泡沫复合驱驱油机理及影响驱油效果因素研究
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摘要
泡沫复合驱是在三元复合驱的基础上发展起来的一项三次采油新技术。这项新技术集中了三元复合驱和普通泡沫驱的双重优点，因而可以大幅度提高采收率，在理论上有较高的研究价值在实践上有非常重要的指导价值。本课题就是通过宏观物理模拟，从原油采收率角度来区分泡沫复合驱油过程中调剖作用、洗油作用及气体上浮作用对最终驱油效果的影响，为多元泡沫复合驱配方筛选及注入方式优化提供依据。
本文就以下几个方面进行了深入的探讨：
首先通过多元泡沫复合驱实验研究不同润湿性介质的泡沫微观驱油过程及机理和泡沫复合驱体系对地层的封堵能力，并对泡沫稳定性的影响因素进行了分析。
其次分别通过实验对多元泡沫复合体系在毛管中表观粘度和在宏观非均质油层中渗流特性进行研究，并分析其影响因素。
再次通过宏观物理模拟，从原油采收率角度来区分泡沫复合驱油过程中调剖作用、洗油作用及气体上浮作用对最终驱油效果的影响。
最后结合现场实践综合分析了多元泡沫复合驱效果影响因素。
通过上述研究，揭示出泡沫的产生及破灭、泡沫在多孔介质中的运移规律、泡沫复合驱微观驱油机理，得到了泡沫复合体系的发泡特性及其影响规律，并得到了内因、地层非均质性、三元配方、润湿性、原油存在等因素对泡沫稳定性的影响。泡沫微观驱油机理的研究结果表明，泡沫在驱替过程中，对启动残余油与提高波及系数起着不可估量的作用。特别指出了在泡沫驱油过程中调剖、洗油及气体上浮效应对驱油效果的贡献。并且根据实验的需要设计了微观仿真模型。
在大量物理模拟实验的基础上，从泡沫复合驱微观驱油机理入手，系统的研究泡沫复合驱提高原油采收率的作用，同时，通过宏观渗流实验，探讨多元泡沫复合体系在多孔介质中的渗流特性。从采收率角度，研究了泡沫复合体系气体上浮、调剖作用及洗油作用对泡沫复合驱采收率的贡献。从微观利宏观角度研究了影响泡沫复合驱的主要因素。并结合矿场试验，对影响北二东泡沫复合驱矿场试验效果的因素进行了分析，为大庆油田进一步开展泡沫复合驱提供了机理上的指导。
Foam combined flooding is a new EOR technique which was developed on the basis of alkaline-surfactant-polymer combined flooding method. It has concertrated merits of both ASP flooding and general foam flooding, thus it can improve oil recovery greatly and has higher value of study on theory and more important value of direction. According to macroscopic physical simulation, the subject districts the effect that profile control effect, weeping oil effect and gas up-flowing effect have on ultimate oil displacement efficiency at the aspect of oil recovery efficiency to provide warranty for formulation screen of foam combined flooding and optimization of inputting methods.
This paper has discussed deeply several aspects as follows: Firstly, it studies foam microscopic oil displacement process of different wettability medium and mechanism and blocking ability of foam combined flooding system to formation and the factor of effect to foam stability.
Secondly, apparent viscosity of foam combined flooding in the capillaries and seepage flowing characteristic in inhomogeneous medium .Oil reservoir have been investigated by u>?_ of simulation and corresponding influencing factors.
Thirdly According to macroscopic physical simulation, the subject district the effect that profile control effect, sweeping oil effect and gas up-flowing effect have on ultimate oil displacement efficiency at the aspect of oil recovery efficiency.
Finally, it analyses synthetically influencing factors of foam combined flooding , synthesizing in-situ simulation.
The above investigations have revealed the production and damnation of foam , migrating rule of foam in porous media and the microscopic oil displacement mechanism of foam combined flooding and obtained foaming characteristic and the effect of various influencing factors on foaming characteristic .Such as inner cause inhomogeneous medium of formation. ASP ingredients wettability and oil existence etc. The investigations of foaming microscopic oil displacement show that foam has an measureless effect on start-up remained oil and improving sweeping efficiency during displacement. Particularly, profile control sweeping oil and gas up-flowing effect devotes to oil displacement efficiency during foaming oil displacement and if designs the simulation model of microscopic according to experiments.
