WCDMA下行链路干扰抑制接收机研究和低功耗ASIC设计方法探讨
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摘要
本文首先概述了DS/CDMA系统中的干扰抑制技术,最直接有效的是多用户检测技术。然后介绍了多用户检测技术的分类和发展历史,以及几种经典多用户检测算法的原理。
接着重点分析了WCDMA下行链路多址干扰抑制技术:线性均衡和干扰抵消。首先针对WCDMA下行链路多码传输的特点给出了多址干扰抑制接收机的一般结构。然后针对这个结构分析了LMMSE自适应均衡和干扰抵消的原理和各自的优、缺点,讨论了干扰抵消和线性均衡技术相结合的可行性。最终得到一个适用于WCDMA下行链路的干扰抑制接收机结构。该接收机在LMMSE自适应均衡器前面和后面分别串接串行干扰抵消器和两级并行部分干扰抵消器来分别抵消多码传输时的多码道干扰和单码传输时的多用户干扰,采用快速哈达码变换估计干扰用户的等效扩频码,经解扩得到等效干扰符号,再重构和抵消多用户干扰。
然后依据WCDMA平台,采用计算机仿真的方法研究多码传输、LMMSE自适应码片均衡、干扰抵消以及本文建议接收机的整体性能。通过仿真进一步说明采用LMMSE自适应码片均衡和干扰抵消技术相结合的下行链路干扰抑制接收机的性能优势,并确定了影响该接收机性能的主要参数。验证了该接收机能够工作在很多环境中并获得稳定的性能增益,具备一定的实用价值。由于手持终端对功耗的严格要求,论文最后探讨了低功耗ASIC设计和功耗分析技术。结合作者的设计经验介绍了CDMA2000-1x移动终端基带处理芯片的低功耗设计和功耗分析过程,主要讨论了门控时钟技术对改善集成电路功耗的影响。
The paper firstly introduces the Multiple Access Interference(MAI) suppression techniques used in DS/CDMA and the most effective one is the Multi-User-Detection(MUD) technique. Then it introduces the classification and evolution history of MUD and the principals of several classical MUD algorithms.
The paper secondly analyses MAI suppression techniques used in WCDMA downlink, that is LMMSE adaptive equalization and Interference Cancellation(IC). It gives out the general structure of MAI suppression receiver according to the feature of WCDMA downlink. Then It analyses the principals, advantages and disadvantages of LMMSE and ICs, and discusses the feasibility of combining these two techniques together. At last, It gives out the detail structure of MAI suppression receiver which is applicable to be used in WCDMA downlink. The suggested receiver uses Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) and Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) placed before and after LMMSE adaptive chip equalizer to cancel Multiple Code Interference(MCI) in multiple code transmission and MAI in single code transmission. It estimates the effective spreading code of interference users using Fast Hadamard Transformation, then achieves effective interference symbols after de-spreading, at last re-constructs and cancels the MAI.
The paper thirdly researches the performance of multiple code transmission, LMMSE, IC, and the suggested receiver by computer simulations in WCDMA system. The simulations further demonstrate that the performance gain of the suggested receiver by using LMMSE and IC techniques together, and make certain the parameters of the receiver that affect performance much. The simulations also demonstrate that the suggested receiver can work in many environments to get stable gain, and have much applicable value.
Because of the strict requirements of power consumption in Mobile Terminal, the paper introduces the low power ASIC design and estimation techniques at last. It mainly introduces the low power design and power estimation procedure of the base-band processor chip of CDMA2000-1x MT, and mainly discusses the clock gating techniques to improve the power comsumption of integrated circuit.
