生态补偿量化方法及其市场运作机制研究
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摘要
当前，生态补偿是地区生态建设的重要环节和手段，是实现经济协调发展的充分必要条件，也是解决我国地区经济发展失衡和构建和谐社会的根本路径。在我国，由于生态补偿仍然处在摸索阶段,当前的理论探讨和实践之间还有不小的距离，还没形成一套较为广泛适用的生态补偿标准与生态补偿机制,在生态补偿量化标准上还没一个统一标准，生态补偿市场化运作机制基本还未形成。因此，在当前形势下，进一步开展适合我国国情的生态补偿理论、补偿量化方法及其市场化运作机制的研究尤其重要，不仅是对传统资源配置方式的有益补充，也有利于我国生态产业的持续健康发展，也有利于促进民众生态意识的提升，也是我国建设资源节约型和环境友好型社会的一大保障。为此，本文在充分吸收、借鉴各相关学科的理论、方法和研究成果的同时，采用实证分析、比较分析、归纳与演绎分析等研究方法，对生态补偿量化方法及其市场化运作机制进行理论和应用研究。首先，本文从经济学、法学、地理学、管理学、生态学角度，对生态补偿机制的相关理论进行了系统分析，在此基础上，从概念层面上对生态补偿内涵进行界定；第二，对生态补偿机制框架进行了设计。界定了补偿的主客体，提出了政策补偿、物质补偿、资金补偿、市场补偿等多元化的补偿方式；从生态系统服务价值评估角度、成本角度、获利角度、损失角度、生态足迹角度、意愿角度对生补偿标准进行了介绍；并从政府、科研机构与院校、社会公众、市场体系角度构建生态补偿保障机制；根据费用效益法构建生态补偿评估机制；第三，在相关生态足迹理论与方法分析基础上，结合他人研究成果提出生态足迹法改进思路，从动态角度与地区实际情况确定了产量因子，根据地区实际产量与实际价格构建生态补偿量化方法模型，并以福建省莆田市为实证研究区域，分析了莆田市近五年各类型土地的生态足迹、生态承载力情况，在此基础上计算了耕地类型与草地类型的生态补偿量；第四，从生态系统服务价值角度探索生态补偿市场化运作机制，在对生态系统服务价值市场化可行性分析的基础上，从产品属性、定价、交易平台、供求四个基本要素角度构建了生态补偿市场化运行机制；最后，在对我国生态补偿实践过程中存在的主要不足分析基础上，从补偿资金来源、补偿标准确定、产权界定、公众参与意识、评估机制、市场化途径等角度提出相应完善对策。
论文的主要创新：一是从经济学、法学、管理学、生态学、地理学多学科角度系统的分析了生态补偿的理论基础，有利于我们更为准确的理解与掌握生态补偿的相关内涵；二是在对生态补偿框架设计中，提出了从政府、科研院校、社会公众、市场体系角度构建生态补偿保障机制，与前人研究相比更为全面；三是构建了生态补偿效果评价体系，并设计了相关评价指标体系，为生态补偿政策的制定与调整提供依据，也为推动我国生态补偿评估工作的开展提供了方法基础；四是对生态足迹法进行了改进，从动态角度和地区实际情况确定产量因子，并根据实际产量与实际价格来构建生态补偿量化模型，可操作性更强；五是针对当前在生态足迹研究过程中主要以宏观尺度和静态角度研究的局面，本文以福建省莆田市进行实证研究，从小尺度角度和时间系列角度进行动态分析，为生态足迹法的不断完善提供借鉴；六是提出了生态补偿市场化运作机制所必须的四个基本构件因素，即产品属性、定价、交易平台及供求情况，并以此为基础，对生态补偿市场化运作机制进行系统设计，为我国加快生态补偿市场化进程提供有利的参考。
At present, ecological compensation is an important part and approach to theundertaking of regional ecological construction, the necessary conditions to realize thecoordinated development of the economy, the fundamental path of solving economicdevelopment of our country's regional imbalances and constructing a harmonioussociety. Since Eco-compensation research in China is still in the exploratory stage,there is a gap between theory and practice of Eco-compensation, and has not formed asuit of standard principle and mechanism widely used for Eco-compensation, andthere is not a unified standard in the quantitative criteria of Eco-compensation. Themarket-oriented operation mechanism of Eco-compensation has not been formedbasically. Therefore, further studies on the ecological compensation theory、compensation methods of quantification and market-oriented operation mechanismthat are suitable for national conditions in China is particularly important in thecurrent situation, which is not only a useful complement for the mode of traditionalresource allocation, but also propitious to the sustainable and healthy development ofecological industry in China, conductive to raising the public ecologicalconsciousness, and the main safeguard for building a resource-conserving andenvironment-friendly society in our country. Based on the extensive review andreference to the existing theories，approaches and achievements，this thesis focuses onthe theory and application about the quantitative criteria of Eco-compensation and themarket-oriented operation mechanism of Eco-compensation by using somemethods,such as empirical analysis、 comparative analysis、inductive and deductiveanalysis and so on. First, this article analyses the relevant theories ofEco-compensation mechanism from the angle of Economics, Law, Geography,Management and Ecology, then points out the connotation of Eco-compensation.Second, it designs the framework of Eco-compensation mechanism, and defines thesubject and object of compensation, then puts forward the way of