Based on amounts of physical simulation experiments started from microscopic oil displacement mechanism of foam combined flooding, it studies systematically the role of foam combined flooding improving oil recovery efficiency and by use of macroscopic percolation flow through porous media experiments discusses percolation flow characteristic of foam combined system through porous media . At the aspect of recovery efficiency if studies that gas up-f lowing profile control effect and sweeping oil effect of foam combined system devoted to the recovery efficiency of foam combined flooding . It studies systematically the role of foam combined flooding improving oil recovery efficiency and by use of macroscopic percolation flow through porous media experiments discusses percolation flow characteristic of foam combined system through porous media . At the aspect of recovery efficiency. It studies that gas up-flowing, profile control effect and sweeping oil effect of foam combined system devoted to the recovery efficiency of foam combined flooding .It studies major factors influencing foam combined flooding at the aspect of microscopic and macroscopic and combining field experiments analyses the factors of influencing the field experiment of foam combined flooding N-2-E, thus provides direction for changing oil field practicing foam combined flooding on mechanism.
本文就以下几个方面进行了深入的探讨：
首先通过多元泡沫复合驱实验研究不同润湿性介质的泡沫微观驱油过程及机理和泡沫复合驱体系对地层的封堵能力，并对泡沫稳定性的影响因素进行了分析。
其次分别通过实验对多元泡沫复合体系在毛管中表观粘度和在宏观非均质油层中渗流特性进行研究，并分析其影响因素。
再次通过宏观物理模拟，从原油采收率角度来区分泡沫复合驱油过程中调剖作用、洗油作用及气体上浮作用对最终驱油效果的影响。
最后结合现场实践综合分析了多元泡沫复合驱效果影响因素。
通过上述研究，揭示出泡沫的产生及破灭、泡沫在多孔介质中的运移规律、泡沫复合驱微观驱油机理，得到了泡沫复合体系的发泡特性及其影响规律，并得到了内因、地层非均质性、三元配方、润湿性、原油存在等因素对泡沫稳定性的影响。泡沫微观驱油机理的研究结果表明，泡沫在驱替过程中，对启动残余油与提高波及系数起着不可估量的作用。特别指出了在泡沫驱油过程中调剖、洗油及气体上浮效应对驱油效果的贡献。并且根据实验的需要设计了微观仿真模型。
在大量物理模拟实验的基础上，从泡沫复合驱微观驱油机理入手，系统的研究泡沫复合驱提高原油采收率的作用，同时，通过宏观渗流实验，探讨多元泡沫复合体系在多孔介质中的渗流特性。从采收率角度，研究了泡沫复合体系气体上浮、调剖作用及洗油作用对泡沫复合驱采收率的贡献。从微观利宏观角度研究了影响泡沫复合驱的主要因素。并结合矿场试验，对影响北二东泡沫复合驱矿场试验效果的因素进行了分析，为大庆油田进一步开展泡沫复合驱提供了机理上的指导。
Foam combined flooding is a new EOR technique which was developed on the basis of alkaline-surfactant-polymer combined flooding method. It has concertrated merits of both ASP flooding and general foam flooding, thus it can improve oil recovery greatly and has higher value of study on theory and more important value of direction. According to macroscopic physical simulation, the subject districts the effect that profile control effect, weeping oil effect and gas up-flowing effect have on ultimate oil displacement efficiency at the aspect of oil recovery efficiency to provide warranty for formulation screen of foam combined flooding and optimization of inputting methods.
This paper has discussed deeply several aspects as follows: Firstly, it studies foam microscopic oil displacement process of different wettability medium and mechanism and blocking ability of foam combined flooding system to formation and the factor of effect to foam stability.
Secondly, apparent viscosity of foam combined flooding in the capillaries and seepage flowing characteristic in inhomogeneous medium .Oil reservoir have been investigated by u>?_ of simulation and corresponding influencing factors.