接着重点分析了WCDMA下行链路多址干扰抑制技术:线性均衡和干扰抵消。首先针对WCDMA下行链路多码传输的特点给出了多址干扰抑制接收机的一般结构。然后针对这个结构分析了LMMSE自适应均衡和干扰抵消的原理和各自的优、缺点,讨论了干扰抵消和线性均衡技术相结合的可行性。最终得到一个适用于WCDMA下行链路的干扰抑制接收机结构。该接收机在LMMSE自适应均衡器前面和后面分别串接串行干扰抵消器和两级并行部分干扰抵消器来分别抵消多码传输时的多码道干扰和单码传输时的多用户干扰,采用快速哈达码变换估计干扰用户的等效扩频码,经解扩得到等效干扰符号,再重构和抵消多用户干扰。
然后依据WCDMA平台,采用计算机仿真的方法研究多码传输、LMMSE自适应码片均衡、干扰抵消以及本文建议接收机的整体性能。通过仿真进一步说明采用LMMSE自适应码片均衡和干扰抵消技术相结合的下行链路干扰抑制接收机的性能优势,并确定了影响该接收机性能的主要参数。验证了该接收机能够工作在很多环境中并获得稳定的性能增益,具备一定的实用价值。由于手持终端对功耗的严格要求,论文最后探讨了低功耗ASIC设计和功耗分析技术。结合作者的设计经验介绍了CDMA2000-1x移动终端基带处理芯片的低功耗设计和功耗分析过程,主要讨论了门控时钟技术对改善集成电路功耗的影响。
The paper firstly introduces the Multiple Access Interference(MAI) suppression techniques used in DS/CDMA and the most effective one is the Multi-User-Detection(MUD) technique. Then it introduces the classification and evolution history of MUD and the principals of several classical MUD algorithms.
The paper secondly analyses MAI suppression techniques used in WCDMA downlink, that is LMMSE adaptive equalization and Interference Cancellation(IC). It gives out the general structure of MAI suppression receiver according to the feature of WCDMA downlink. Then It analyses the principals, advantages and disadvantages of LMMSE and ICs, and discusses the feasibility of combining these two techniques together. At last, It gives out the detail structure of MAI suppression receiver which is applicable to be used in WCDMA downlink. The suggested receiver uses Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) and Parallel Interference Cancellation (PIC) placed before and after LMMSE adaptive chip equalizer to cancel Multiple Code Interference(MCI) in multiple code transmission and MAI in single code transmission. It estimates the effective spreading code of interference users using Fast Hadamard Transformation, then achieves effective interference symbols after de-spreading, at last re-constructs and cancels the MAI.
The paper thirdly researches the performance of multiple code transmission, LMMSE, IC, and the suggested receiver by computer simulations in WCDMA system. The simulations further demonstrate that the performance gain of the suggested receiver by using LMMSE and IC techniques together, and make certain the parameters of the receiver that affect performance much. The simulations also demonstrate that the suggested receiver can work in many environments to get stable gain, and have much applicable value.
Because of the strict requirements of power consumption in Mobile Terminal, the paper introduces the low power ASIC design and estimation techniques at last. It mainly introduces the low power design and power estimation procedure of the base-band processor chip of CDMA2000-1x MT, and mainly discusses the clock gating techniques to improve the power comsumption of integrated circuit.
引文
[1-1] “3G wireless standards for cellular mobile services” Siemens Inc. www.siemens.com/3G
[1-2] “Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000” Siemens Inc. www.siemens.com/3G
[2-1]陈含芳.DS/CDMA 系统中的干扰抑制[J].电信学报,2001,1:24-26
[2-2]N Oikonomopoulos, P A Cosimini, “System Level Performance of Multi-User Detection for W-CDMA”[C]. 3G Mobile Communication Technologies,8-10 May 2002, Conference Publication IEE2002:pp.489-494
[2-3]John G. Proakis “Digital Communications (Fourth Edition)”[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2001
[2-4]Schneider,K.S.,”Optimum Detection of Code Division Multiplexed Signals”[J].IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-15,No.1,Jan.1979,pp.181-185
[2-5]Lupas,R., and S.Verdu,”Near-Far resistance of Multiuser Detectors in Asynchronous Code-Division Multiple Access Communications”[J]. IEEE Trans. on Communications, COM-38, April 1990,pp.496-508
