement. Metrologia, 2004,41:12-16.
[11] 郝炎辉，马勇，娄志峰．基于VC++6.0的双盘式渐开线测量仪控制系统设计．工业控制计算机．
[12] 游志宇．VC中基于Windows的精确定时．中国科学院光电技术研究所．
[13] 杨帆，宗润宽．PCL-818L数采卡在数据采集系统中的应用．仪器仪表与分析检测，2003，(1)：14-15．
[14] 郝炎辉，马勇，娄志峰．双盘式渐开线测量仪齿廓偏差测量的采样分析．机械科学与技术，2007，26(11)：1394-1397．
[15] 庄葆华，李真．齿轮近代测量技术与仪器[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1984．
[16] 浦昭邦．齿形测量和齿轮整体误差测量中的采样分析．宇航测试技术，1985，5：6-14．
[17] 中国机械工程学会机械工程基础与通用标准实用丛书编委会[M]．表面结构．北京：中国计划出版社，2004．
[18] 秦川机床厂“七·二一”工人大学《磨齿工作原理》编写组[M]．磨齿工作原理．北京：机械工业出版社，1977．
[19] 施吉林，张宏伟，金光日．计算机科学计算．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．
[20] 徐萍．渐开线圆柱齿轮．北京：中国计划出版社，2004．
[21] 刘岚岚，赵熙萍，周海．圆柱齿轮的齿廓偏差及其检测．航天标准化，2004，3．
[22] Frank Harting, Christian Keck, Karin Kniel. An novel high accuracy concept for gear calibration[J].GEhR TECHNOLOGY, 2005,5-6:16-20.
[23] Charles M. Cooper. Coordinate Measuring Machines and the Gear Industry. GEAR TECHNOLOGY, 1999: 34-39.
[24] BruceL. Cox. Gear Measurement Traceability and Uncertainty. INSPECTION FOCUS FEATURE, 2000, 7-8: 37-41.
[25] W. Lotze & F. Haerting, 3D gear measurement by CMM. Laser Metrology and Machine Performance, 333-344.
[26] Harting, F: AGMA Fall Technical Meeting. Detroit, Michigan(US),October 2001.
[27] Hughes, E. B, Wilson, A.; Peggs, G. N.:Design of high accuracy CMM based on multilateration techniques. Annals of the CIRP 49(2000),391-394.
[28] Osawa, S.; Takatsuji, T.; Noguchi, H.; Kurosawa, T.: High-performance laser tracker using an articulating mirror for the calibration of coordinate measuring machine, Opt. Eng. 41(3)(2002),632-637.
[29] Takatsuji, T.; Goto, M.; Osava, S; Yin, R.; Kurosava, T.;: wole-vieving-angle cat's-eye retroreflector as a target of laser trackers, Measurement Science and Technology 10(1999),N87-N90.
[30] BCR Information: Testing Co-ordinate Measuring Machine Algorithma; Phase Ⅱ; EUR 13417 EN; 1991.
[31] Beyer W.: Traceable Calibration of Master Gears at PTB. AGMA Technical Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1996.
[32] VDI/VDE—2612: VDI/VDE-Richtlinie: Prufung yon Stirnradern mit Evolventenprofi. Blatt 1:Profilprufung, 1978;Blatt2: Flankenlinienprufung, 1980. VDI/VDE-Geasellschaft fur MeB-und Regelungstechnik.
[33] 彭敏，朱荻，高长水，曲宁松．齿轮毛刺检测系统的研制．新工艺·新技术·新设备，2002，3：58-60
[34] 杨家凤．圆柱齿轮齿面光洁度的测量与计算．标准与检测，1985，1：35-37
[35] 佟晓东，王立鼎．双盘式渐开线测量装置误差的计算机补偿方法．光学机械，1991，6：60-63
[36] 郦科，杨南祥，叶邦彦．实时调整表面粗糙度计算机辅助测量中的采样间隔．机械，1999，1(26)：17-20．
[2] 乐美豪．21世纪初的中国齿轮制造业．现代零部件，2003：64-66．
[3] 石照耀，费业泰，谢华锟．齿轮测量技术100年回顾与展望．中国工程科学，2003，5(9)：14-17．
[4] 谢华锟．近年来齿轮测量技术与仪器的发展．2004，38：27-33．
[5] 唐启昌．圆柱齿轮测量．中国计量出版社，1987．
[6] 谢华锟．齿轮测量技术的发展．中国工具信息网，2004，(5)：30-32．
[7] 李金国，陈琼，刘红．基于CATIA的齿轮三维实体模型的简便实现[J]．工艺与装备，2005，10：89-94．
[8] 张民安．圆柱齿轮精度．北京：中国标准出版社，2002．
[9] 齿轮手册编委会．齿轮手册(下册)．北京：机械工业出版社，2000：27-23．
[10] R C Frazer, R Bicker, B Cox, H Harary, F Hartighn. international comparison of involute gear profile and helix measurement. Metrologia, 2004,41:12-16.