Thirdly According to macroscopic physical simulation, the subject district the effect that profile control effect, sweeping oil effect and gas up-flowing effect have on ultimate oil displacement efficiency at the aspect of oil recovery efficiency.
Finally, it analyses synthetically influencing factors of foam combined flooding , synthesizing in-situ simulation.
The above investigations have revealed the production and damnation of foam , migrating rule of foam in porous media and the microscopic oil displacement mechanism of foam combined flooding and obtained foaming characteristic and the effect of various influencing factors on foaming characteristic .Such as inner cause inhomogeneous medium of formation. ASP ingredients wettability and oil existence etc. The investigations of foaming microscopic oil displacement show that foam has an measureless effect on start-up remained oil and improving sweeping efficiency during displacement. Particularly, profile control sweeping oil and gas up-flowing effect devotes to oil displacement efficiency during foaming oil displacement and if designs the simulation model of microscopic according to experiments.
Based on amounts of physical simulation experiments started from microscopic oil displacement mechanism of foam combined flooding, it studies systematically the role of foam combined flooding improving oil recovery efficiency and by use of macroscopic percolation flow through porous media experiments discusses percolation flow characteristic of foam combined system through porous media . At the aspect of recovery efficiency if studies that gas up-f lowing profile control effect and sweeping oil effect of foam combined system devoted to the recovery efficiency of foam combined flooding . It studies systematically the role of foam combined flooding improving oil recovery efficiency and by use of macroscopic percolation flow through porous media experiments discusses percolation flow characteristic of foam combined system through porous media . At the aspect of recovery efficiency. It studies that gas up-flowing, profile control effect and sweeping oil effect of foam combined system devoted to the recovery efficiency of foam combined flooding .It studies major factors influencing foam combined flooding at the aspect of microscopic and macroscopic and combining field experiments analyses the factors of influencing the field experiment of foam combined flooding N-2-E, thus provides direction for changing oil field practicing foam combined flooding on mechanism.