[2-6]U. Madhow and M. Honig, “MMSE interference suppression for directsequence spread spectrum CDMA,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, Dec. 1994, pp.3178–3188
[2-7]H. Vincent Poor ad Sergio Verd′u “Probability of Error in MMSE Multiuser Detection” IEEE Trans. Information VOL 43,No.3, May 1997
[2-8]Matti Latva-aho and Markku Juntti, “Modified LMMSE Receiver for DS-CDMA Systems in Fading Channels” IEEE 1997
[2-9]Jack M. Holtzman WINLAB, Rutgers University “Successive Interface Cancellation for Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access” IEEE 1994 [2-10]Kimmo Kansanen Jianke Fan Markku Juntti Matti Latva-aho “Groupwise Interference Cancellation Receiver in Celluar WCDMA Networks” IEEE 2000
[2-11]V. Kaweevat,S. Jitapunkul, C.Archavawanitchakol, S.Wanichpakdeedecha, and N. Rastrikriangkrai “Blind Adaptive Decorrelating Decision-Feedback Multiuser Detection for Multirate Synchronous DS-CDMA Communications” IEEE 2001
[2-12]Naofal Al-Dhahir and Ali H.sayed, “A Computationally-Efficient FIR MMSE-DFE for Multi-user Communications” IEEE 1999
[2-13]Sergio Verd′u “Adaptive Multiuser detection” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. On Spread Spectrum Thery and Applications Oulu, Finland, July 1994
[2-14]Matti Latva-aho, Markku Juntti and Ian Oppermann “Reconfigurable Adaptive RAKE Receiver for Wideband CDMA Systems” VTC’98 IEEE
[2-15]M. Honig, U. Madhow, and S. Verd′u, “Blind Adaptive multiuser detection,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 41, pp. 944–960, July 1995.
[2-16]Xiaodong Wang and H. Vincent Poor, Blind Multiuser Detection: A Subspace Approach IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, VOL. 44, NO. 2, Mar. 1998
[3-1]Viterbi A J.CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication[M].New York:Addison Wesley,1995
[3-2]Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[3-3]史志华.CDMA 移动通信系统宏分集环境下 chip 均衡器研究[D].东南大学学士学位论文,南京,2003
[3-4]邱宁.CDMA 系统中 chip 均衡器的研究及 Turbo 译码器的硬件实现[D].东南大学硕士士学位论文,南京,2004
[3-5]曾嵘,赵春明.CDMA 系统中 LMMSE 均衡器的时延参数对其性能的影响[J].
[3-6]M.K. Varanasi and B. Aazhang, “Multistage detection in asynchronous code division multiple access communications”[J] IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.38,No,4,Apr.1990,pp.509-519.
[3-7]D.Divsalar, M. K. Simon, and D. Raphaeli, “Improved Parallel Interference Cancellation for CDMA”.[J] IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol.46, No.2 Feb. 1998, pp.258-268
[3-8]曾嵘 赵春明.联合均衡块迭代软判决反馈干扰抵消接收机.[J] 通信学报 Vol.24 No.11 Nov.2003
[3-9]吴启晖 赵春明 适用于 HSDPA 的码片均衡干扰加权抵消联合接收机[J] Jan. 2005
[3-10]Mohamed F.Madkour, Someshwar C.Gupta, and Yi-Pin Eric Wang “successive interference cancellation algorithms for downlink WCDMA communications”[J] IEEE Trans. on Wireless Comm., VOL.1,No.1,Jan. 2002:pp169-177
[3-11]Dimitris Koulakiotis and A.H.Aghvami “Performance Enhancement of Multi-Code CDMA using Interference Cancellation”[J] IEEE1998:pp130-134
[4-1]3GPP TS 25.211,”Physical channel s and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels(FDD)” Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-2]3GPP TS 25.212: "Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-3]3GPP TS 25.213: "Spreading and modulation (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-4]3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-5]3GPP TS 25.101, “UE transmission and Reception (FDD)” Release 5 2004-03 [S]
[4-6]System View help Document: “SystemView communication library”.
[4-7]SAWAHA SHIM ,MIKIY,ANDOH H etal. Pilot Symbol Assisted Coherent Multistage interference Canceller Using Recursive Channel Estimation for DS/CDMA Mobile Radio [J ]. IEEE Trans. on Commun. 1996, (9)1262-1269.
