多用户检测技术研究及其在CDMA2000 1x EVDO中的应用
|
摘要
在CDMA移动通信系统的反向信道中,由于用户间扩频码不严格正交,多个用户之间会产生多址干扰,导致性能的恶化。多用户检测技术可以有效地减少多址干扰,提高系统容量。同时的,用户在多径衰落信道中传输,多径也会引起多址干扰的出现,均衡技术可以有效地消除多径形成的多址干扰,其性能要优于RAKE接收机。
本文的第一部分专注于讨论多径环境下的多用户检测技术。与以往的异步多径环境下的多用户检测技术不同,没有直接推导用户间的符号多址干扰,而是首先在多用户系统中应用联合均衡技术,减小了系统多径的影响,然后在联合均衡的基础之上,进行符号上的多址干扰的消除。本文还使用了block-FFT为主的频域技术,在频域进行均衡和多用户检测,有效地减少了系统的计算复杂度。其中第二章简要介绍了多用户检测和均衡技术的相关基础;第三章详细推导block-FFT的多用户均衡和判决反馈干扰抵消的多用户检测技术;第四章将以上的多径环境下的多用户检测技术在CDMA 2000 1x EVDO系统的反向信道中进行了应用、分析和讨论。
本文的第二部分主要为CDMA 2000 1x EVDO系统基站侧的C语言定点实现和FPGA实现,对设计方案进行叙述并对部分性能进行了仿真。
In the reverse channel of CDMA mobile multi-user systems, the performance suffers from the multiple access interference (MAI). The multi-user detection (MUD) technique can reduce the MAI efficiently. At the same time, the MAI can also caused by multi-path fading channel. And the equalize technique, which has a better performance than RAKE receiver, can mitigate the influence of multi-path fading channel.
The first part of the thesis will concentrate on the MUD technique in multi-path fading channel. In the thesis, we propose a system that counteracts the MAI of different user after equalizing the multi-user signals. Also, we use block-FFT to do the equalization and MUD in the frequency domain. The first part is organized as follows. During the second chapter, we make a simple introduction of MUD and equalization techniques. At the third chapter, the block-FFT multi-user equalization and decision feed back interference cancellation are discussed in detail. In chapter 4, we carry on the simulation in the CDMA 2000 1x EVDO system and make the analyses.
In the last chapter we discuss the base band systems of CDMA 2000 1x EVDO base station. The C and the FPGA implement are both introduced.
本文的第一部分专注于讨论多径环境下的多用户检测技术。与以往的异步多径环境下的多用户检测技术不同,没有直接推导用户间的符号多址干扰,而是首先在多用户系统中应用联合均衡技术,减小了系统多径的影响,然后在联合均衡的基础之上,进行符号上的多址干扰的消除。本文还使用了block-FFT为主的频域技术,在频域进行均衡和多用户检测,有效地减少了系统的计算复杂度。其中第二章简要介绍了多用户检测和均衡技术的相关基础;第三章详细推导block-FFT的多用户均衡和判决反馈干扰抵消的多用户检测技术;第四章将以上的多径环境下的多用户检测技术在CDMA 2000 1x EVDO系统的反向信道中进行了应用、分析和讨论。
本文的第二部分主要为CDMA 2000 1x EVDO系统基站侧的C语言定点实现和FPGA实现,对设计方案进行叙述并对部分性能进行了仿真。
In the reverse channel of CDMA mobile multi-user systems, the performance suffers from the multiple access interference (MAI). The multi-user detection (MUD) technique can reduce the MAI efficiently. At the same time, the MAI can also caused by multi-path fading channel. And the equalize technique, which has a better performance than RAKE receiver, can mitigate the influence of multi-path fading channel.
The first part of the thesis will concentrate on the MUD technique in multi-path fading channel. In the thesis, we propose a system that counteracts the MAI of different user after equalizing the multi-user signals. Also, we use block-FFT to do the equalization and MUD in the frequency domain. The first part is organized as follows. During the second chapter, we make a simple introduction of MUD and equalization techniques. At the third chapter, the block-FFT multi-user equalization and decision feed back interference cancellation are discussed in detail. In chapter 4, we carry on the simulation in the CDMA 2000 1x EVDO system and make the analyses.
