午睡剥夺对创造性问题解决中原型启发效应的影响
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摘要
原型启发是问题解决思维策略中的一种启发式思维策略。我国学者提出的原型启发理论(张庆林等,2004,2005)将原型的“调用过程”分为两个阶段,第一阶段是激活相应的原型,第二阶段是提取原型中所包含的关键启发信息来启发当前问题解决的思路。原型启发理论的两阶段加工的观点,已经得到一系列实验的证实,并且发现原型的激活是自动加工,而提取原型中所包含的关键启发信息是控制加工。但是,大脑的工作状态怎样影响原型启发的两个阶段的加工,至今还没有实验研究。
Mazzarello (2000)在其研究报告中指出睡眠有助于激活顿悟；进一步研究认为睡眠可能是通过强化近期记忆并改变其表征结构,从而产生顿悟(Smith,1995; Maquet,P.,2001)。依据已有的研究,本实验假设,剥夺有午睡习惯的被试的午睡,会影响原型启发的效果。
以往创造性研究所采用的材料大多为非来自现实生活的人工问题,如顿悟问题、发散性思维问题、远距离联想测验问题等研究材料,与真正的科学发明创造关系不大,本实验采用了能很好地模拟现实的创造性问题解决思维过程的“科学发明问题”进行研究。从《科学发明创造实验问题材料库》的84道题目中抽取32个题目,分为高低启发量两组,各16道。被试通过筛选均为有午睡习惯者。
实验一采用“1对1”的“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,实验二采用“8对8”(即“学习8个原型-解决8个科学问题”)的“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,考察午睡剥夺情况下午睡剥夺组与正常午睡组在激活原型及原型中的关键启发信息上是否有差别。将答案进行0,1,2三级评分。只是激活了原型但没成功解决问题记1分；激活关键启发信息并成功解决问题则再加1分(即记2分)。因此,原型的激活率是指激活恰当原型的比率(得分为1分和2分的题目占总测试题目的比率),问题解决正确率是指成功解决问题的比率(仅仅是得分为2分的题目占总测试题目比率),反映了在原型激活基础上关键性启发信息激活的比率。
以“原型激活率”及“问题解决正确率”为因变量指标考察两阶段的思维加工。结果发现,“1对1”实验范式下正常午睡组与午睡剥夺组在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上均差异显著,原型启发量高低在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上均差异显著；“8对8”实验范式下正常午睡组与午睡剥夺组在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上差异显著,原型启发量高低在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上主效应显著。
总之,午睡剥夺对科学发明问题解决中的原型启发效应有影响。正常午睡组比午睡剥夺组原型启发效果更高。对于启发量高的原型来说,关键启发信息突出,原型一旦被激活,其中所包含的关键启发信息也容易同时被激活；启发量低的原型所包含的关键启发信息不太容易在原型激活的同时得到激活。
Prototype elicitation is one of the usual strategies in problem thinking. Zhang Qinglin proposed the heuristic theory of prototypal matters which divided the process of prototype elicitation into two phases:"prototypal events activation"and "key heuristic information activation".This view has been confirmed by a series of experiments, and found that the activation of prototype is automatic processing, and the extraction of key heuristic information contained in prototype is control processing. However, experimental studies have not yet that how the brain state affects the two-stage process of prototype elicitation.
Mazzarello (2000) reported on scientific discovery that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep.Thus, substantial evidence now suggests that sleep provides crucial mechanisms for memory processing that might be important for functions beyond the consolidation and strengthening ofmemory traces(Smith,1995;Maquet, P.,2001). The present study was designed to explore that it could effect the elicitation in creative problem solving when deprived nap between habitual nappers.
The materials used in the past studies of creativity were few and lack of objective criteria,little scientific inventions campared with truly.So we chose scientific inventions-creations problems as our research materials which were more simulated by the real-life,and we chose habitual nappers as the subjects in our research.This study selected tirty-two scientific inventions-creations problems as the material and adopted by two kinds of the learning and testing experimental paradigm:"1 vs 1"and "8 vs 8" to compare the variation between nap and no-nap subjects in activated prototypal events and key heuristic information.