[4-8]Carl S. Wijting, Tero Ojanpera, Markku J. Juntti, Kimmo Kansanen, Ramjee Prasad “Groupwise Serial Multiuser Detectors for Multirate DS-CDMA”. IEEE 1999 pp:836-840
[5-1]Power Compiler Reference Mannual Synopsys Inc.2002
[5-2]吴福炜.数字电路低功耗设计方法研究[D].中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所博士士学位论文,上海,2002
[5-3]Ahmad M. Alsolaim. ”Dynamically Reconfigurable Architecture for Third Generation Mobile Systems”[D]. Ph.D. Dissertation, College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA, 2002
[5-4]Konstantinos Sarrigeorgidis “Massively Parallel Reconfigurable Architecture and Programming for Wireless Communications”[D]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Engineering-Elecrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA, 2002
[5-5]徐仲宁.CDMA2000-1x 移动台 RAKE 接收机研究及其 ASIC 实现[D].东南大学硕士士学位论文,南京,2003
[5-6] Wu Keyu “Noah2000c2 CDMA Power Report”[R]. SeuComm, Nanjing, 2002
[5-7] Zhu Jinsong, Yang Peng “Noah2000c2 Mtransmit Power Report”[R]. SeuComm, Nanjing, 2002
[1-2] “Comparison of WCDMA and CDMA2000” Siemens Inc. www.siemens.com/3G
[2-1]陈含芳.DS/CDMA 系统中的干扰抑制[J].电信学报,2001,1:24-26
[2-2]N Oikonomopoulos, P A Cosimini, “System Level Performance of Multi-User Detection for W-CDMA”[C]. 3G Mobile Communication Technologies,8-10 May 2002, Conference Publication IEE2002:pp.489-494
[2-3]John G. Proakis “Digital Communications (Fourth Edition)”[M].Publishing House of Electronics Industry, 2001
[2-4]Schneider,K.S.,”Optimum Detection of Code Division Multiplexed Signals”[J].IEEE Trans. on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. AES-15,No.1,Jan.1979,pp.181-185
[2-5]Lupas,R., and S.Verdu,”Near-Far resistance of Multiuser Detectors in Asynchronous Code-Division Multiple Access Communications”[J]. IEEE Trans. on Communications, COM-38, April 1990,pp.496-508
[2-6]U. Madhow and M. Honig, “MMSE interference suppression for directsequence spread spectrum CDMA,” IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 42, Dec. 1994, pp.3178–3188
[2-7]H. Vincent Poor ad Sergio Verd′u “Probability of Error in MMSE Multiuser Detection” IEEE Trans. Information VOL 43,No.3, May 1997
[2-8]Matti Latva-aho and Markku Juntti, “Modified LMMSE Receiver for DS-CDMA Systems in Fading Channels” IEEE 1997
[2-9]Jack M. Holtzman WINLAB, Rutgers University “Successive Interface Cancellation for Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access” IEEE 1994 [2-10]Kimmo Kansanen Jianke Fan Markku Juntti Matti Latva-aho “Groupwise Interference Cancellation Receiver in Celluar WCDMA Networks” IEEE 2000
[2-11]V. Kaweevat,S. Jitapunkul, C.Archavawanitchakol, S.Wanichpakdeedecha, and N. Rastrikriangkrai “Blind Adaptive Decorrelating Decision-Feedback Multiuser Detection for Multirate Synchronous DS-CDMA Communications” IEEE 2001
[2-12]Naofal Al-Dhahir and Ali H.sayed, “A Computationally-Efficient FIR MMSE-DFE for Multi-user Communications” IEEE 1999
[2-13]Sergio Verd′u “Adaptive Multiuser detection” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. On Spread Spectrum Thery and Applications Oulu, Finland, July 1994
[2-14]Matti Latva-aho, Markku Juntti and Ian Oppermann “Reconfigurable Adaptive RAKE Receiver for Wideband CDMA Systems” VTC’98 IEEE
[2-15]M. Honig, U. Madhow, and S. Verd′u, “Blind Adaptive multiuser detection,” IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol. 41, pp. 944–960, July 1995.
