汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室研究设计
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摘要
保护环境是当今世界工农业发展的主题，近年来，随着汽车保有量的急剧增加，汽车排放污染物已成为大气污染物中的主要来源。而且汽车有害物质排放对大气环境的污染越来越严重。目前，多数研究都是针对于汽车本身净化措施的提高，提高空间不是很大。鉴于此，本课题研究设计了针对于汽车有害排放物植物净化的实验室，设计的实验室主要为了研究植物对汽车有害排放物的净化效果。按照GB3095-1996《环境空气质量标准》以及GB／T5181-2001《汽车排放术语和定义》配制定量的汽车有害排放物，通过植物净化汽车有害排放物的研究，找出对汽车有害排放物净化强的植物。
本实验室在设计过程中对实验室的温度、压力及气密性做出了技术要求，并且根据植物光合作用反应条件特点，当自然光不足时需采用模拟太阳光的较好的替代光源进行补光。在分析和比较国内外相关的环境实验室的基础上，采用了先进的计算机测控技术，在WINDOWS环境下采用Delphi7.0开发出的监控系统软件界面，通过PLC对整个实验系统进行控制。开发出监控系统，实现了试验中的测控过程全自动化，并且界面友好，显示直观，操作方便灵活，该系统不仅保证了测量精度和可靠性，而且还可以完成以往人工调节无法完成的工作。
本论文较为详细地介绍了汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室的设计思想、设计依据、零部件的选配及其整个测控系统的工作原理和结构设计。并以公路常用绿化树种大叶黄杨净化有害气体CO为例，对汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室的性能做测试评价。整个实验的测试是以合理的实验方案和实验方法进行的，通过实验证明本课题所设计汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室能为汽车排放物的净化研究提供了良好的实验基础和测试平台。
The environment protection is the topic that industry and agriculture in the world develops nowadays. In recent years, the automobile exhaust's pollution becomes the main source in the atmospheric contamination, along with the increasing of the quantity of vehicles. It is true that automobile exhaust's pollution to the atmospheric environment has become more and more serious. At present, most of researches point at improving of purificatory measure of automobile itself, but the improving space isn't very large relatively. In views of the abovementioned facts, this paper sets a new task what is aimed at automobile-outside purificatory study. To study and devise an airtight laboratory that is direct against to automobile exhaust's pollutions. This laboratory is mainly for the sake of the research on trees' purificatory to automobile pollutions. According to GB3095-1996《The quality standard of atmospheric enviroment》and GB 18285-2000《The nomenclature and definition of Automobile Exhaust's Pollution》, we compounds the quota of automobile exhaust's contamination, use the the trees to absorb it, and obtain the rule that the trees adsorbes automobile exhaustion.
In the process of laboratory design, we make the design standard of purificatory laboratory, such as the temperature, pressure and airtight property. And according to the characterist of the plant light-synthesis, the intensity of illumination is also required, when the sunlight isn't enough, we need to adopt simulant lamp-source to compensate the sunlight.
Based on analysing and comparing the domestic and foreign correlative environment laboratory, this article has used the advanced computer measure and control technology, the article use Delphi to develop the monitoring software under WindowsXP environment, to utilize PLC to control the entire experimental system. The Developed system has achieved the level of automatic control. The developed system has friendly interface and flexible operaty, it not only can ensure the accuracy and reliability of experimentation, but also can complete the work more efficiently than the manual work before.
The paper introduced the design idea for the plant purificatory laboratory for automobile exhaust in detail, equipment selection and the entire design process of system, given an instance of purifing CO, according to the trees of Euonymus japonlcus which we always plant in road, and then make the appraisal of the entire experimental, the test is based on the reasonable testing plan, the experimental technique and the method, The experiment proved that the designs of plant purificatory laboratory for Automobile Exhausts has been reached the design goal. This research of plant purificatory laboratory for Automobile Exhausts may direct the urban road afforestation plan design, simultaneously it will be able to provide a good experimental foundation and tests platform for the automobile exhaust purification research.