compensation, suchas policy compensation、 material compensation、 cash compensation、 market compensation and so on; The author also introduces the Eco-compensation standardfrom the angel of the value of ecosystem services、cost、profit、loss、ecologicalfootprint、willingness; and builds safeguard mechanism for Eco-compensation fromthe angel of the government, scientific research institutions and universities, the socialpublic and market system; in turn, constructs the evaluation mechanism ofEco-compensation according to the cost-benefit method. Third, this paper points outmodified ideas of the method about ecological footprint with the combination ofothers research results, based on the analysis of the related theory and the methodabout ecological footprint, determines the yield factor from the perspective ofdynamic and regional actual situation, builds the model of quantitative method ofEco-compensation in line with the actual output and the actual price, and analyses theecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity for each type of land,takingPutian city of Fujian Province as the empirical study area, the author calculates theamount of Eco-compensation of the arable land type and grass type. Fourth, itexplores the market-oriented mechanism of Eco-compensation from the perspective ofthe value of ecosystem service, builds the market-oriented mechanism ofEco-compensation from the angle of the four basic elements such as the productattributes, pricing, trading platform, supply and demand, based on analyzing themarket-oriented feasibility of the value of ecosystem service. Finally, the author putsforwards the corresponding improvement measures from the sources ofcompensation funding, compensation standards, property rights definition, publicparticipation, evaluation mechanism, the market-oriented approach after analyzing themain deficiencies in the process of the practice of Eco-compensation in our country.
The main innovation of the thesis: First, this article analyses the relevant theoriesof Eco-compensation mechanism from a multidisciplinary perspective, whichpromotes to accurately understand and grasp the connotation of Eco-compensation.Second, in the given design of framework, it builds safeguard mechanism forEco-compensation from multi-angel rather than the government-led model mentionedpreviously. Third, creates the evaluation system of Eco-compensation and designs arelated index system, which provides the basis for making or adjusting policy Eco-compensation related and also provides a method for evaluatingEco-compensation. Fourth, the author improves the method, so-called ecologicalfootprint, by determining the yield factor from the perspective of dynamic andregional actual situation, then builds the model of quantitative method ofEco-compensation according to the real outputs and prices with stronger operability.Fifth, it takes Putian city of Fujian Province as a case study, from the angle of smallscale and time series in dynamic analysis, due to the current research situation mainlyfocusing on the macro scale and static angle in the process of the research aboutecological footprint, which provides a perfect reference for the continuousimprovement of the ecological footprint method. Sixth, the author puts forward fourfundamental elements related to mechanism of market operation: the productattributes, pricing, trading platform, supply and demand, which provides thebeneficial reference for accelerating the market-oriented process ofEco-compensation.