We adopted the activation rate of prototypal events and the accuracy of problem solving as two dependent variable index in order to depart the process of "prototypal events activation"from the process of "key heuristic information activation". The results showed that the activation rate of prototypal events was effected evidently by the treatment of nap or no-nap in both two experiments,as the same as the activation rate of key heuristic information,and the types of the experiments was also significant effecting the activation rate of prototypal events key heuristic information..
Accroding to the research,we can include the conclusion that no-nap has the effect in scientific inventions-creations problems solving.The group which has the normal nap hired higher effects inspired prototype than the one which has no-nap at all.Compared with the no-nap group,nap can improve the ctivation rate of prototypal events and the rate of problem sloving.Accroding to the high level of prototypal inspiration,we can inferense thhat when prototype is activated, which contains key heuristic information can easily be activated simultaneously.
Mazzarello (2000)在其研究报告中指出睡眠有助于激活顿悟；进一步研究认为睡眠可能是通过强化近期记忆并改变其表征结构,从而产生顿悟(Smith,1995; Maquet,P.,2001)。依据已有的研究,本实验假设,剥夺有午睡习惯的被试的午睡,会影响原型启发的效果。
以往创造性研究所采用的材料大多为非来自现实生活的人工问题,如顿悟问题、发散性思维问题、远距离联想测验问题等研究材料,与真正的科学发明创造关系不大,本实验采用了能很好地模拟现实的创造性问题解决思维过程的“科学发明问题”进行研究。从《科学发明创造实验问题材料库》的84道题目中抽取32个题目,分为高低启发量两组,各16道。被试通过筛选均为有午睡习惯者。
实验一采用“1对1”的“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,实验二采用“8对8”(即“学习8个原型-解决8个科学问题”)的“学习-测试”两阶段实验范式,考察午睡剥夺情况下午睡剥夺组与正常午睡组在激活原型及原型中的关键启发信息上是否有差别。将答案进行0,1,2三级评分。只是激活了原型但没成功解决问题记1分；激活关键启发信息并成功解决问题则再加1分(即记2分)。因此,原型的激活率是指激活恰当原型的比率(得分为1分和2分的题目占总测试题目的比率),问题解决正确率是指成功解决问题的比率(仅仅是得分为2分的题目占总测试题目比率),反映了在原型激活基础上关键性启发信息激活的比率。
以“原型激活率”及“问题解决正确率”为因变量指标考察两阶段的思维加工。结果发现,“1对1”实验范式下正常午睡组与午睡剥夺组在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上均差异显著,原型启发量高低在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上均差异显著；“8对8”实验范式下正常午睡组与午睡剥夺组在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上差异显著,原型启发量高低在问题解决正确率、原型激活率上主效应显著。
总之,午睡剥夺对科学发明问题解决中的原型启发效应有影响。正常午睡组比午睡剥夺组原型启发效果更高。对于启发量高的原型来说,关键启发信息突出,原型一旦被激活,其中所包含的关键启发信息也容易同时被激活；启发量低的原型所包含的关键启发信息不太容易在原型激活的同时得到激活。
Prototype elicitation is one of the usual strategies in problem thinking. Zhang Qinglin proposed the heuristic theory of prototypal matters which divided the process of prototype elicitation into two phases:"prototypal events activation"and "key heuristic information activation".This view has been confirmed by a series of experiments, and found that the activation of prototype is automatic processing, and the extraction of key heuristic information contained in prototype is control processing. However, experimental studies have not yet that how the brain state affects the two-stage process of prototype elicitation.
Mazzarello (2000) reported on scientific discovery that pivotal insights can be gained through sleep.Thus, substantial evidence now suggests that sleep provides crucial mechanisms for memory processing that might be important for functions beyond the consolidation and strengthening ofmemory traces(Smith,1995;Maquet, P.,2001). The present study was designed to explore that it could effect the elicitation in creative problem solving when deprived nap between habitual nappers.
The materials used in the past studies of creativity were few and lack of objective criteria,little scientific inventions campared with truly.So we chose scientific inventions-creations problems as our research materials which were more simulated by the real-life,and we chose habitual nappers as the subjects in our research.This study selected tirty-two scientific inventions-creations problems as the material and adopted by two kinds of the learning and testing experimental paradigm:"1 vs 1"and "8 vs 8" to compare the variation between nap and no-nap subjects in activated prototypal events and key heuristic information.