In the last chapter we discuss the base band systems of CDMA 2000 1x EVDO base station. The C and the FPGA implement are both introduced.
引文
[1]. S Verdu, “Minimum Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access Channels” [J], IEEE Trans. on IT, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 85~96, 1986.
[2]. Wang and Poor, Iterative (Turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded cdma’,IEEE, transactions on communications,Vol.47 No7, July, 1999
[3]. Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[4]. 3GPP2 C.S0024 Ver 4.0 “cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification”
[5]. Proakis J G.Digital Communications [M] :Fourth Edition.
[6]. S Verdu, “Minimum Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access channels”[J],IEEE Trans. on IT, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 85~96, 1986.
[7]. Ruxandra Lupas, S verdu, “Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels” [J], IEEE Transactions No.1 Jan 1989
[8]. Vincent Poor, S Verdu, “Probability of Error in MMSE Multiuser Detection” [J], IEEE Transaction Vol 43. May 1997
[9]. Simon Haykin.Adaptive Filter Theory[M]:Fourth Edition.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[10]. Ruxandra Lupas, S verdu, “Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Cdoe-Division Multiple-Acess Channels”[J], IEEE Transactions No.1 Jan 1989
[11]. G. H. Golub and C. F. van Loan, Matrix Computations, 3rded. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996
[12]. J. Rissanen and L. Barbosa, “Properties of infinite covariance matrices and stability of optimum predictors,” Inform. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 221–236, 1969.
[13]. Y. Pigeonnat, “Alternative solutions for joint detection in TD/CDMA multiple access scheme for UMTS,” in 2nd IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Annapolis, MD, May 1999, pp. 329–332.
[14]. J. Mayer, J. Schlee, and T. Weber, “Realtime feasibility of joint detection CDMA,” in Proc. 2nd Eur. Personal Mobile Communications Conf., Bonn, Germany, Sept. 1997, pp. 245–252.
[15]. W. Lee, J. Nam, and C. Ryu, “Joint beamformer-RAKE and decorrelating multiuser detector using matrix Levinson polynomials,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E83-B, no. 8, pp. 1640–1648, Aug. 2000
[16]. M. Vollmer, M. Haardt, and J. G?tze, “Schur algorithms for joint detection in TD-CDMA based mobile radio systems,” Ann. Telecommun., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 365–378, July 1999.
[17]. W. Yang, S. Y. Kim, G. Xu, and A. Kavak, “Fast joint detection with cyclic reduction exploiting displacement structures,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing—ICASSP, vol. 5, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2000, pp. 2857–2860
[18]. M. Vollmer, M. Haardt and J. G?tze, “Comparative Study of Joint-Detection Techniques for TD-CDMA Based Radio Systems,” IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 19, pp. 1461–1475, August 2001
[19]. Nevio Benvenuto, Federico Boccardi and Giambattista Carnevale,“A Frequency Domain Low-complexity Joint DetectionTechnique for TD-CDMA”
[20]. N. Benvenuto and G. Sostrato, “Joint Detection with Low Computational Complexity for Hybrid TD-CDMA Systems,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, vol. 19, pp. 245–253, January 2001.
[21]. S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection. Cambridge, Cambridge Universisty Press., 1999.
[22]. Klein, G. K. Kaleh and P. W. Baier, “Zero Forcing and Minimum Mean-Square-Error Equalization for Multiuser Detection in Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,vol. 45, pp. 276–287, May 1996.
[23]. D. G. Luenberger, Optimization by Vector Space Methods. New York:Wiley, 1969.
[24]. Timothy A.Thomas and Frederick W.Vook, Multi-user frequency domain channel identification, interference suppression, and equalizationg for time-varying broadband wireless communications,
[25]. Alek Kavcic, Jose Moura, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula. “Iterative, Soft signal Processing for Digital Communications” [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2004
[26]. Bernard Sklar, “A primer on Turbo Code Concepts” [J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec 1997.