论文的主要创新：一是从经济学、法学、管理学、生态学、地理学多学科角度系统的分析了生态补偿的理论基础，有利于我们更为准确的理解与掌握生态补偿的相关内涵；二是在对生态补偿框架设计中，提出了从政府、科研院校、社会公众、市场体系角度构建生态补偿保障机制，与前人研究相比更为全面；三是构建了生态补偿效果评价体系，并设计了相关评价指标体系，为生态补偿政策的制定与调整提供依据，也为推动我国生态补偿评估工作的开展提供了方法基础；四是对生态足迹法进行了改进，从动态角度和地区实际情况确定产量因子，并根据实际产量与实际价格来构建生态补偿量化模型，可操作性更强；五是针对当前在生态足迹研究过程中主要以宏观尺度和静态角度研究的局面，本文以福建省莆田市进行实证研究，从小尺度角度和时间系列角度进行动态分析，为生态足迹法的不断完善提供借鉴；六是提出了生态补偿市场化运作机制所必须的四个基本构件因素，即产品属性、定价、交易平台及供求情况，并以此为基础，对生态补偿市场化运作机制进行系统设计，为我国加快生态补偿市场化进程提供有利的参考。
At present, ecological compensation is an important part and approach to theundertaking of regional ecological construction, the necessary conditions to realize thecoordinated development of the economy, the fundamental path of solving economicdevelopment of our country's regional imbalances and constructing a harmonioussociety. Since Eco-compensation research in China is still in the exploratory stage,there is a gap between theory and practice of Eco-compensation, and has not formed asuit of standard principle and mechanism widely used for Eco-compensation, andthere is not a unified standard in the quantitative criteria of Eco-compensation. Themarket-oriented operation mechanism of Eco-compensation has not been formedbasically. Therefore, further studies on the ecological compensation theory、compensation methods of quantification and market-oriented operation mechanismthat are suitable for national conditions in China is particularly important in thecurrent situation, which is not only a useful complement for the mode of traditionalresource allocation, but also propitious to the sustainable and healthy development ofecological industry in China, conductive to raising the public ecologicalconsciousness, and the main safeguard for building a resource-conserving andenvironment-friendly society in our country. Based on the extensive review andreference to the existing theories，approaches and achievements，this thesis focuses onthe theory and application about the quantitative criteria of Eco-compensation and themarket-oriented operation mechanism of Eco-compensation by using somemethods,such as empirical analysis、 comparative analysis、inductive and deductiveanalysis and so on. First, this article analyses the relevant theories ofEco-compensation mechanism from the angle of Economics, Law, Geography,Management and Ecology, then points out the connotation of Eco-compensation.Second, it designs the framework of Eco-compensation mechanism, and defines thesubject and object of compensation, then puts forward the way of compensation, suchas policy compensation、 material compensation、 cash compensation、 market compensation and so on; The author also introduces the Eco-compensation standardfrom the angel of the value of ecosystem services、cost、profit、loss、ecologicalfootprint、willingness; and builds safeguard mechanism for Eco-compensation fromthe angel of the government, scientific research institutions and universities, the socialpublic and market system; in turn, constructs the evaluation mechanism ofEco-compensation according to the cost-benefit method. Third, this paper points outmodified ideas of the method about ecological footprint with the combination ofothers research results, based on the analysis of the related theory and the methodabout ecological footprint, determines the yield factor from the perspective ofdynamic and regional actual situation, builds the model of quantitative method ofEco-compensation in line with the actual output and the actual price, and analyses theecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity for each type of land,takingPutian city of Fujian Province as the empirical study area, the author calculates theamount of Eco-compensation of the arable land type and grass type. Fourth, itexplores the market-oriented mechanism of Eco-compensation from the perspective ofthe value of ecosystem service, builds the market-oriented mechanism ofEco-compensation from the angle of the four basic elements such as the productattributes, pricing, trading platform, supply and demand, based on analyzing themarket-oriented feasibility of the value of ecosystem service. Finally, the author putsforwards the corresponding improvement measures from the sources ofcompensation funding, compensation standards, property rights definition, publicparticipation, evaluation mechanism, the market-oriented approach after analyzing themain deficiencies in the process of the practice of Eco-compensation in our country.
The main innovation of the thesis: First, this article analyses the relevant theoriesof Eco-compensation mechanism from a multidisciplinary perspective, whichpromotes to accurately understand and grasp the connotation of Eco-compensation.Second, in the given design of framework, it builds safeguard mechanism forEco-compensation from multi-angel rather than the government-led model mentionedpreviously. Third, creates the evaluation system of Eco-compensation and designs arelated index system, which provides the basis for making or adjusting policy Eco-compensation related and also provides a method for evaluatingEco-compensation. Fourth, the author improves the method, so-called ecologicalfootprint, by determining the yield factor from the perspective of dynamic andregional actual situation, then builds the model of quantitative method ofEco-compensation according to the real outputs and prices with stronger operability.Fifth, it takes Putian city of Fujian Province as a case study, from the angle of smallscale and time series in dynamic analysis, due to the current research situation mainlyfocusing on the macro scale and static angle in the process of the research aboutecological footprint, which provides a perfect reference for the continuousimprovement of the ecological footprint method. Sixth, the author puts forward fourfundamental elements related to mechanism of market operation: the productattributes, pricing, trading platform, supply and demand, which provides thebeneficial reference for accelerating the market-oriented process ofEco-compensation.
引文
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