本实验室在设计过程中对实验室的温度、压力及气密性做出了技术要求，并且根据植物光合作用反应条件特点，当自然光不足时需采用模拟太阳光的较好的替代光源进行补光。在分析和比较国内外相关的环境实验室的基础上，采用了先进的计算机测控技术，在WINDOWS环境下采用Delphi7.0开发出的监控系统软件界面，通过PLC对整个实验系统进行控制。开发出监控系统，实现了试验中的测控过程全自动化，并且界面友好，显示直观，操作方便灵活，该系统不仅保证了测量精度和可靠性，而且还可以完成以往人工调节无法完成的工作。
本论文较为详细地介绍了汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室的设计思想、设计依据、零部件的选配及其整个测控系统的工作原理和结构设计。并以公路常用绿化树种大叶黄杨净化有害气体CO为例，对汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室的性能做测试评价。整个实验的测试是以合理的实验方案和实验方法进行的，通过实验证明本课题所设计汽车有害排放物植物净化实验室能为汽车排放物的净化研究提供了良好的实验基础和测试平台。
The environment protection is the topic that industry and agriculture in the world develops nowadays. In recent years, the automobile exhaust's pollution becomes the main source in the atmospheric contamination, along with the increasing of the quantity of vehicles. It is true that automobile exhaust's pollution to the atmospheric environment has become more and more serious. At present, most of researches point at improving of purificatory measure of automobile itself, but the improving space isn't very large relatively. In views of the abovementioned facts, this paper sets a new task what is aimed at automobile-outside purificatory study. To study and devise an airtight laboratory that is direct against to automobile exhaust's pollutions. This laboratory is mainly for the sake of the research on trees' purificatory to automobile pollutions. According to GB3095-1996《The quality standard of atmospheric enviroment》and GB 18285-2000《The nomenclature and definition of Automobile Exhaust's Pollution》, we compounds the quota of automobile exhaust's contamination, use the the trees to absorb it, and obtain the rule that the trees adsorbes automobile exhaustion.
In the process of laboratory design, we make the design standard of purificatory laboratory, such as the temperature, pressure and airtight property. And according to the characterist of the plant light-synthesis, the intensity of illumination is also required, when the sunlight isn't enough, we need to adopt simulant lamp-source to compensate the sunlight.
Based on analysing and comparing the domestic and foreign correlative environment laboratory, this article has used the advanced computer measure and control technology, the article use Delphi to develop the monitoring software under WindowsXP environment, to utilize PLC to control the entire experimental system. The Developed system has achieved the level of automatic control. The developed system has friendly interface and flexible operaty, it not only can ensure the accuracy and reliability of experimentation, but also can complete the work more efficiently than the manual work before.
The paper introduced the design idea for the plant purificatory laboratory for automobile exhaust in detail, equipment selection and the entire design process of system, given an instance of purifing CO, according to the trees of Euonymus japonlcus which we always plant in road, and then make the appraisal of the entire experimental, the test is based on the reasonable testing plan, the experimental technique and the method, The experiment proved that the designs of plant purificatory laboratory for Automobile Exhausts has been reached the design goal. This research of plant purificatory laboratory for Automobile Exhausts may direct the urban road afforestation plan design, simultaneously it will be able to provide a good experimental foundation and tests platform for the automobile exhaust purification research.
引文
[1] 乔向东．汽车有害排放物控制技术与措施，世界汽车，1997(3)：21～23．
[2] 马树华，王庆成，李亚藏．汽车尾气对四种北方阔叶树叶绿素荧光特性的影响．生态学杂志，2005，24(1)：15～20．
[3] 韩相春，都雪静，李宏刚．汽车尾气降解材料测试室测试系统设计．林业机械与木工设备，2005(7)：24～25．
[4] Heck W W, Dunning J A, Hindawi I J. Ozone: Nonlinear relation of dose and injury in plants. Science, 1966,151(3710): 577～578.
[5] Kammerbauer J, Dick T. 2000. Monitoring of urban traffic emissions using some physiologica lindicators in Ricinus communis L. plants[J]. Environ Contam Txicol., 39 : 161～166.
[6] Kula E, Hrdlicka P. Monitoring of nutrient and extraneous elements in the foliage of birchtrees growing in an air pollution area. Lesnictvi Prague, 1998, 44(1): 1～9.
[7] Hove L W A, Bossen M E, Bok F A M, Hooijmaijers C A M. The uptake of O_3 by poplar leaves: The impact of a long term exposure to low O_3-concentrations. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(6): 907～917.
[8] 宋玉芝．植物与大气污染．气象教育与科技，2002(2)：13～15．
[9] 鲁敏，李英杰．部分园林植物对大气污染物吸收净化能力的研究．山东建筑工程学院学报，2002(2)：45～47．
[10] Nicholson S E. A Pollution Model for Street-Level Air. Atmospheric Environment, 1975, 9(1): 19～23.
[11] 王宝民，柯咏东，桑建国．城市街谷大气坏境研究进展．北京大学学报，2005(1)：146～147．
[12] Hunter L J, Johnson G T, Watson I D. An Investigation of Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Flow Regimes within the Urban Canyon. Atmospheric nvironment, 1992, 26 (4): 425～427.
[13] Oke T R. Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate. Energy and Buildings, 1988, 11(2): 103～104.