[2-16]Xiaodong Wang and H. Vincent Poor, Blind Multiuser Detection: A Subspace Approach IEEE Trans. on Information Theory, VOL. 44, NO. 2, Mar. 1998
[3-1]Viterbi A J.CDMA Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication[M].New York:Addison Wesley,1995
[3-2]Krauss T P,Zoltowski M D,Leus G.Simple MMSE equalizers for CDMA downlink to restore chip sequence Comparison to zero-forcing and Rake[J].IEEE VTC,2000:2865-2868
[3-3]史志华.CDMA 移动通信系统宏分集环境下 chip 均衡器研究[D].东南大学学士学位论文,南京,2003
[3-4]邱宁.CDMA 系统中 chip 均衡器的研究及 Turbo 译码器的硬件实现[D].东南大学硕士士学位论文,南京,2004
[3-5]曾嵘,赵春明.CDMA 系统中 LMMSE 均衡器的时延参数对其性能的影响[J].
[3-6]M.K. Varanasi and B. Aazhang, “Multistage detection in asynchronous code division multiple access communications”[J] IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.38,No,4,Apr.1990,pp.509-519.
[3-7]D.Divsalar, M. K. Simon, and D. Raphaeli, “Improved Parallel Interference Cancellation for CDMA”.[J] IEEE Trans. Commun., Vol.46, No.2 Feb. 1998, pp.258-268
[3-8]曾嵘 赵春明.联合均衡块迭代软判决反馈干扰抵消接收机.[J] 通信学报 Vol.24 No.11 Nov.2003
[3-9]吴启晖 赵春明 适用于 HSDPA 的码片均衡干扰加权抵消联合接收机[J] Jan. 2005
[3-10]Mohamed F.Madkour, Someshwar C.Gupta, and Yi-Pin Eric Wang “successive interference cancellation algorithms for downlink WCDMA communications”[J] IEEE Trans. on Wireless Comm., VOL.1,No.1,Jan. 2002:pp169-177
[3-11]Dimitris Koulakiotis and A.H.Aghvami “Performance Enhancement of Multi-Code CDMA using Interference Cancellation”[J] IEEE1998:pp130-134
[4-1]3GPP TS 25.211,”Physical channel s and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels(FDD)” Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-2]3GPP TS 25.212: "Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-3]3GPP TS 25.213: "Spreading and modulation (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-4]3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)". Release 99 2002-03 [S]
[4-5]3GPP TS 25.101, “UE transmission and Reception (FDD)” Release 5 2004-03 [S]
[4-6]System View help Document: “SystemView communication library”.
[4-7]SAWAHA SHIM ,MIKIY,ANDOH H etal. Pilot Symbol Assisted Coherent Multistage interference Canceller Using Recursive Channel Estimation for DS/CDMA Mobile Radio [J ]. IEEE Trans. on Commun. 1996, (9)1262-1269.
[4-8]Carl S. Wijting, Tero Ojanpera, Markku J. Juntti, Kimmo Kansanen, Ramjee Prasad “Groupwise Serial Multiuser Detectors for Multirate DS-CDMA”. IEEE 1999 pp:836-840
[5-1]Power Compiler Reference Mannual Synopsys Inc.2002
[5-2]吴福炜.数字电路低功耗设计方法研究[D].中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所博士士学位论文,上海,2002
[5-3]Ahmad M. Alsolaim. ”Dynamically Reconfigurable Architecture for Third Generation Mobile Systems”[D]. Ph.D. Dissertation, College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, USA, 2002
[5-4]Konstantinos Sarrigeorgidis “Massively Parallel Reconfigurable Architecture and Programming for Wireless Communications”[D]. Ph.D. Dissertation, Engineering-Elecrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, USA, 2002
[5-5]徐仲宁.CDMA2000-1x 移动台 RAKE 接收机研究及其 ASIC 实现[D].东南大学硕士士学位论文,南京,2003
[5-6] Wu Keyu “Noah2000c2 CDMA Power Report”[R]. SeuComm, Nanjing, 2002
[5-7] Zhu Jinsong, Yang Peng “Noah2000c2 Mtransmit Power Report”[R]. SeuComm, Nanjing, 2002