摘要
“每一代人都相信自己生活在巨大的变迁之中,我们这一代人也不例外”(Hutton and Giddens,2001)。从二十世纪90年代初互联网踏上商用的步伐之后一直到今天,现代信息与网络就成了推动当今世界变革的主要力量,人类开始宣称进入了“以知识和信息为基础的经济时代”(OECD,1996)。尽管有人把互联网当作“玩具”,然而,它的飞速发展的确已经深刻地影响了我们的社会系统和经济结构,同时也在重构全球生产和消费的空间结构形式。
本文即欲立足于生产和消费,围绕“信息经济价值”,紧扣互联网与信息之间的关系这条主线,对互联网生产和消费的基础理论模式、空间模式以及边缘模式进行微观经济理论分析。
论文主要采用微观经济学(尤其是新兴古典经济学)、博弈论、产业组织理论等分析工具,辅以新制度经济学交易费用理论、市场营销学、管理学等方面的理论来进行的。为便于解释各类现象,文中建立了一些相应的理论模型,但主体上还是以互联网的信息生产模型、新兴古典经济学的分析框架和博弈模型为主,并加以了适当的数学分析。
论文相应地分为三个部分。第一部分重点抓住了互联网信息生产过程的“两阶段特征”和低边际复制成本特性,构造了互联网生产的基本理论模型,对互联网信息产品的供求、经济剩余分配等进行了经济学分析,为进一步理解互联网信息生产和消费现象提供了理论基础。第二部分主要对互联网时代生产和消费的实体—虚拟空间现象进行了溯源性的揭示,并深入分析了实体—虚拟空间并行协调的动因、方式和作用。第三部分则从互联网的技术特征、发展进程以及空间属性出发,归纳出了互联网生产和消费的边缘性特征,借助互联网业务边缘进入的博弈模型以及数字鸿沟模型对互联网边缘模式带给生产和消费的影响进行了代表性的分析并给出了简短的政策建议。主要创新包括:
(1)放弃传统生产函数的绘制方法,创新性地构建了以“信息经济价值”为核心的互联网生产和消费的成本曲线模型,为理解互联网生产和消费现象并对其进行经济性分析提供了崭新的基础性框架和理论工具。
(2)从实体空间的嬗变—场所和规则的演化入手,溯源性地分析了实体—虚拟空间模式的形成过程,揭示了“虚拟空间”的经济本质是人类生产、消费的“关系空间”和“信息价值空间”。
(3)以分工和专业化为分析的逻辑起点,揭示了互联网生产消费空间模式的产生是分工深化的内在结果,实体—虚拟空间并行协调的本质内容是“专业化分工和信息化分工的并存”。通过对逻辑距离和绝对距离转化、市场厚度的穿越等协调方式的进一步分析和相关证明发现,实体一虚拟空间的并行协调,对于“寻找有效率的交易分层结构”、“发现有效率的市场结构和制度安排”、“优化资源配置”、“提高交易效率”等都具有明显的优势。
(4)提出了互联网生产和消费的边缘模式,借助博弈模型和数字鸿沟模型对其带给生产和消费领域的影响进行了代表性的分析。
"Each generation believes that they are living in rapid changes, so do we." (Hutton and Giddens, 2001) Since 1990s when Internet was applied in business at the first time, the modern information and network has been the main power to push forward revolutions nowadays. From then on, human beings have claimed to enter "a new economic era based on information and knowledge"(OECD, 1996). Although Internet is considered by someone as a toy, however, the rapid growth of the Internet has not only had strong impacts on our social system and economical structure, but also restructured the architecture of global production and consumption.
Based on the relation of production and consumption and focusing on the economic values of information, this dissertation follows the main clue of relation between Internet and information and makes a micro-analysis about the Internet's impact on production and consumption from three microcosmic aspects—the basic theoretical pattern, the space action pattern and the edge effect pattern.
This dissertation elaborates with microeconomics, especially the new classical microeconomics, game theory, industry organization theory, complementing with the theories of transaction cost of new institutional economics, marketing and management. In order to explain various kinds of phenomena, some corresponding theoretical models are created, mainly including the production model of Internet information, the new classical microeconomics model and game theory model, and necessary mathematics analysis are added.