[14] F Caton, et al. Dispersion mechanisms in street canyon, Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37: 693～702.
[15] Ana Pilar Garcaia Sagrado, et al. Numerical and experimental modeling of pollutant dispersion in a street canyon, Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics 2002, 90: 321～329.
[16] 张桂苓．浅谈现代PLC的优势特点．科普园地，2003(2)：66～67．
[17] 李文炜，王起文，于庆丰．基于西门子S7-224型号PLC的系统设计方法的教学．中国现代教育装备，2005(6)：47～49．
[18] 许国旺．现代实用气相色谱法．化学工业出版社，2004．77～83．
[19] Bula RJ, Morrow RC, Tibbitts, etal. Light emitting diodes as a radiation source for plants[J]. HortScience, 1991, 65(1): 28～31.
[20] Bula RJ, Tennessen DJ, Morrow RC, et al. Lighting emitting diodes as a plant lighting source[C]. Proc of International Lighting in Controlled Environments Workshop, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 255～261.
[21] 郭双生，艾党．受控生态生保系统中植物生长光源的选择．航天医学与医学工程，2003(16)：490～491．
[22] 宋宏宇，丁铁夫，庄文．用Delphi实现Windows环境下的串口通信．计算机系统应用，1998(3)：36～37．
[23] 余振宏，蒋式勤．用Delphi实现计算机与OMRONPLC之间的串行通信．微型电脑应用，2002(2)：42～44．
[24] 电子工业出版社编委会．Delphi编程篇，电子工业出版社，2004：74～88 110～114．
[25] OMRON公司，《OMRON可编程控制器CHIP编程手册》，2002：208～242．
[26] Marco Cantu著，王辉等译，《Delphi7从入门到精通》，电子工业出版社，2004：34～40 99～104．
[27] 郭牛，陈建明．基于小型PLC的温度模糊控制系统．自动化技术与应用，2006(4)：17～19．
[28] 丁肇红．温度模糊控制系统的设计．上海应用技术学院学报．2006(3)：162～165．
[29] 李宝仁，张理，杜经民．基于模糊控制的气体温度控制系统的研究．液压与气动，2005(7)：1～2．
[30] P.J. King, E. H, Mamdani. The Application of Fuzzy Control System toIndustrial Processes[J]. Automat, 1975, 13(3): 235～242.
[31] W.J.M.Kickert, H.R.VanNauta. Application of a Fuzzy Controller in a Warm Water Plant [J]. Automat, 1976, 12(4): 301～308.
[32] 汤兵勇．模糊控制理论与应用技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2002：88～94．
[33] Ordonez R, Passino K M. Stsble Multi-input Multi-outpu Adaptive Fuzzy/Neural Control [J]. IEEETrans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1999(7): 345～353.
[34] 王立新．模糊系统与模糊控制．北京：清华大学出版社，2003：123～130．
[35] Tanaka K, Sugeno M. Stability Analysis and Design of Fuzzy Control Systems[J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1992(45): 135～136.
[36] Cesaro, Richard S Matz, Nornam. Pressure-sensitive system for gas-temperature controlJ]. NACAReport, 1948(7): 123～125.
[37] 胡学林，宋宏．电气控制与PLC．北京：冶金工业出版社，1997：156～172．
[38] 林小峰．可编程序控制器原理及应用．北京：高等教育出版社，2001：98～100．
[39] 刘向阳．新型电动机正反转控制电路．信息技术，2001(2)：3～4．
[40] 郭和伟．三种用PLC控制的防止相间短路的电动机正反转控制电路．木工机床，2003(3)：21～23．
[2] 马树华，王庆成，李亚藏．汽车尾气对四种北方阔叶树叶绿素荧光特性的影响．生态学杂志，2005，24(1)：15～20．
[3] 韩相春，都雪静，李宏刚．汽车尾气降解材料测试室测试系统设计．林业机械与木工设备，2005(7)：24～25．
[4] Heck W W, Dunning J A, Hindawi I J. Ozone: Nonlinear relation of dose and injury in plants. Science, 1966,151(3710): 577～578.
[5] Kammerbauer J, Dick T. 2000. Monitoring of urban traffic emissions using some physiologica lindicators in Ricinus communis L. plants[J]. Environ Contam Txicol., 39 : 161～166.
[6] Kula E, Hrdlicka P. Monitoring of nutrient and extraneous elements in the foliage of birchtrees growing in an air pollution area. Lesnictvi Prague, 1998, 44(1): 1～9.
[7] Hove L W A, Bossen M E, Bok F A M, Hooijmaijers C A M. The uptake of O_3 by poplar leaves: The impact of a long term exposure to low O_3-concentrations. Atmospheric Environment, 1999, 33(6): 907～917.