引文
[1]杨成志等．化学驱油理论与实践．北京：石油工业出版社，1996．291～307
[2]姬鸿雁．硕士研究生毕业论文，新疆克拉玛依油田九_1~2区蒸汽泡沫驱提高采收率的数值模拟研究．石油天然气总公司石油勘探开发研究院，1995．5．20．1～7
[3]马宝歧、詹少淮．泡沫特性的研究．油田化学，1990，7，No4，334～338
[4]吴文祥、刘中春等．油层条件对泡沫复合体系发泡特性影响的实验研究．大庆石油学院科技成果报告，1998，10．1～20
[5]李治龙、钱武鼎．我国油田泡沫流体应用综述．石油钻采工艺，1993年第15卷第六期．88～94
[6]赵福麟．采油化学．东营：石油大学出版社，1990．255～257
[7]W.T.Ostertloh and M.J.Janter Jr.Texaco Inc. Effects of Gas and Liquid velocity on steady-State Foam flow at High Temperature,SPE/DOE 24179,1992。237～248
[8]R.D. Sydansk, Matathon oil co. Polymer-Enhanced Foam propagation Through High-permeability sand pocks. SPE25175, 1993.245～254
[9]李立众等。大庆油田北二东部泡沫复合驱先导性矿场试验。1997年12月。1～20
[10]吴文祥、侯吉瑞。泡沫复合驱室内研究。大庆油田1996年度三采技术座谈会，1996。5～25
[11]李和全、郎兆新、胡靖邦、张丽华。泡沫复合驱数学模型。大庆石油学院学报，1997年第三期。20～24
[12]伍晓林。泡沫复合体系配方的研究。“九八”三采技术座谈会交流材料。大庆石油管理局勘探开发研究院，1999．1．1～8
[13]侯吉瑞。化学驱原理及应用。第一版。北京：石油工业出版社，1998年120～143
[14]吴士华译。提高油层采收率技术。石油工业出版社。1992年。85～97
[15]赵国玺。表面活性剂物理化学。第二版。北京：北京大学出版社，1991年。408～418
[16]朱纬瑶。表面活性剂复配规律。日用化学工业，1988年。86～113
[17]赵以文译。蒸汽泡沫驱。油气田开发工程译丛，1991年，(4)。34～40
[18]SPE14393。表面活性剂控制二氧化碳流度的计算机层析X-射线投影法研究。杨贵珍译／油气田开发译丛，1987，3。5～13
[19]赵子亭译。油气开采中的流变问题。译自前苏联《石油工业》，1988，(2)。25～30
[20]江伟英译。孔隙介质中聚合物溶液的粘弹性及流变性。江汉石油学报，1994，16(4)。54～57
[21]孙长明等。物理化学渗流方程。大庆石油地质与开发，1986，5(2)。47～59
[22]于洪坤、许桂芹、张铁军等译。泡沫在油田开采中的应用，中国石油天然气总公司住处研究所，1997年10月。166～177
[23]蒋国华。泡沫压裂液初探。油田化学，1989年6(1)。205～213
[24]张卫东。MX泡沫洗进液的研制。油田化学，1989年6(3)。256～258
[25]A.R.Kovacek.T.W.Patzek, and C.J.Radke, U.of California.Mechanistic prediction of Foam Displacement in Multidmentions: A Population Balance Approach. SPE/DOE27789, 1994。71～83
[26]彭年穗。气井泡沫排液中的起泡剂。油田化学，1989，6(1)。84～89
[27]于书平等。酸性条件下泡沫的稳定性。油田化学。1994年，11(1)。70～71
[28]贾忠盛。泡沫及泡沫驱油室内实验研究。油田化学1986年，3(4)。279～283
[29]R.D.sydansk, Marathon oil co. Polymer-Enhanced Foam:Laboratory Development and Evaluation,SPE25168,1993.187～200
[30]E．H．Lucassen-Reynders著。朱步瑶等译。阴离子表面活性剂-表面活性剂作用的物理化学。北京：轻工业出版社，1988年。213～255
[31]谢剑耀、攀世忠。泡沫稳定性。油田化学，1988年，5(1)。56～63
[32]周凤山。泡沫性能研究。油田化学，1989年，6(3)。267～271
[33]Fisher A.W.Mathematical Modeling of foam Flooding. SPE/DOE 20195.221～228
[34]S. 1.chou.Percolation Theory of Foam in porous Media. SPE/DOE 20239.260～271
[35]J.X.Shi. Simulation and dimension Analysis of Foam Processes in Porous Media. SPE 35166.211～226
[36]Dianbin Liu. Displacement by Foam in Porous media. SPE 24664. 289～301
[37]Mojdeh Delshad UTCHEM VERSION6.1 Technical Documentation. The University of Texas at Ausin Feb. 1997.10～85
[38]张恩富等，大庆油田泡沫复合驱先导性矿场试验，石油学报，2001，Vol．22(1)：49～53
[39]赵晓东。泡沫稳定性综述。钻井液与完井液，第九卷第一期。7～14