[27]. M. Haardt, A. Klein, R. Koehn, S. Oestreich, M. Purat, V. Sommer, and T. Ulrich, “The D-CDMA based UTRA TDD mode,” IEEE J. Select.Areas Commun., vol. 18, pp. 1375–1386, Aug. 2000.
[28]. S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
[29]. P. Jung and J. J. Blanz, “Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMA mobile radio systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.vol. 44, pp. 76–88, Feb. 1995.
[30]. P. Jung, J. J. Blanz, and P. W. Baier, “Coherent receiver antenna diversity for CDMA mobile radio systems using joint etection,” Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 488–492, Sept. 1993.
[31]. J. J. Blanz, A. Klein, M. Na?han, and A. Steil, “Performance of a cellular hybrid C/TDMA mobile radio system applying joint detection and coherent receiver antenna diversity,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Communication. vol. 12, pp. 568–579, May 1994.
[32]. B. Steiner and P. W. Baier, “Low cost channel estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems,” FRE-QUENZ, vol. 7, pp. 292–298, 1993.
[33]. M. Vollmer, J. G?tze, and M. Haardt, “Joint detection in mobile radio systems using FFT,” presented at the Int. Conf. Telecommun., heju, Korea, June 1999.
[34]. M. Haardt and W. Mohr, “The complete solution for third-generation wireless communications: Two modes on air, one winning trategy,” IEEE Pers. Commun. Mag., vol. 7, pp. 6–12, Dec. 2000.
[35]. C. F. Van Loan, Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier Transform. Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, 1992.
[36]. Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Network, C.S0032-0 Version 2.0 Date: 12 December 2003,3gpp2
[37]. cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification, 3GPP2 C.S0024 Version 4.0, Date: October 25, 2002, 3gpp2
[38]. Dahlman E,Gudmundson B,Nilsson M,et al.UMTS / IMT-2000 based on wideband CDMA[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,1998(9):70-80
[39]. Adachi F.Wideband DS-CDMA for next-generation mobile commu-nication systems[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,1998(9):56-69
[40]. Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[41]. Rappaport T S.Wireless Communications Principles&Practice[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry,1998
[42]. Montazeri M,Duhamel D.A set of algorithms linking NLMS and RLS algorithms[J].IEEE Trans Signal Processing,1995,43(2):444-453
[43]. Cheun K.Performance of Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum RAKE Receivers with Random Spreading Sequences[J].IEEE Transcations on Communications,1997,45(9):1130-1143
[44]. Krauss T P,Hillery W J,Zoltowski M D.MMSE equalization for forward link in 3G CDMA symbol-level versus chip-level[J].Proc. Of the 10th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing,2000:18-22
[45]. Alek Kavcic, Jose Moura, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula. “Iterative, Soft signal Processing for Digital Communications”[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2004
[46]. Bernard Sklar, “A primer on Turbo Code Concepts” [J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec 1997
[47]. Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux and Punya Thitimajshima, “Near Shannon Limit Error-Correctiing Coding and Decoding : Turbo-codes(1)” [J], IEEE,1993
[48]. 梁霄,“迭代多用户检测技术在WCDMA上行链路中的研究与应用”,东南大学硕士学位论文,2005
[49]. 邱宁,“CDMA系统中chip均衡器的研究及Turbo译码器的硬件实现”,东南大学硕士学位论文,2004
[50]. 吴江. WCDMA 系统Turbo 码译码技术的研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学无线电 工程系,2002
[51]. “数值分析”:第二版,东南大学出版社
[52]. 胡广书,《数字信号处理》,清华大学出版社
[53]. 杨绿溪,《现代数字信号处理》,东南大学出版社
[54]. 杨大成 《cdma 2000技术》,北京邮电大学出版社,2000
[55]. 张明淳,工程矩阵理论[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2002
[2]. Wang and Poor, Iterative (Turbo) soft interference cancellation and decoding for coded cdma’,IEEE, transactions on communications,Vol.47 No7, July, 1999
[3]. Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[4]. 3GPP2 C.S0024 Ver 4.0 “cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification”
[5]. Proakis J G.Digital Communications [M] :Fourth Edition.