This dissertation can be divided into three parts. The first part focuses on the feature of two phases and the character of low marginal replication cost in the production process of information, and constructs a new cost curve model to analyze the phenomena of Internet production and consumption, including the supply-demand analysis, the allotment of economic surplus of information products, which sets the foundation for the original theory in this paper and provides theoretical support to Internet production and consumption .The second part makes a clear and original explanation on the phenomenon of real-virtual space of production and consumption in Internet era, revealing the essence of virtual space—the information value space, as well as the intention, styles and impact of the parallel cooperative ways of real-virtual space on people's production and consumption activities. In the third part, with an introduction of the technical features, process of development and space property of the Internet, this dissertation firstly summarizes the edge features of Internet production and consumption, and then makes a typical analysis and points out the influence on production and consumption brought by the edge features of Internet through game theory model and digital divide model. Some brief policy suggestions are given, too.
The detailed innovative contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Focusing on the economic value of information but not following others' thought path, a basic theoretical model is put forward in a new way, which sets the foundation for the original theory in this paper and provides theoretical tools and a new framework for Internet production and consumption.
(2) Based on the transmutation of real space—the evolution between arenas and rulers, the economic essence of virtual space that is the "relation space" and "information value space" is revealed.
(3) Economic analyses are carried on the action pattern of Internet production and consumption—parallel coordination of real-virtual space. Through studying on two typical ways—conversion between logical distance and absolute distance, crossing the thickness of market, we make a further analysis on the necessity, rationality and validity of parallel coordination of real-virtual space.
(4) An edge impact pattern of Internet production and consumption is established and analyzed.
引文
[1].亚当·斯密.国民财富的性质和原因研究[M].北京:商务印书馆.1972.
[2].丹尼尔·F·史普博.管制与市场[M].上海:上海人民出版社,上海三联书店.1999.
[3].布罗代尔.资本主义的动力[M].杨起译.上海:三联书店,1997:25-43.
[4].弗里德里希·冯·哈耶克.自由秩序原理[M].邓正来译.上海:三联书店,1997.
[5].卡尔·博兰尼.巨变:当代政治、经济的起源[M].黄树民、石佳音、廖立文等译.台湾:远流出版公司.1989:134-135.
[6].卡尔·夏皮罗、哈尔·瓦里安.信息规则:网络经济的策略指导[M].张帆(译).北京:中国人民大学出版社.2000.
[7].马歇尔.经济学原理[M].陈良璧译.北京:商务印书馆,1965:18.
[8].迈克尔·迪屈奇.交易成本经济学:关于公司的新的经济意义[M].王铁生,葛立成译.北京:经济科学出版社.1999.
[9].迈克尔·波特.竞争优势[M].陈小悦译.北京:华夏出版社2005.
[10].曼瑟尔·奥尔森.集体行动的逻辑[M].陈郁、郭宇峰、李崇新译.上海:上海三联书店,上海人民出版社,1996.
[11].约翰·C.奥瑞克.企业基因重组一释放公司的价值潜力[M].高远洋等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003,09.
[12].奥利弗·E·威廉姆森.反托拉斯经济学[M].张群群、黄涛译,北京:经济科学出版社1999.
[13].雷乔·纳盖(Rajoo Nagar,2002).电信新业务推广战略[M].邵琳琳译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[14].斯蒂芬·马丁.高级产业经济学[M].史东辉译,上海财经大学出版社 2003.
[15].威廉.J.米切尔.比特之城:空间.场所.信息高速公路.范海燕、胡泳(译).北京:三联书店.1999.
[16].威尔·赫顿、安东尼·吉登斯.在边缘:全球资本主义生活.达巍,等(译).北京:三联书店.2003.
[17].库巴利加.互联网治理[M].石现升,等译.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005.
[18].植草益.微观规制经济学[M].中国发展出版社,1992.
[19].青木昌彦、安藤晴彦.模块时代:新产业结构的本质[M].上海:上海远东出版社,2003.
[1].陈代云.电信网络的经济学分析与规制[M].上海财经大学出版社,2003年.
[2].陈耀刚.互联网商务主体的参与决策和竞争行为研究[D].清华大学博士论文,2003.
[3].邓万春.市场演化的社会学视角[J].中国社会科学院研究生院学报,第4期,2004:70.74.
[4].董玉整.网络与真理[D].武汉大学博士论文,2004.
[5].冯锋,王凯.产业集群内知识转移的小世界网络模型分析[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,07.