[8] 宋玉芝．植物与大气污染．气象教育与科技，2002(2)：13～15．
[9] 鲁敏，李英杰．部分园林植物对大气污染物吸收净化能力的研究．山东建筑工程学院学报，2002(2)：45～47．
[10] Nicholson S E. A Pollution Model for Street-Level Air. Atmospheric Environment, 1975, 9(1): 19～23.
[11] 王宝民，柯咏东，桑建国．城市街谷大气坏境研究进展．北京大学学报，2005(1)：146～147．
[12] Hunter L J, Johnson G T, Watson I D. An Investigation of Three-Dimensional Characteristics of Flow Regimes within the Urban Canyon. Atmospheric nvironment, 1992, 26 (4): 425～427.
[13] Oke T R. Street Design and Urban Canopy Layer Climate. Energy and Buildings, 1988, 11(2): 103～104.
[14] F Caton, et al. Dispersion mechanisms in street canyon, Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37: 693～702.
[15] Ana Pilar Garcaia Sagrado, et al. Numerical and experimental modeling of pollutant dispersion in a street canyon, Journal of wind engineering and industrial aerodynamics 2002, 90: 321～329.
[16] 张桂苓．浅谈现代PLC的优势特点．科普园地，2003(2)：66～67．
[17] 李文炜，王起文，于庆丰．基于西门子S7-224型号PLC的系统设计方法的教学．中国现代教育装备，2005(6)：47～49．
[18] 许国旺．现代实用气相色谱法．化学工业出版社，2004．77～83．
[19] Bula RJ, Morrow RC, Tibbitts, etal. Light emitting diodes as a radiation source for plants[J]. HortScience, 1991, 65(1): 28～31.
[20] Bula RJ, Tennessen DJ, Morrow RC, et al. Lighting emitting diodes as a plant lighting source[C]. Proc of International Lighting in Controlled Environments Workshop, Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 255～261.
[21] 郭双生，艾党．受控生态生保系统中植物生长光源的选择．航天医学与医学工程，2003(16)：490～491．
[22] 宋宏宇，丁铁夫，庄文．用Delphi实现Windows环境下的串口通信．计算机系统应用，1998(3)：36～37．
[23] 余振宏，蒋式勤．用Delphi实现计算机与OMRONPLC之间的串行通信．微型电脑应用，2002(2)：42～44．
[24] 电子工业出版社编委会．Delphi编程篇，电子工业出版社，2004：74～88 110～114．
[25] OMRON公司，《OMRON可编程控制器CHIP编程手册》，2002：208～242．
[26] Marco Cantu著，王辉等译，《Delphi7从入门到精通》，电子工业出版社，2004：34～40 99～104．
[27] 郭牛，陈建明．基于小型PLC的温度模糊控制系统．自动化技术与应用，2006(4)：17～19．
[28] 丁肇红．温度模糊控制系统的设计．上海应用技术学院学报．2006(3)：162～165．
[29] 李宝仁，张理，杜经民．基于模糊控制的气体温度控制系统的研究．液压与气动，2005(7)：1～2．
[30] P.J. King, E. H, Mamdani. The Application of Fuzzy Control System toIndustrial Processes[J]. Automat, 1975, 13(3): 235～242.
[31] W.J.M.Kickert, H.R.VanNauta. Application of a Fuzzy Controller in a Warm Water Plant [J]. Automat, 1976, 12(4): 301～308.
[32] 汤兵勇．模糊控制理论与应用技术．北京：清华大学出版社，2002：88～94．
[33] Ordonez R, Passino K M. Stsble Multi-input Multi-outpu Adaptive Fuzzy/Neural Control [J]. IEEETrans. on Fuzzy Systems, 1999(7): 345～353.
[34] 王立新．模糊系统与模糊控制．北京：清华大学出版社，2003：123～130．
[35] Tanaka K, Sugeno M. Stability Analysis and Design of Fuzzy Control Systems[J]. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, 1992(45): 135～136.
[36] Cesaro, Richard S Matz, Nornam. Pressure-sensitive system for gas-temperature controlJ]. NACAReport, 1948(7): 123～125.
[37] 胡学林，宋宏．电气控制与PLC．北京：冶金工业出版社，1997：156～172．
[38] 林小峰．可编程序控制器原理及应用．北京：高等教育出版社，2001：98～100．
[39] 刘向阳．新型电动机正反转控制电路．信息技术，2001(2)：3～4．
[40] 郭和伟．三种用PLC控制的防止相间短路的电动机正反转控制电路．木工机床，2003(3)：21～23．