[6]. S Verdu, “Minimum Probability of Error for Asynchronous Gaussian Multiple-Access channels”[J],IEEE Trans. on IT, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 85~96, 1986.
[7]. Ruxandra Lupas, S verdu, “Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels” [J], IEEE Transactions No.1 Jan 1989
[8]. Vincent Poor, S Verdu, “Probability of Error in MMSE Multiuser Detection” [J], IEEE Transaction Vol 43. May 1997
[9]. Simon Haykin.Adaptive Filter Theory[M]:Fourth Edition.北京:电子工业出版社,2002
[10]. Ruxandra Lupas, S verdu, “Linear Multiuser Detectors for Synchronous Cdoe-Division Multiple-Acess Channels”[J], IEEE Transactions No.1 Jan 1989
[11]. G. H. Golub and C. F. van Loan, Matrix Computations, 3rded. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins Univ. Press, 1996
[12]. J. Rissanen and L. Barbosa, “Properties of infinite covariance matrices and stability of optimum predictors,” Inform. Sci., vol. 1, pp. 221–236, 1969.
[13]. Y. Pigeonnat, “Alternative solutions for joint detection in TD/CDMA multiple access scheme for UMTS,” in 2nd IEEE Workshop Signal Processing Advances in Wireless Communications, Annapolis, MD, May 1999, pp. 329–332.
[14]. J. Mayer, J. Schlee, and T. Weber, “Realtime feasibility of joint detection CDMA,” in Proc. 2nd Eur. Personal Mobile Communications Conf., Bonn, Germany, Sept. 1997, pp. 245–252.
[15]. W. Lee, J. Nam, and C. Ryu, “Joint beamformer-RAKE and decorrelating multiuser detector using matrix Levinson polynomials,” IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E83-B, no. 8, pp. 1640–1648, Aug. 2000
[16]. M. Vollmer, M. Haardt, and J. G?tze, “Schur algorithms for joint detection in TD-CDMA based mobile radio systems,” Ann. Telecommun., vol. 54, no. 7, pp. 365–378, July 1999.
[17]. W. Yang, S. Y. Kim, G. Xu, and A. Kavak, “Fast joint detection with cyclic reduction exploiting displacement structures,” in Proc. Int. Conf. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing—ICASSP, vol. 5, Istanbul, Turkey, June 2000, pp. 2857–2860
[18]. M. Vollmer, M. Haardt and J. G?tze, “Comparative Study of Joint-Detection Techniques for TD-CDMA Based Radio Systems,” IEEE J.Select. Areas Commun., vol. 19, pp. 1461–1475, August 2001
[19]. Nevio Benvenuto, Federico Boccardi and Giambattista Carnevale,“A Frequency Domain Low-complexity Joint DetectionTechnique for TD-CDMA”
[20]. N. Benvenuto and G. Sostrato, “Joint Detection with Low Computational Complexity for Hybrid TD-CDMA Systems,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Commun, vol. 19, pp. 245–253, January 2001.
[21]. S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection. Cambridge, Cambridge Universisty Press., 1999.
[22]. Klein, G. K. Kaleh and P. W. Baier, “Zero Forcing and Minimum Mean-Square-Error Equalization for Multiuser Detection in Code-Division Multiple-Access Channels,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.,vol. 45, pp. 276–287, May 1996.
[23]. D. G. Luenberger, Optimization by Vector Space Methods. New York:Wiley, 1969.
[24]. Timothy A.Thomas and Frederick W.Vook, Multi-user frequency domain channel identification, interference suppression, and equalizationg for time-varying broadband wireless communications,
[25]. Alek Kavcic, Jose Moura, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula. “Iterative, Soft signal Processing for Digital Communications” [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2004
[26]. Bernard Sklar, “A primer on Turbo Code Concepts” [J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec 1997.
[27]. M. Haardt, A. Klein, R. Koehn, S. Oestreich, M. Purat, V. Sommer, and T. Ulrich, “The D-CDMA based UTRA TDD mode,” IEEE J. Select.Areas Commun., vol. 18, pp. 1375–1386, Aug. 2000.