[6].冯帆、廖飞.知识的粘性、知识转移与管理对策[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2007,09
[7].龚岚.数字鸿沟的测度方法及评价[J].南京理上大学学报(社会科学版),2006(2)
[8].胡鞍钢、李春波.新世纪的新贫困:知识贫困[J].中国社会科学,2001(3).
[9].胡鞍钢、周绍杰.新的全球贫富差距:日益扩大的“数字鸿沟''[J].中国社会科学,2002,135(3):34-48.
[10].胡晓明.因特网网间互联和网间结算研究[D].北京邮电大学博士论文,2005[
11].胡晓鹏.从分工到模块化:经济系统演进的思考[J].中国工业经济,2004(09):5-11.
[12].姜奇平.蒙代尔推崇的消费力经济[J].互联网周刊,2005,40.
[13].匡文波著.网络媒体概论[M].清华大学出版社,2001.
[14].雷如桥、陈继祥、刘芹.基于模块化的组织模式及其效率比较研究[J].中国工业经济,2004(10),83-90.
[15].李海舰、聂辉华.论企业与市场的相互融合[J].中国工业经济,2004(08):26-35.
[16].李海舰、原磊.基于价值链层面的利润转移研究[J].中国工业经济,2005(06):81-89.
[17].李靖华.模块化的多学科方法论思考[J].科研管理.2007,3.
[18].李建华.知识生产的经济分析[D].复旦大学博士学位论文,2005.
[19].李建华.知识的需求、供给和价格[J].当代经济科学2000,22(3):39-41.
[20].李幼平.双结构互补网络的研究[J].西南科技大学学报.2006,21(1):1-5.
[21].李升.“数字鸿沟”:当代社会阶层分析的新视角[J].社会.2006,26(26):8l一94.
[22].黎苑楚.信息产业演进规律与发展模式研究[D].武汉大学博士学位论文,2005.
[23].刘满强.新经济中的电子商务[J].数量经济技术经济研究,20(2),2003:11-17.
[24].刘卫东、Peter Dicken、杨伟聪.信息技术对企业空间组织的影响-以诺基亚北京星网工业区为例[J].地理研究,23(6).2004:833-844.
[25].刘卫东.论我国互联网的发展及其潜在空间影响[J].地理研究,2002(3)。
[26].刘芸.缩小中国数字鸿沟的战略思路与对策[J].厦门理工学院学报,2006,14(4):70-74.
[27].刘芸.国际数字鸿沟的经济发散效应分析[J].经济论坛.2007。3:52-55.
[28].刘植惠.知识经济中知识的界定和分类及其对情报科学的影响[J].情报学报.19(2)2000:104-109.
[29].吕廷杰.高谈阔论电信产业[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2005.
[30].吕本富.网络经济的新范式[J].1T经理世界,1999(11).
[31].吕本富.网络经济创新的77种模式[J].IT经理世界,2000(3).
[32].吕本富.网络经济的创新研究[D].中国社会科学院博士论文,2000.P
[33].彭兰.网络传播概论[M].中国人民大学出版社,2001.
[34].平新乔.微观经济学十八讲[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2001.
[35].施琳.经济人类学[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,2002:225.
[36].汪丁丁.知识沿时间和空间的互补性以及相关的经济学[J].经济研究,6,1997.
[37].汪明峰、宁越敏.网络信息空间的城市地理学研究:综述与展望[J].地球科学进展,17(6).2002:855-863。
[38].汪明峰.互联网使用与中国城市化--“数字鸿沟”的空间层面[J].社会学研究.2005,120(6):112.135.
[39].汪明峰.网络空间的生产与消费一中国互联网的地理学透视[D].华东师范大学博士论文,2005.
[40].王琦.互联网骨干网网间竞争及互联互通博弈研究[D].北京邮电大学博士论文,2005.
[41].王伟、黄瑞华.知识转移的效率、知识特性和内部知识市场的影响[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2006,03.
[42].韦路、张明新.第三道数字鸿沟:互联网上的知识沟[J].新闻与传播研究2006,13(4):43-53.
[43].乌家培.信息经济和知识经济[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999.
[44].乌家培.关于网络经济的几个问题[J].学习资料,(10),2000.
[45].吴海平、宣国良.价值链系统构造及其管理演进[J].外国经济管理,25(03),2003:19-23.
[46].吴洪、黄秀清.通信经济学[M].北京:北京邮电大学出版社,2006.
[47].吴君杨.网络经济研究.博士学位论文,中共中央党校,2002.
