面向省级电网的跨流域水电群优化建模与应用研究
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摘要
水电群规模不断扩大为复杂的梯级联合调度带来了严峻的挑战,优化计算过程呈现出高维数、强约束、非线性、多阶段等特征给可靠实用的库群优化调度模型建立提出了越来越高的要求。智能算法由于模型结构复杂、参数选择困难、计算结果具有随机性等固有缺点使其实际应用受限,而理论成熟、原理清晰、实现容易且广泛应用的传统优化算法由于计算变量的增加存在维数灾问题,因此在分析传统方法特点的基础上,构建整合多种传统算法的实用最优化模型,用于求解大规模库群优化问题是亟待解决的问题。分别作为库群优化调度的前提条件及优化结果的合理检验方式,电网机组检修优化与电力电量平衡计算同样面临高维次、非凸性、离散性等特点,依靠传统的计算模式与经验已经无法满足实际计算需求。本文以云南电网、福建电网及贵州电网优化运行为背景,主要从跨流域库群联合优化调度建模、应用及其紧密相关问题进行深入研究,旨在结合计算机技术和优化理论为省级电网的库群优化调度及实际运行优化提供可靠实用的技术支持。主要内容概括如下:
(1)针对电网备用不足时机组检修安排不合理可能产生大量缺电的情况,提出了基于启发式搜索和逐次逼近优化的机组检修缺电量最小模型,以等备用原则为基础,在系统存在缺电时以缺电量最小为目标,尽量使检修安排后的等效负荷曲线在系统装机容量以下,保证系统安全运行。模型求解过程中,充分结合启发式搜索与逐次逼近算法的优点,以启发式搜索获得的结果作为逐次逼近算法的初始可行解,通过不断迭代逐次寻优,获得满足各类约束的最优解。通过云南电网175台次机组检修优化安排结果表明,模型具有更好的实际应用效果。
(2)针对规模库群的复杂调度要求,结合逐次逼近动态规划(DPSA)可以减少每次参与计算的电站数目,增量动态规划(DDDP)减少离散状态数目,而逐步优化算法(POA)减少计算时段数目等特点,以满足系统上下限带宽的发电量最大为目标,提出耦合DPSA,DDDP及POA的混合求解算法来建立梯级长期优化调度模型。模型以有向图技术描述复杂的梯级结构,并通过深度优先搜索技术从图中自动获得上下游的电站计算顺序,提高优化计算效率。以福建电网44座大型水电站为应用实例的计算结果表明,有向图描述的混合求解算法可以有效地克服维数灾问题和复杂约束条件问题,得到高性能的优化调度结果。
(3)随着我国用电负荷的不断增加,相邻日之间平均负荷差不断扩大,导致两天之内火电开机方式的差异越来越大,给电网计划制作与实际调度带来一定的困难及不必要的经济损耗,针对这种情况提出了基于切负荷方式的库群中期发电优化调度调峰出力最大模型:在给定时间段内,为了让遗留给火电站的日电量尽量均匀,保证火电机组相邻日内的开机方式不变或者变化最少,以此减少火电机组启停期间的额外燃料消耗及磨损,节约发电成本,而使水电机组适应各日间的电量变化,达到中期负荷调峰的目的。模型求解过程中先根据电站调节性能及其在梯级中的位置进行分类,采用逐次切负荷方式确定电站的最优调峰位置,并通过以电定水对梯级水量进行平衡计算,对存在弃水的情况根据系统负荷特性进行修正,以获得接近最优结果的库群初始调度过程。最后以这一过程为基础,通过混合求解算法进行寻优求解。通过福建电网19座具有中期调节性能电站丰枯水期的计算结果显示调峰效果明显。
(4)针对汛期电力系统中,水电在尽量减少或避免弃水的情况下调峰能力不够时,火电参与调峰,但各个时段出力不均匀,提出了基于负荷控制的三段调峰及递级调峰算法,以逐次切负荷法为基础,采用负荷控制的办法,避免了常规算法中对火电站计算结果进行逐个限制的复杂过程。该算法在尽可能减少火电站出力过程中连续开停机及连续升降的情况下,既能保证火电站相邻时段出力差满足爬坡速度要求,又保证了火电站全天各个时段出力尽量均匀,减少火电机组频繁启停或爬坡带来的额外燃料消耗及磨损,节约发电成本。通过云南电网实际运行检验,改进的调峰方式计算结果更为合理,更能满足实际电网的调峰要求。
(5)以多个省级电网跨流域水电群发电优化调度系统为背景,从工程实用性出发,在分析国内外现有库群发电优化调度技术基础之上,运用计算机科学、人工智能技术,提出了能够求解复杂跨流域梯级水电站群发电优化调度系统的时空解析技术,主要包括描述梯级电站拓扑结构的有向图技术,条件约束自动设置的智能记忆方式及脚本控制技术,可扩展的优化算法接口设计及基于共享Model的MVC模式图表联动及梯级联调技术,开发了包括中长期径流预报、长中短期发电优化和实时调度的跨流域水电站群发电优化调度系统,并在福建、云南、贵州三个省级电网得到成功应用。
最后对全文进行了总结,并对有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。
With the increase of the hydropower station group scale in provincial power grids,the optimal operation of multi-basin is becoming intricate and facing urgent challenge.There are more requests to construct the reliable and applied model for the optimal operation of multi-hydropower stations because of the complicated optimal computational process which featuring by high-dimensional,strict restrictions,nonlinear and multi-phase characteristics. The intelligent algorithms,which have the fixed shortcomings of complex model structure, difficult preferences,stochastic optimal results,are hard to apply in practice.Nevertheless,the classical conventional optimal algorithms will face the "disaster-dimension" with the increasing variables.It is vital to construct a available optimal model for large scale operation hydropower stations.Moreover,the unit maintenance and power balance in power grids,as the previous condition and the method of verifying rationality for the optimal results respectively,are very complicated.It is very hard to satisfy the increasing requirements by traditional experience and management mode.In this paper,based on the project background of power grids in Yunnan,Fujian and Guizhou,the practical optimal problems including hydropower stations optimal operation,large scale units maintenance scheduling and adjusting discharge peak by hydrothermal plants are studied in-depth.The main contents and research progress are as follows:
(1) For the situation of insufficient reserve capacity in many power grids at present,a minimum model for energy shortage is designed to optimize the unit maintenance scheduling. Based on equivalent reserve capacity method,the presented model can ensure the grid safety by adopting the objective of minimum energy shortage and putting the equivalent load curve from unit maintenance scheduling under the system capacity curve.The optimal result can be obtained through combining the heuristic search method(HSM) with the successive approximation method(SAM).The result gained from HSM is specified as the initial feasible solution in SAM and the optimal result meeting all constraints is achieved by iterative calculation.The experimental results of 175 units at Yunnan power grid indicate that the proposed model is more efficient in practical application.
(2) In order to meet the complex requirements in hydropower stations optimal operation, a hybrid optimal model consisted DPSA,DDDP and POA organically with the system constrain of up-down bound is presented.The model is seized of the advantages including decreasing the number of hydropower stations by DPSA,minifying the discrete states by DDDP and reducing the computational time by POA.Using the directed-graph to describe the intricate topology of multi-basin,the model can obtain the calculating order quickly by the DFS method in the directed-graph and can calculate all the hydropower stations easily. Finally,the results of the Fujian hydropower system which consists of 44 hydropower stations show that the model can avoid the "dimension-disaster" and the trouble of complicated restricts.Furthermore,the optimal results are very satisfied.
(3) With the demand load increasing,the gap of day-energy and the difference open-off in thermal units between two days become larger and larger.Accordingly,it will consume more fuel and it is very difficult to schedule in hydropower system.A medium-term generation model for the peak-power maximization is presented.In order to smooth the rest load curve for the thermal plants and saving the fuel,the model ensures the hydropower stations to fit the gap of system load curve.To achieve the results of the model,all the hydropower stations are classified into two types according the regulation and position in the drainage basin at first.Then the work location which will be as the initialization of HA is decided by the method of load shedding and the water balance is ensured through calculating water depending on power generation.Finally,the results of flood season and dry season in the Fujian hydropower system which consists of 19 up week-regulation hydropower stations show that the model is effective.
(4) Thermal power plants should participate in adjusting discharge peak of power system in order to reduce or eliminate the water spill of hydro power plants in flood season.An improved algorithm of adjusting discharge peak of power system by thermal power plants is developed for eliminating fluctuating loads of thermal powers.This algorithm adopts the basic framework originated from the method of load shedding and appends the restriction conditions on loads when cutting system discharge,therefore avoiding difficult judgment in the normal method of electric power and energy balance algorithm and decreasing open-off frequency of thermal power plants.Furthermore,the method has not only ensured the difference on two neighbor hours less than the rising rate of thermal power plant,but also produced the uniform loads.The application results of Yunnan electric power system show that the present method is more reasonable and easily meets the demand of adjusting discharge peak.