We adopted the activation rate of prototypal events and the accuracy of problem solving as two dependent variable index in order to depart the process of "prototypal events activation"from the process of "key heuristic information activation". The results showed that the activation rate of prototypal events was effected evidently by the treatment of nap or no-nap in both two experiments,as the same as the activation rate of key heuristic information,and the types of the experiments was also significant effecting the activation rate of prototypal events key heuristic information..
Accroding to the research,we can include the conclusion that no-nap has the effect in scientific inventions-creations problems solving.The group which has the normal nap hired higher effects inspired prototype than the one which has no-nap at all.Compared with the no-nap group,nap can improve the ctivation rate of prototypal events and the rate of problem sloving.Accroding to the high level of prototypal inspiration,we can inferense thhat when prototype is activated, which contains key heuristic information can easily be activated simultaneously.
引文
Baas, M., De Dreu, C. K.& Nijstad, B. A. A meta-analysis of 25 years of mood-creativity research: hedonic tone, activation, or regulatory focus? Psychol. Bull,2008,134:779-806.
Barnett,S.M.,&Ceci,S.J.When and where do we apply what we learn?A taxonomy for far thansfer.Psychological Billetin,2002,128:612-637.
Beth,A.Hennessey and Teresa,M.Amabile,Creativity.Annual Review of Psychology,2010,61,569-98.
Klahr,D.,&Siomon,H.A.Studies of scientific discovery:Complementary approaches and convergent findings,Psychological bulletin,1990,125:524-543.
Critchley,M.The pre-dormitum. Rev. Neurol. (Paris),1955,93:101-106.
Dayong Zhao, Qinglin Zhang, Mingqiu Fu,Yunglung Tang,Yufang Zhao.Effects of physical positions on sleep architectures and post-nap functions among habitual nappers.Biological Psychology,2010,83:207-213.
Easterbrook, J. A. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior.Psychol. Rev,1959,66:183-201.
Eysenck, H. L. Genius. Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge (1995).
Ferri, R. et al. The effects of experimental sleep fragmentation on cognitive processing. Sleep.Med,2010,11:378-385.
Gais, S., Molle, M., Helms, K.& Born, J. Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density. J. Neurosci,2002,22:6830-6834.
Ghacibeh, G.A.,Shenker,J.I.,Shenal, B., Uthman, B. M.& Heilman, K. M. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on creativity and cognitive flexibility. Epilepsy Behav,2006,8:720-725.
Goff, K.& Torrance, E. P. Abbreviated Torrance test for adults manual. Scholastic Testing Service, Bensenville, IL (2002).
Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M.& Heimberg, R. G. Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depress. Anxiety,2007,24:342-349.
Huber,R.,Ghilardi,M.F.,Massimini,M.&Tononi,G.Local sleep and learning.Nature,2004,430:78-81.
Kaplan,C.A.,Simon.H.A.In search of insight,Cognitive Psychology,1990,22:374-4191.
Kounios J, Frymiare JL, Bowden EM, Fleck JI, Subramaniam K, et al. The prepared mind:neural activity prior to problem presentation predicts subsequent solution by sudden insight. Psychol. Sci,2006,17:882-890.
Luo,J.,Niki,K.,Phillips,S.,The function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in insightful puzzle solving:ACC activated less when the structure of the puzzle was known. Journal of Psychololgy in Chinese Societies,2004,5:195-213.
Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M.& Born, J. Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature.2006,444:610-613.
Mazzarello, P. What dreams may come? Nature,2000:408-523.
McIntosh, A. R., Rajah, M. N.& Lobaugh, N. J. Functional connectivity of the medial temporal lobe relates to learning and awareness. J. Neurosci,2003,23:6520-6528.
Mell,J.C., Howard, SM., Miller, BL, Art and the brain:the influenceof frontotemporal dementia on an accomplished artist. Neurology,2003,60:1707-1710.
Miller BL.,Hou CE. Portraits of artists:emergence of visual creativity in dementia. Arch. Neurol.2004,61:842-844.