[48].吴敬链.网络经济对中国具有战略意义[J].互联网周刊,2001-02-12
[49].徐宏玲.模块化组织价值创新:原理、机制和理论挑战[J].中国工业经济,2006(03):83-91.
[50].谢德仁.企业剩余索取权:分享安排与剩余计量[M].上海:上海三联书店,2001:65.
[51].杨礼富.网络社会的伦理问题探究[D].苏州大学博士论文,2006
[52].杨培芳.网络协同经济学-第三只手的凸现[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2000.
[53].杨小凯、黄有光.专业化与经济组织[M].北京:经济科学出版社,1999年7月.
[54].闫强、舒华英.互联网治理的分层模型及其生命周期[N].通信产业报,2005-11-09.
[55].殷瑾、陈劲。顾客价值创新的战略逻辑和基本模式[J].科研管理,2002,23(5):110-114.
[56].张斌.新经济下的网络兼并研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2005.
[57].张静敏.互联网络的经济学分析[D].中国人民大学博士论文,2005.
[58].张志勇、刘益.企业间知识转移的双网络模型[J],科学学与科学技术管理,2007,09
[59].张捷、顾朝林、都金康等.计算机网络信息空间((Cyberspace)的人文地理学研究进展与展望[J].地理科学,20(4),2000:367-374.
[60].朱华晟.基于FDl的产业集群发展模式与动力机制一以浙江嘉善木业集群为例[J].中国工业经济.2004a,(3):106-112.
[61].朱华晟.浙江传统产业集群成长的社会网络机制[J].经济经纬,2004b,(3):42-45.
[62].周长城.经济社会学[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:128-134.
[1].Adams,P.Cyberspace and Virtual Place[J].Geographical Review,1997,87(2):155-171.
[2].Attewell,P.The First and Second Digital Divides[J].Sociology of Education.2001,74(3):252-259.
[3].Arrow,K.J.The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing[J].Review of Economic Studies.1962,(29).
[4].[8]Arthur,W.Brain.Increasing Returns and the New World of Business[J].Harvard Business Review,1996,74(4):100-109.
[5].Batty,M.Virtual Geography[J].Futures,1997,29(4/5):337-352.
[6].Bailey,J.P.Economics and Internet Interconnection Agreements[J].The Journal of Electronic Publishing,1996,2(1).
[7].Bell,D.The Coming of Post-Industrial Society:A Venture in Social Forecasting[M].New York:Basic Books,1973.pp.175.
[8].Berkhout,A.J.The Seismic Value Chain-Providing a New Business Concept for the Seismic Industry[J].The Leading Edge,2005,24(2):146-149.
[9].Cain,Brian David.How innovations in communications technology diffuse in urban areas:Problems and prospects in diffusion research(Louisiana)[D].University of New Orleans.2003.
[10].Cairncross,F.The Death of Distance:How the Communication Revolution Will Change Our Lives[M].Boston:HBS Press.1997.
[11].Canton,Dennis W.and Michael Waldman.The Strategic Use of Tying to Preserve and Create Market Power in Evolving Industries[J].Rand Journal Economics,2002(33):194-220.
[12].Charrnaine Nicole.Divided we fall:The federal government confronts the digital divide[D].The Claremont Graduate University.2003
[13].Chaudhuri,Anindya.Internet access in the United States[D].The University of Texas at Austin.2006
[14].Ching Yi Liu.The Regulation of Cyberspace:Computer Technology,Law,and Self-Regulation on the Internet[D].The University of Chicago,1997.
[15].Choi,J.P.,Stefanadis,C.Tying,Investment,and the Dynamic Leverage Theory[J].Rand Journal of Economics,2001,32(1):52-71
[16].Coase,R.H.The Nature of the Firm[J].Economica,1937(4).
[17].Couper,M.P.Technology Trends in Survey Data Collection[J].Social Science Computer Review,2005,23(4):486-501.
[18].Craig,Me.The ENUM Protocol,Telecommunications Numbering,and Internet Governance[C].Cardozo J.Int'l & Comp.L.(forthcoming).2004,12.
[19].Curry,M.On space and Spatial Practice in Contemporary Geography.In C.Earle,K.Mathewson,and M.Kenzer(eds)Concepts in Human Geography.Lanham:Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.1995:3-32.
[20].D'Aveni,R.A.Hypercompetition:Managing the Dynamics of Strategic Maneuvering[J]. New York: Free Press, 1994: 11-12.