[28]. S. Verdu, Multiuser Detection. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
[29]. P. Jung and J. J. Blanz, “Joint detection with coherent receiver antenna diversity in CDMA mobile radio systems,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.vol. 44, pp. 76–88, Feb. 1995.
[30]. P. Jung, J. J. Blanz, and P. W. Baier, “Coherent receiver antenna diversity for CDMA mobile radio systems using joint etection,” Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 488–492, Sept. 1993.
[31]. J. J. Blanz, A. Klein, M. Na?han, and A. Steil, “Performance of a cellular hybrid C/TDMA mobile radio system applying joint detection and coherent receiver antenna diversity,” IEEE J. Select. Areas Communication. vol. 12, pp. 568–579, May 1994.
[32]. B. Steiner and P. W. Baier, “Low cost channel estimation in the uplink receiver of CDMA mobile radio systems,” FRE-QUENZ, vol. 7, pp. 292–298, 1993.
[33]. M. Vollmer, J. G?tze, and M. Haardt, “Joint detection in mobile radio systems using FFT,” presented at the Int. Conf. Telecommun., heju, Korea, June 1999.
[34]. M. Haardt and W. Mohr, “The complete solution for third-generation wireless communications: Two modes on air, one winning trategy,” IEEE Pers. Commun. Mag., vol. 7, pp. 6–12, Dec. 2000.
[35]. C. F. Van Loan, Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier Transform. Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, 1992.
[36]. Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Access Network, C.S0032-0 Version 2.0 Date: 12 December 2003,3gpp2
[37]. cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification, 3GPP2 C.S0024 Version 4.0, Date: October 25, 2002, 3gpp2
[38]. Dahlman E,Gudmundson B,Nilsson M,et al.UMTS / IMT-2000 based on wideband CDMA[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,1998(9):70-80
[39]. Adachi F.Wideband DS-CDMA for next-generation mobile commu-nication systems[J].IEEE Communications Magazine,1998(9):56-69
[40]. Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[41]. Rappaport T S.Wireless Communications Principles&Practice[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry,1998
[42]. Montazeri M,Duhamel D.A set of algorithms linking NLMS and RLS algorithms[J].IEEE Trans Signal Processing,1995,43(2):444-453
[43]. Cheun K.Performance of Direct-Sequence Spread-Spectrum RAKE Receivers with Random Spreading Sequences[J].IEEE Transcations on Communications,1997,45(9):1130-1143
[44]. Krauss T P,Hillery W J,Zoltowski M D.MMSE equalization for forward link in 3G CDMA symbol-level versus chip-level[J].Proc. Of the 10th IEEE Workshop on Statistical Signal and Array Processing,2000:18-22
[45]. Alek Kavcic, Jose Moura, Vijayakumar Bhagavatula. “Iterative, Soft signal Processing for Digital Communications”[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Jan 2004
[46]. Bernard Sklar, “A primer on Turbo Code Concepts” [J], IEEE Communications Magazine, Dec 1997
[47]. Claude Berrou, Alain Glavieux and Punya Thitimajshima, “Near Shannon Limit Error-Correctiing Coding and Decoding : Turbo-codes(1)” [J], IEEE,1993
[48]. 梁霄,“迭代多用户检测技术在WCDMA上行链路中的研究与应用”,东南大学硕士学位论文,2005
[49]. 邱宁,“CDMA系统中chip均衡器的研究及Turbo译码器的硬件实现”,东南大学硕士学位论文,2004
[50]. 吴江. WCDMA 系统Turbo 码译码技术的研究与实现[D].[硕士学位论文].南京:东南大学无线电 工程系,2002
[51]. “数值分析”:第二版,东南大学出版社
[52]. 胡广书,《数字信号处理》,清华大学出版社
[53]. 杨绿溪,《现代数字信号处理》,东南大学出版社
[54]. 杨大成 《cdma 2000技术》,北京邮电大学出版社,2000
[55]. 张明淳,工程矩阵理论[M],南京:东南大学出版社,2002