Miyauchi,S.,Misaki,M.,Kan,S., Fukunaga, T.&Koike, T.Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep. Exp. Brain Res,2009,192:657-667.
Montagna,Raffaele Ferri.The Correlation between Sleep and Creativity.Nature,2010,093:1-9.
Ormerod,T C, MacGregor J N, Chronicle E P. Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory,&Cognition,2002,28(4):791-7991.
Rechtschaffen, A..Kales, A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Washington Public Health service; US Government Printing Office, Washington (1968).
Runco,M.A.Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology,2004,55:657-687.
Schabus,M.et al.Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation.Sleep,2004,27:1479-1485.
Smith, C. Sleep states and memory processes. Behav. Brain Res,1995,69:137-145.
Ston-Jones,.G.&Bloom, F. E. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci,1981,1:876-886.
Terzano, M. G. et al. Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep. Sleep Med,2001,2:537-553.
Valeria Dragol,Debora Arico,Kenneth Heilman,Paul Foster,John Williamson,Pasquale
Vandervert LR, Schimpf PH, Liu H. How working memory and the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Creat. Res.J,2007,19:1-18.
Wagner U, Gais S, Haider H,et al.Sleep inspires insight.Nature,2004,427:352-355.
Walker,M.P.The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Ann. N.Y.Acad.Sci,2009,1156:168-197.
陈丽,张庆林等.汉语字谜原型激活中的情绪促进效应.心理学报,2008,40(2),127-135.
刘春雷,王敏,张庆林.创造性思维的脑机制.心理科学进展,2009,17(1)：106-111.
任国防.顿悟：是进程监控还是表征转换：[硕士学位论文].重庆：西南师范大学心理学院,2005.
宋国萍,张侃,苗丹民,皇甫恩.不同时间的睡眠剥夺对执行功能的影响.心理科学,2008,31 (1)：32-34.
吴真真,邱江,张庆林.顿悟脑机制的实验范式探索.心理科学Psychological Science,2009,32:122-125.吴真真,邱江,张庆林.顿悟的原型启发效应机制探索.心理发展与教育,2008,1：31-35.
张庆林,邱江.曹贵康.顿悟认知机制的研究述评与理论构想.心理科学,2004,27(6)：1435-1437.
赵大勇,符明秋,汤永隆,李哲.关于午睡研究的概述.心理科学进展,2009,17：421-425.
Barnett,S.M.,&Ceci,S.J.When and where do we apply what we learn?A taxonomy for far thansfer.Psychological Billetin,2002,128:612-637.
Beth,A.Hennessey and Teresa,M.Amabile,Creativity.Annual Review of Psychology,2010,61,569-98.
Klahr,D.,&Siomon,H.A.Studies of scientific discovery:Complementary approaches and convergent findings,Psychological bulletin,1990,125:524-543.
Critchley,M.The pre-dormitum. Rev. Neurol. (Paris),1955,93:101-106.
Dayong Zhao, Qinglin Zhang, Mingqiu Fu,Yunglung Tang,Yufang Zhao.Effects of physical positions on sleep architectures and post-nap functions among habitual nappers.Biological Psychology,2010,83:207-213.
Easterbrook, J. A. The effect of emotion on cue utilization and the organization of behavior.Psychol. Rev,1959,66:183-201.
Eysenck, H. L. Genius. Cambridge University Press, New York and Cambridge (1995).
Ferri, R. et al. The effects of experimental sleep fragmentation on cognitive processing. Sleep.Med,2010,11:378-385.
Gais, S., Molle, M., Helms, K.& Born, J. Learning-dependent increases in sleep spindle density. J. Neurosci,2002,22:6830-6834.
Ghacibeh, G.A.,Shenker,J.I.,Shenal, B., Uthman, B. M.& Heilman, K. M. Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on creativity and cognitive flexibility. Epilepsy Behav,2006,8:720-725.
Goff, K.& Torrance, E. P. Abbreviated Torrance test for adults manual. Scholastic Testing Service, Bensenville, IL (2002).
Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M.& Heimberg, R. G. Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depress. Anxiety,2007,24:342-349.
Huber,R.,Ghilardi,M.F.,Massimini,M.&Tononi,G.Local sleep and learning.Nature,2004,430:78-81.