[21]. Dodge, M. and Kitchin, R. Mapping Cyberspace[M]. London: Routledge, 2000.
[22]. Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. H., Sejo, O. Developing Buyer-Seller Relationships[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1987, 51 (2): 11-27.
[23]. East-West Center Working Papers, Economics Series, No.33. Honolulu: East-West Center. 2001.
[24]. Economides, N. Competition and Integration among Complements, and Network Market Structure [J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 1992, XL (1): 105-123.
[25]. Economides, N. The Economics of Networks [J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 1996,16(4).
[26]. Emst, D. The New Mobility of Knowledge: Digital Information Systems and Global Flagship Networks, In R. Latham and S. Sassen (eds) Digital Formations: Information Technology, and New Architectures in the Global Realm. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2004.
[27]. Eng, T.Y. Implications of the Internet for Knowledge Creation and Dissemination in Clusters of High-technology Firms[J]. European Management Journal, 2004,22 (1): 87-98.
[28]. Ernst, D. The Internet's Effects on Global Production Networks: Challenges and Opportunities for Managing in Developing Asia.
[29]. Ernst, D. and Kim, L. Global Production Networks, Knowledge Diffusion, and Local Capability Formation[J]. Research Policy, 2002,31(8/9): 1417-1429.
[30]. Feldman, M.P. The Geography of Innovation[M]. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1994.
[31]. Feldman, M.P. The Internet Revolution and the Geography of Innovation[J]. International Social Science Journal, 2002, 54: 47-56.
[32]. Fransman, M. Evolution of the Telecommunications Industry into the Internet Age[C]. In: G Madden, eds. The International Handbook on Telecommunications Economics.Edward Elgar Publishing, forthcoming, 2003.
[33]. Ganley, Dale. The global digital divide: A multi-generational country-level analysis[D]. University of California, Irvine. 2005
[34]. Gaspar, J. and Glaeser, E. Information Technology and the Future of Cities[J]. Journal of Urban Economics, 1998,43 (1): 136-156.
[35]. Gertler, M. Best Practice: Geography, Learning and the Institutional Limits to Strong Convergence[J]. Journal of Economic Geography, 1 (1), 2001: 5-26.
[36]. Gibbens, R. Control and Pricing for Communication Networks [J]. Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Jan., 2000: 331 -341.
[37]. Gibson, W. Neuromancer[M]. London: Gollancz, 1984.
[38]. Gordon, I.R. and McCann, P. Industrial Clusters: Complexes, Agglomeration and/or Social Networks?[J]. Urban Studies, 2000,37(3): 513-532.
[39]. Goslee S. M. Losing Ground Bit by Bit: Low-income Communities in the Information Age[J]. Washington, DC: Benton Foundation, 1998.
[40]. Graham, S. and Marvin, S. Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places[M]. London: Routledge. 1996.
[41]. Graham, S. The End of Geography or the Explosion of Place? Conceptualizing Space, Place and Information Technology[J]. Progress in Human Geography, 1998,22 (2): 165-185.
[42]. Harvey, D. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change[M]. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell. 1990.
[43]. Hayek, F.A. The Economics and Knowledge[J]. Economica, 1937, (4).
[44]. Hayek, F.A. The Use of Knowledge in Society[J]. American Economic Review, 1945, (35).
[45]. Henderson, J., Dicken, P., Hess, M., Coe, N. Global Production Networks and the Analysis of Economic Development[J]. Review of International Political Economy, 2002,9 (3): 436-464
[46]. Henry, D., Cooke, S., Buckley, P. The Emerging Digital Economy II. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce. 1999.
[47]. Hepworth, M. The Geography of the Information Economy[M]. London: Belhaven Press. 1989.
[48]. Hoffman, D.L. and Novak, T.P. Marketing in Hypermedia Computer-mediated Environments: Conceptual Foundations[J]. Journal of Marketing, 1996, Vol. 60(3): 50-68.
[49]. Howells, J. Knowledge, Innovation and Location[C]. In J.R. Bryson, P.W. Daniels, N. Henry, and J. Pollard (eds) Knowledge, Space, Economy. London: Routledge, 2000: 50-62.
[50]. Hubbard, P. Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. Thinking Geographically: Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography[M]. London: Continuum. 2002.
[51]. Hung, Chen-Ling. The political economy of the digital divide in Taiwan (China) [D]. The Pennsylvania State University. 2004.