[11] 郝炎辉，马勇，娄志峰．基于VC++6.0的双盘式渐开线测量仪控制系统设计．工业控制计算机．
[12] 游志宇．VC中基于Windows的精确定时．中国科学院光电技术研究所．
[13] 杨帆，宗润宽．PCL-818L数采卡在数据采集系统中的应用．仪器仪表与分析检测，2003，(1)：14-15．
[14] 郝炎辉，马勇，娄志峰．双盘式渐开线测量仪齿廓偏差测量的采样分析．机械科学与技术，2007，26(11)：1394-1397．
[15] 庄葆华，李真．齿轮近代测量技术与仪器[M]．北京：机械工业出版社，1984．
[16] 浦昭邦．齿形测量和齿轮整体误差测量中的采样分析．宇航测试技术，1985，5：6-14．
[17] 中国机械工程学会机械工程基础与通用标准实用丛书编委会[M]．表面结构．北京：中国计划出版社，2004．
[18] 秦川机床厂“七·二一”工人大学《磨齿工作原理》编写组[M]．磨齿工作原理．北京：机械工业出版社，1977．
[19] 施吉林，张宏伟，金光日．计算机科学计算．北京：高等教育出版社，2005．
[20] 徐萍．渐开线圆柱齿轮．北京：中国计划出版社，2004．
[21] 刘岚岚，赵熙萍，周海．圆柱齿轮的齿廓偏差及其检测．航天标准化，2004，3．
[22] Frank Harting, Christian Keck, Karin Kniel. An novel high accuracy concept for gear calibration[J].GEhR TECHNOLOGY, 2005,5-6:16-20.
[23] Charles M. Cooper. Coordinate Measuring Machines and the Gear Industry. GEAR TECHNOLOGY, 1999: 34-39.
[24] BruceL. Cox. Gear Measurement Traceability and Uncertainty. INSPECTION FOCUS FEATURE, 2000, 7-8: 37-41.
[25] W. Lotze & F. Haerting, 3D gear measurement by CMM. Laser Metrology and Machine Performance, 333-344.
[26] Harting, F: AGMA Fall Technical Meeting. Detroit, Michigan(US),October 2001.
[27] Hughes, E. B, Wilson, A.; Peggs, G. N.:Design of high accuracy CMM based on multilateration techniques. Annals of the CIRP 49(2000),391-394.
[28] Osawa, S.; Takatsuji, T.; Noguchi, H.; Kurosawa, T.: High-performance laser tracker using an articulating mirror for the calibration of coordinate measuring machine, Opt. Eng. 41(3)(2002),632-637.
[29] Takatsuji, T.; Goto, M.; Osava, S; Yin, R.; Kurosava, T.;: wole-vieving-angle cat's-eye retroreflector as a target of laser trackers, Measurement Science and Technology 10(1999),N87-N90.
[30] BCR Information: Testing Co-ordinate Measuring Machine Algorithma; Phase Ⅱ; EUR 13417 EN; 1991.
[31] Beyer W.: Traceable Calibration of Master Gears at PTB. AGMA Technical Meeting, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1996.
[32] VDI/VDE—2612: VDI/VDE-Richtlinie: Prufung yon Stirnradern mit Evolventenprofi. Blatt 1:Profilprufung, 1978;Blatt2: Flankenlinienprufung, 1980. VDI/VDE-Geasellschaft fur MeB-und Regelungstechnik.
[33] 彭敏，朱荻，高长水，曲宁松．齿轮毛刺检测系统的研制．新工艺·新技术·新设备，2002，3：58-60
[34] 杨家凤．圆柱齿轮齿面光洁度的测量与计算．标准与检测，1985，1：35-37
[35] 佟晓东，王立鼎．双盘式渐开线测量装置误差的计算机补偿方法．光学机械，1991，6：60-63
[36] 郦科，杨南祥，叶邦彦．实时调整表面粗糙度计算机辅助测量中的采样间隔．机械，1999，1(26)：17-20．