(5) China's hydropower system,after nearly 20 years development,has formed a trans-basin,large-scale hydropower stations operation system,with complex scheduling relations and requiring a variety of methods and techniques to solve.Therefore,it is vital to construct a large scale operation hydropower system which is scientific,efficient,convenient, and available for practical system.On the background of the success experience in design and developed optimal operation systems in several provincial power grids,this paper puts forward a spatio-temporal resolution to solve the optimal operation problem of complex trans-basin cascade hydroelectric power stations.It based on analyzing the existed optimal operation technology and uses computer science as well as artificial intelligence.The resolution includes directed-graph technology to describe the topology of cascade hydropower stations;smart memory and script control technology to set the restrictions automatically; interface programming and the same model in MVC to handle the linkage between table and chart and multi-reservoir operation.The mid-long term runoff prediction system,long,medium and short term optimal operation system and real-time operation system which adopting these technologies have been applied successfully in provincial power grids of Fujian,Yunnan and Guizhou.
Finally,a summary is given and some issues to be further studied are discussed.
(1)针对电网备用不足时机组检修安排不合理可能产生大量缺电的情况,提出了基于启发式搜索和逐次逼近优化的机组检修缺电量最小模型,以等备用原则为基础,在系统存在缺电时以缺电量最小为目标,尽量使检修安排后的等效负荷曲线在系统装机容量以下,保证系统安全运行。模型求解过程中,充分结合启发式搜索与逐次逼近算法的优点,以启发式搜索获得的结果作为逐次逼近算法的初始可行解,通过不断迭代逐次寻优,获得满足各类约束的最优解。通过云南电网175台次机组检修优化安排结果表明,模型具有更好的实际应用效果。
(2)针对规模库群的复杂调度要求,结合逐次逼近动态规划(DPSA)可以减少每次参与计算的电站数目,增量动态规划(DDDP)减少离散状态数目,而逐步优化算法(POA)减少计算时段数目等特点,以满足系统上下限带宽的发电量最大为目标,提出耦合DPSA,DDDP及POA的混合求解算法来建立梯级长期优化调度模型。模型以有向图技术描述复杂的梯级结构,并通过深度优先搜索技术从图中自动获得上下游的电站计算顺序,提高优化计算效率。以福建电网44座大型水电站为应用实例的计算结果表明,有向图描述的混合求解算法可以有效地克服维数灾问题和复杂约束条件问题,得到高性能的优化调度结果。
(3)随着我国用电负荷的不断增加,相邻日之间平均负荷差不断扩大,导致两天之内火电开机方式的差异越来越大,给电网计划制作与实际调度带来一定的困难及不必要的经济损耗,针对这种情况提出了基于切负荷方式的库群中期发电优化调度调峰出力最大模型:在给定时间段内,为了让遗留给火电站的日电量尽量均匀,保证火电机组相邻日内的开机方式不变或者变化最少,以此减少火电机组启停期间的额外燃料消耗及磨损,节约发电成本,而使水电机组适应各日间的电量变化,达到中期负荷调峰的目的。模型求解过程中先根据电站调节性能及其在梯级中的位置进行分类,采用逐次切负荷方式确定电站的最优调峰位置,并通过以电定水对梯级水量进行平衡计算,对存在弃水的情况根据系统负荷特性进行修正,以获得接近最优结果的库群初始调度过程。最后以这一过程为基础,通过混合求解算法进行寻优求解。通过福建电网19座具有中期调节性能电站丰枯水期的计算结果显示调峰效果明显。
(4)针对汛期电力系统中,水电在尽量减少或避免弃水的情况下调峰能力不够时,火电参与调峰,但各个时段出力不均匀,提出了基于负荷控制的三段调峰及递级调峰算法,以逐次切负荷法为基础,采用负荷控制的办法,避免了常规算法中对火电站计算结果进行逐个限制的复杂过程。该算法在尽可能减少火电站出力过程中连续开停机及连续升降的情况下,既能保证火电站相邻时段出力差满足爬坡速度要求,又保证了火电站全天各个时段出力尽量均匀,减少火电机组频繁启停或爬坡带来的额外燃料消耗及磨损,节约发电成本。通过云南电网实际运行检验,改进的调峰方式计算结果更为合理,更能满足实际电网的调峰要求。
(5)以多个省级电网跨流域水电群发电优化调度系统为背景,从工程实用性出发,在分析国内外现有库群发电优化调度技术基础之上,运用计算机科学、人工智能技术,提出了能够求解复杂跨流域梯级水电站群发电优化调度系统的时空解析技术,主要包括描述梯级电站拓扑结构的有向图技术,条件约束自动设置的智能记忆方式及脚本控制技术,可扩展的优化算法接口设计及基于共享Model的MVC模式图表联动及梯级联调技术,开发了包括中长期径流预报、长中短期发电优化和实时调度的跨流域水电站群发电优化调度系统,并在福建、云南、贵州三个省级电网得到成功应用。
最后对全文进行了总结,并对有待进一步研究的问题进行了展望。
With the increase of the hydropower station group scale in provincial power grids,the optimal operation of multi-basin is becoming intricate and facing urgent challenge.There are more requests to construct the reliable and applied model for the optimal operation of multi-hydropower stations because of the complicated optimal computational process which featuring by high-dimensional,strict restrictions,nonlinear and multi-phase characteristics. The intelligent algorithms,which have the fixed shortcomings of complex model structure, difficult preferences,stochastic optimal results,are hard to apply in practice.Nevertheless,the classical conventional optimal algorithms will face the "disaster-dimension" with the increasing variables.It is vital to construct a available optimal model for large scale operation hydropower stations.Moreover,the unit maintenance and power balance in power grids,as the previous condition and the method of verifying rationality for the optimal results respectively,are very complicated.It is very hard to satisfy the increasing requirements by traditional experience and management mode.In this paper,based on the project background of power grids in Yunnan,Fujian and Guizhou,the practical optimal problems including hydropower stations optimal operation,large scale units maintenance scheduling and adjusting discharge peak by hydrothermal plants are studied in-depth.The main contents and research progress are as follows:
(1) For the situation of insufficient reserve capacity in many power grids at present,a minimum model for energy shortage is designed to optimize the unit maintenance scheduling. Based on equivalent reserve capacity method,the presented model can ensure the grid safety by adopting the objective of minimum energy shortage and putting the equivalent load curve from unit maintenance scheduling under the system capacity curve.The optimal result can be obtained through combining the heuristic search method(HSM) with the successive approximation method(SAM).The result gained from HSM is specified as the initial feasible solution in SAM and the optimal result meeting all constraints is achieved by iterative calculation.The experimental results of 175 units at Yunnan power grid indicate that the proposed model is more efficient in practical application.
(2) In order to meet the complex requirements in hydropower stations optimal operation, a hybrid optimal model consisted DPSA,DDDP and POA organically with the system constrain of up-down bound is presented.The model is seized of the advantages including decreasing the number of hydropower stations by DPSA,minifying the discrete states by DDDP and reducing the computational time by POA.Using the directed-graph to describe the intricate topology of multi-basin,the model can obtain the calculating order quickly by the DFS method in the directed-graph and can calculate all the hydropower stations easily. Finally,the results of the Fujian hydropower system which consists of 44 hydropower stations show that the model can avoid the "dimension-disaster" and the trouble of complicated restricts.Furthermore,the optimal results are very satisfied.
(3) With the demand load increasing,the gap of day-energy and the difference open-off in thermal units between two days become larger and larger.Accordingly,it will consume more fuel and it is very difficult to schedule in hydropower system.A medium-term generation model for the peak-power maximization is presented.In order to smooth the rest load curve for the thermal plants and saving the fuel,the model ensures the hydropower stations to fit the gap of system load curve.To achieve the results of the model,all the hydropower stations are classified into two types according the regulation and position in the drainage basin at first.Then the work location which will be as the initialization of HA is decided by the method of load shedding and the water balance is ensured through calculating water depending on power generation.Finally,the results of flood season and dry season in the Fujian hydropower system which consists of 19 up week-regulation hydropower stations show that the model is effective.
(4) Thermal power plants should participate in adjusting discharge peak of power system in order to reduce or eliminate the water spill of hydro power plants in flood season.An improved algorithm of adjusting discharge peak of power system by thermal power plants is developed for eliminating fluctuating loads of thermal powers.This algorithm adopts the basic framework originated from the method of load shedding and appends the restriction conditions on loads when cutting system discharge,therefore avoiding difficult judgment in the normal method of electric power and energy balance algorithm and decreasing open-off frequency of thermal power plants.Furthermore,the method has not only ensured the difference on two neighbor hours less than the rising rate of thermal power plant,but also produced the uniform loads.The application results of Yunnan electric power system show that the present method is more reasonable and easily meets the demand of adjusting discharge peak.
(5) China's hydropower system,after nearly 20 years development,has formed a trans-basin,large-scale hydropower stations operation system,with complex scheduling relations and requiring a variety of methods and techniques to solve.Therefore,it is vital to construct a large scale operation hydropower system which is scientific,efficient,convenient, and available for practical system.On the background of the success experience in design and developed optimal operation systems in several provincial power grids,this paper puts forward a spatio-temporal resolution to solve the optimal operation problem of complex trans-basin cascade hydroelectric power stations.It based on analyzing the existed optimal operation technology and uses computer science as well as artificial intelligence.The resolution includes directed-graph technology to describe the topology of cascade hydropower stations;smart memory and script control technology to set the restrictions automatically; interface programming and the same model in MVC to handle the linkage between table and chart and multi-reservoir operation.The mid-long term runoff prediction system,long,medium and short term optimal operation system and real-time operation system which adopting these technologies have been applied successfully in provincial power grids of Fujian,Yunnan and Guizhou.
Finally,a summary is given and some issues to be further studied are discussed.
引文
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