[52]. Hutton, W. and Giddens, A. (eds.). On The Edge: Living with global capitalism[M]. London: Vintage. 2001.
[53]. Jeffrey,F.R., Sviokla,J. Exploiting the Virtual Value Chain[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1995:75-85.
[54]. Jiang B. and Ormeling F.J. Cybermap: the Map for Cyberspace[J]. The Cartographic Journal, 34 (2), 1997:111-116.
[55]. Jorgenson, D.W. Information Technology and the US Economy[J]. American Economic Review, 91 (1), 2001:1-32.
[56]. Kellerman, A. The Internet on: Geography of Information[M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. 2002.
[57]. Kenney, M. What Goes up, Must Come Down: the Politics of the US Internet Industry. In J.F. Christensen and P. Maskell (eds) Industrial Dynamics of the New Digital Economy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 2003:33-55.
[58]. Kim, W. C., Renee Mauborgne,R. Value Innovation: The Strategic Logic of High Growth[J]. Harvard Business Review, 1997, 75 (1): 103 — 112.
[59]. Kitchin, R.M. Cyberspace: The World in the Wires[M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. 1998.
[60]. Knight, F.H. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit[M]. New York: Free Press, 1921.
[61]. Kolko, J. The Death of Cities? The Death of Distance? Evidence from the Geography of Commercial Internet Usage. In I. Vogelsang and B. Compaine (eds) The Internet Upheaval Raising Questions, Seeking Answers in Communications Policy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 2000: 73-98.
[62]. Kogut, B., Kulatilaka, N. Options Thinking and Platform Investments: Investing in Opportunity[M]. California Management Review, 1994 Winter, 36(2):52-67.
[63]. Krugman, P. Growing world Trade[C]. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity I,1995.
[64]. Krugman, P. Geography and Trade[M]. Cambridge: M1T Press. 1991.
[65]. Laffont, J.J. Interconnection and Access in Telecom and the Internet,The Americas Economic Review, 2001: Vol. 91, No. 2.
[66]. Langlois, R.N. The Vanishing Hand: The Changing Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism[J]. Industrial and Corporate Change, 2003,12(2): 351
[67]. Larsson, R. The Handshake between Invisible and Visible Hands[J]. International Studies of Management & Organization, 1993,23(1):87-106.
[68]. Leamer, E. and Storper, M. The Economic Geography of the Internet Age[J]. Journal of International Business Studies, 2001, 32 (4): 641-665.
[69]. Lefebvre, H. The Production of Space[M]. Translated by Nicholson-Smith, D. Oxford: Blackwell. 1991.
[70]. Leibovitz, J. Embryonic' Knowledge-based Clusters and Cities: The Case of Biotechnology in Scotland[J]. Urban Studies, 2004,41(5/6): 1133-1155.
[71]. Lessig, L. The Zones of Cyberspace [M], New York: John Wiley. 1996.
[72]. Li, F. The Geography of Business Information[M]. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 1995.
[73]. Li, F., Whalley, J. and Williams, H. Between Physical and Electronic Spaces: The Implications for Organizations in the Networked Economy[J]. Environment and Planning A, 2001,33 (4):699-716.
[74]. Luthje, B. Electronics Contract Manufacturing: Global Production and the International Division of Labor in the Age of Internet[J]. Industry and Innovation, 2002,9 (3): 227-247.
[75]. Lim, Hyoung Do. Global diffusion of broadband: The impact of unbundling policies and cross ownership [D]. The George Washington University. 2005
[76]. Macher, J.T., Mowery, D.C., and Simcoe, T.S. E-Business and Disintegration of the Semiconductor Industry Value Chain[J]. Industry and Innovation, 2002, 9 (3): 155-181.
[77]. MacKie-Mason, J. K. and Varian, H. R.. Pricing the Internet [M]. In B. Kahin & J. Keller (Eds), Public Access to the Internet. Cambridge, MA: The MTT Press, 1995:269-341.
[78]. Machlup, R Semantic Quirks in Studies of Information. In R Machlup and U. Mansfield (eds.). The Study of Information: Interdisciplinary Messages. New York: John Wiley. 1983: 641-671.
[79]. Martin, S. Advanced Industrial Economics[M], Second edition, Blackwell Publishers, 2001.
[80]. Maskell, P. and Malmberg, A. Localized Learning and Industrial Competitiveness[J]. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1999,23 (2): 167-185.