[40]康万利、董喜贵。三次采油化学原理。化学工业出版社，1996。128～181
[2]姬鸿雁．硕士研究生毕业论文，新疆克拉玛依油田九_1~2区蒸汽泡沫驱提高采收率的数值模拟研究．石油天然气总公司石油勘探开发研究院，1995．5．20．1～7
[3]马宝歧、詹少淮．泡沫特性的研究．油田化学，1990，7，No4，334～338
[4]吴文祥、刘中春等．油层条件对泡沫复合体系发泡特性影响的实验研究．大庆石油学院科技成果报告，1998，10．1～20
[5]李治龙、钱武鼎．我国油田泡沫流体应用综述．石油钻采工艺，1993年第15卷第六期．88～94
[6]赵福麟．采油化学．东营：石油大学出版社，1990．255～257
[7]W.T.Ostertloh and M.J.Janter Jr.Texaco Inc. Effects of Gas and Liquid velocity on steady-State Foam flow at High Temperature,SPE/DOE 24179,1992。237～248
[8]R.D. Sydansk, Matathon oil co. Polymer-Enhanced Foam propagation Through High-permeability sand pocks. SPE25175, 1993.245～254
[9]李立众等。大庆油田北二东部泡沫复合驱先导性矿场试验。1997年12月。1～20
[10]吴文祥、侯吉瑞。泡沫复合驱室内研究。大庆油田1996年度三采技术座谈会，1996。5～25
[11]李和全、郎兆新、胡靖邦、张丽华。泡沫复合驱数学模型。大庆石油学院学报，1997年第三期。20～24
[12]伍晓林。泡沫复合体系配方的研究。“九八”三采技术座谈会交流材料。大庆石油管理局勘探开发研究院，1999．1．1～8
[13]侯吉瑞。化学驱原理及应用。第一版。北京：石油工业出版社，1998年120～143
[14]吴士华译。提高油层采收率技术。石油工业出版社。1992年。85～97
[15]赵国玺。表面活性剂物理化学。第二版。北京：北京大学出版社，1991年。408～418
[16]朱纬瑶。表面活性剂复配规律。日用化学工业，1988年。86～113
[17]赵以文译。蒸汽泡沫驱。油气田开发工程译丛，1991年，(4)。34～40
[18]SPE14393。表面活性剂控制二氧化碳流度的计算机层析X-射线投影法研究。杨贵珍译／油气田开发译丛，1987，3。5～13
[19]赵子亭译。油气开采中的流变问题。译自前苏联《石油工业》，1988，(2)。25～30
[20]江伟英译。孔隙介质中聚合物溶液的粘弹性及流变性。江汉石油学报，1994，16(4)。54～57
[21]孙长明等。物理化学渗流方程。大庆石油地质与开发，1986，5(2)。47～59
[22]于洪坤、许桂芹、张铁军等译。泡沫在油田开采中的应用，中国石油天然气总公司住处研究所，1997年10月。166～177
[23]蒋国华。泡沫压裂液初探。油田化学，1989年6(1)。205～213
[24]张卫东。MX泡沫洗进液的研制。油田化学，1989年6(3)。256～258
[25]A.R.Kovacek.T.W.Patzek, and C.J.Radke, U.of California.Mechanistic prediction of Foam Displacement in Multidmentions: A Population Balance Approach. SPE/DOE27789, 1994。71～83
[26]彭年穗。气井泡沫排液中的起泡剂。油田化学，1989，6(1)。84～89
[27]于书平等。酸性条件下泡沫的稳定性。油田化学。1994年，11(1)。70～71
[28]贾忠盛。泡沫及泡沫驱油室内实验研究。油田化学1986年，3(4)。279～283
[29]R.D.sydansk, Marathon oil co. Polymer-Enhanced Foam:Laboratory Development and Evaluation,SPE25168,1993.187～200
[30]E．H．Lucassen-Reynders著。朱步瑶等译。阴离子表面活性剂-表面活性剂作用的物理化学。北京：轻工业出版社，1988年。213～255
[31]谢剑耀、攀世忠。泡沫稳定性。油田化学，1988年，5(1)。56～63
[32]周凤山。泡沫性能研究。油田化学，1989年，6(3)。267～271
[33]Fisher A.W.Mathematical Modeling of foam Flooding. SPE/DOE 20195.221～228
[34]S. 1.chou.Percolation Theory of Foam in porous Media. SPE/DOE 20239.260～271
[35]J.X.Shi. Simulation and dimension Analysis of Foam Processes in Porous Media. SPE 35166.211～226
[36]Dianbin Liu. Displacement by Foam in Porous media. SPE 24664. 289～301
[37]Mojdeh Delshad UTCHEM VERSION6.1 Technical Documentation. The University of Texas at Ausin Feb. 1997.10～85
[38]张恩富等，大庆油田泡沫复合驱先导性矿场试验，石油学报，2001，Vol．22(1)：49～53
[39]赵晓东。泡沫稳定性综述。钻井液与完井液，第九卷第一期。7～14
[40]康万利、董喜贵。三次采油化学原理。化学工业出版社，1996。128～181