Kaplan,C.A.,Simon.H.A.In search of insight,Cognitive Psychology,1990,22:374-4191.
Kounios J, Frymiare JL, Bowden EM, Fleck JI, Subramaniam K, et al. The prepared mind:neural activity prior to problem presentation predicts subsequent solution by sudden insight. Psychol. Sci,2006,17:882-890.
Luo,J.,Niki,K.,Phillips,S.,The function of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in insightful puzzle solving:ACC activated less when the structure of the puzzle was known. Journal of Psychololgy in Chinese Societies,2004,5:195-213.
Marshall, L., Helgadottir, H., Molle, M.& Born, J. Boosting slow oscillations during sleep potentiates memory. Nature.2006,444:610-613.
Mazzarello, P. What dreams may come? Nature,2000:408-523.
McIntosh, A. R., Rajah, M. N.& Lobaugh, N. J. Functional connectivity of the medial temporal lobe relates to learning and awareness. J. Neurosci,2003,23:6520-6528.
Mell,J.C., Howard, SM., Miller, BL, Art and the brain:the influenceof frontotemporal dementia on an accomplished artist. Neurology,2003,60:1707-1710.
Miller BL.,Hou CE. Portraits of artists:emergence of visual creativity in dementia. Arch. Neurol.2004,61:842-844.
Miyauchi,S.,Misaki,M.,Kan,S., Fukunaga, T.&Koike, T.Human brain activity time-locked to rapid eye movements during REM sleep. Exp. Brain Res,2009,192:657-667.
Montagna,Raffaele Ferri.The Correlation between Sleep and Creativity.Nature,2010,093:1-9.
Ormerod,T C, MacGregor J N, Chronicle E P. Dynamics and constraints in insight problem solving. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory,&Cognition,2002,28(4):791-7991.
Rechtschaffen, A..Kales, A. A Manual of Standardized Terminology, Techniques, and Scoring System for Sleep Stages of Human Subjects. Washington Public Health service; US Government Printing Office, Washington (1968).
Runco,M.A.Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology,2004,55:657-687.
Schabus,M.et al.Sleep spindles and their significance for declarative memory consolidation.Sleep,2004,27:1479-1485.
Smith, C. Sleep states and memory processes. Behav. Brain Res,1995,69:137-145.
Ston-Jones,.G.&Bloom, F. E. Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle. J Neurosci,1981,1:876-886.
Terzano, M. G. et al. Atlas, rules, and recording techniques for the scoring of cyclic alternating pattern (CAP) in human sleep. Sleep Med,2001,2:537-553.
Valeria Dragol,Debora Arico,Kenneth Heilman,Paul Foster,John Williamson,Pasquale
Vandervert LR, Schimpf PH, Liu H. How working memory and the cerebellum collaborate to produce creativity and innovation. Creat. Res.J,2007,19:1-18.
Wagner U, Gais S, Haider H,et al.Sleep inspires insight.Nature,2004,427:352-355.
Walker,M.P.The role of sleep in cognition and emotion. Ann. N.Y.Acad.Sci,2009,1156:168-197.
陈丽,张庆林等.汉语字谜原型激活中的情绪促进效应.心理学报,2008,40(2),127-135.
刘春雷,王敏,张庆林.创造性思维的脑机制.心理科学进展,2009,17(1)：106-111.
任国防.顿悟：是进程监控还是表征转换：[硕士学位论文].重庆：西南师范大学心理学院,2005.
宋国萍,张侃,苗丹民,皇甫恩.不同时间的睡眠剥夺对执行功能的影响.心理科学,2008,31 (1)：32-34.
吴真真,邱江,张庆林.顿悟脑机制的实验范式探索.心理科学Psychological Science,2009,32:122-125.吴真真,邱江,张庆林.顿悟的原型启发效应机制探索.心理发展与教育,2008,1：31-35.
张庆林,邱江.曹贵康.顿悟认知机制的研究述评与理论构想.心理科学,2004,27(6)：1435-1437.
赵大勇,符明秋,汤永隆,李哲.关于午睡研究的概述.心理科学进展,2009,17：421-425.