[81]. McKnight, L.W., Joseph P. Bailey. An Introduction to Internet Economics [J]. The Journal of Electronic Publishing, 1996, 2 (1).
[82]. Mitchell, W.J. City of Bits: Space, Place, and Infobahn[M]. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 1995.
[83]. Morgan, K. The Learning Region: Institutions, Innovation and Regional Renewal[J]. Regional Studies, 1997,31 (5): 491-503.
[84]. Murero, Monica. E-life: Internet effects on the individual and social change [D]. State University of New York at Buffalo. 2002.
[85]. Myers, S. Economics Determinants of Capital Borrowing[J]. Journal of Financial Economics, 1977, 5(2):147-175.
[86]. Natriello G. Bridging the Second Digital Divide: What Can Sociologists of Education Contribute? [J]. Sociology of Education. 2001,74(3): 260-265.
[87]. Negroponte, N. Being Digital[M]. London: Coronet. 1995.
[88]. Nonaka, I.A. Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, 1994,5(1):14-35.
[89]. O'Brien, R. Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography[M]. London: Pinter. 1992.
[90]. OECD. The Knowledge-Based Economy, OCDE/GD (96) 102. Paris: OECD. 1996.
[91]. Park, S.O. Economic spaces in the Pacific Rim: A Paradigm Shift and New Dynamics[J]. Papers in Regional Science, 82 (2). 2003: 223-247.
[92]. Porter, M.E. Clusters and the New Economics of Competition[J]. Harvard Business Review, 76(Nov-Dec). 1998: 77-90.
[93]. Prahalad, C.K., Ramaswamy, V. The Future of Competition: Co-creating Unique Value with Customers[M]. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business School Press, 2004.
[94]. Rey, P., Tirole, J. A Prime on Foreclosure, In: M. Armstrong and R. H. Porter, eds. Handbook of Industrial Organization (Vol. III), North Holland, 2005.
[95]. Roberts, J. From Know-how to Show-how? Questioning the Role of Information and Communication Technologies in Knowledge Transfer[J]. Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, 2000,12 (4): 429-443.
[96]. Romer, Y.M. Increasing Returns and Long-Run Growth. Journal of Political Economy, 1986 (94).
[97]. Sandra Henry. An econometric analysis of Internet adoption in Latin America and the Caribbean: 1996-2000 [D]. George Mason University. 2004.
[98]. Savage,C.M. Fifth Generation Management: Co-Creating through Virtual Enterprising, Dynamic Teaming and Knowledge Networking[M]. Revised Edition. Boston, Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996.
[99]. Shapiro, C. and Varian, H.R. Information Rules: A Strategic Guide to the Network Economy[M]. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. 1999.
[100]. Shiode, N. Urban Planning, Information Technology, and Cyberspace[J]. Journal of Urban Technology, 2000,7(2): 105-126.
[101].Simon,H.A.A Behavior Model of Rational Choice.Quarterly Journal of Economies,1957,(69).
[102].Sinai,T.and Waldfogel,J.Geography and the Interact:Is the Internet a Substitute or a Complement for Cities?[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2004,56(1):1-24.
[103].Soja,E.W.The Spatiality of Social Life:Towards a Transformative Retheorisation.In D.Gregory and J.Urry(eds.)Social Relations and Spatial Structures.London:Macmillan.1985:90-127
[104].Storper,M.The Regional World:Territorial Development in a Global Economy[M].New York:Guildford Press.1997.
[105].Storper,M.Globalization and Knowledge Flows.In J.H.Dunning(ed.)Globalization,Regions and the Knowledge-Based Economy.Oxford:Oxford University Press.1999:42-62.
[106].Tiebout,C.M.A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures[J].The Journal of Political Economy,1956,10:416-424.
[107].UCLA Internet Report.Surveying the Digital Future[R].Los Angeles:UCLA Center for Communication Policy,2000.
[108].Urry,J.Social Relations,Space and Time.In D.Gregory,and J.Urry(eds)Social Relations and Spatial Structures.London:Macmillan,1985:20-48.
[109].Wu,Timothy.Application Centered Internet Analysis[J].Va.L.Rev.1999,85:1163.
|110|.Young,A.Increasing Returns and Economic Progress.In Roger Sandilands (ed.)Money and Growth:Selected Papers of Allyn Abbott Young[C].London:Routledge,1999.
[111].Zook,M.A.The Geography of the Internet Industry:Venture Capital,Dot-coms and Local Knowledge.Oxford,UK:Blackwell.2005.