基于电子商务的供应链管理
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摘要
从20世纪90年代以来，计算机和网络技术的迅猛发展，对供应链管理（SCM）产生了巨大影响。尤其是Internet技术的出现，使人们借助互联网络广泛地从事商品与服务的电子化交易成为可能，这不仅大大扩展了交易范围，而且可以有效地缩短交易时间，降低交易成本。对此企业纷纷启动电子商务战略提高竞争力，以面对信息时代严酷的内外部环境。当今社会，传统企业的经营模式已无法适应新的竞争态势，为快速响应市场要求，运用现代网络技术重组业务流程、优化供应链管理、向电子商务型转型已成为必然。供应链管理是以现代网络信息技术作为支撑的。电子商务就是现代企业降低成本、提高效益所必不可缺的网络信息技术，它为改善供应链提供了一种有效手段。电子商务作为一种全新的商务方式，从根本上改变传统企业决策、生产和营销模式，提高企业和供应链内其他企业的信息化程度，以及整个供应链的反应能力和运作效率，对供应链管理的发展起到非常重要的推动作用。供应链管理与电子商务相结合必将成为未来物流发展的方向。
本文以此为背景，从供应链管理的产生背景和理论分析入手，阐述了传统企业进行业务流程重组（BPR）的途径，探讨了企业资源计划（ERP）的功能及实现技术，分析了传统企业开展基于电子商务（EC）的供应链管理的关键因素和实施方法，并以实例加以说明。同时，本文也指出了目前电子商务与供应链管理所面临的挑战、困难及对策，为服务于供应链管理的电子商务平台提供一些构建思路和应用方法。最后，本文介绍了电子商务和供应链管在中国的发展状况和中国企业从中得到的启示，同时针对中国企业实施基于电子商务的供应链管理过程中存在问题提出了相应的改进和发展建议。
未来企业间的竞争将表现为企业战略联盟之间的竞争，也就是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。电子商务的发展对供应链中的信息流动方式带来了一场革命。电子商务的出现必然对企业供应链管理产生重大而深远的影响。
Since 1990s, the fast development of computer & network technology has brought great impacts to SCM, esp. the emergence of Internet technology, which made it possible for people to widely use internet engage in electronic trade of commodities & services via internet. This not only expanded the trade range, but also effectively shortened the trade time & transaction cost. To face the harsh inner & outer environments of e-commerce era, enterprises took the e-commerce strategy to improve competitiveness. In today’s world, the traditional management mode of enterprises is unable to adapt to new competition situation. To swiftly respond to the market requirements, it becomes inevitable to reengineer business process with modern network technology, optimize SCM and make the transition to e-commerce. SCM is based on the modern network information technology. E-commerce is a dispensable modern network information technology for modern enterprises to lower costs and increase benefits, which provides an effective measure to improve SCM. As a totally new business mode, e-commerce could fundamentally change the mode of traditional enterprise's decision, production & marketing mode, enhance the information-based degree of enterprises and other enterprises in the chain and promote the response capability and operation efficiency of the whole chain, which play an important role to push forward the development of SCM. The combination of SCM & e-commerce would be the direction of future development of logistics.
The essay is made under such background, which starts with the introduction & study of theory of Supply Chain Management. The approach of traditional enterprises to achieve Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is put forward, the function scope of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) & its implementation technology are discussed. The key factors & practical means to develop SCM based on Electronic Commerce (EC) are analyzed. Some examples are also given for illustration. Meanwhile, the essay also pointed out the challenges, difficulties& countermeasures which E-commerce and SCM now facing and offered some construction thoughts & applications to EC platform serving SCM. Finally, this essay introduce the progress of EC & SCM in China and point out the existed problem, as well as the solution.
In the future, the competition among enterprises will be shown as the competition of strategic alliances of enterprises, that is the competition of supply chains. The development of e-commerce brings a revolution to the information flow way of supply chains. The emergence of e-commerce must exert great and far-reaching influence to the SCM of enterprises.
本文以此为背景，从供应链管理的产生背景和理论分析入手，阐述了传统企业进行业务流程重组（BPR）的途径，探讨了企业资源计划（ERP）的功能及实现技术，分析了传统企业开展基于电子商务（EC）的供应链管理的关键因素和实施方法，并以实例加以说明。同时，本文也指出了目前电子商务与供应链管理所面临的挑战、困难及对策，为服务于供应链管理的电子商务平台提供一些构建思路和应用方法。最后，本文介绍了电子商务和供应链管在中国的发展状况和中国企业从中得到的启示，同时针对中国企业实施基于电子商务的供应链管理过程中存在问题提出了相应的改进和发展建议。
未来企业间的竞争将表现为企业战略联盟之间的竞争，也就是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。电子商务的发展对供应链中的信息流动方式带来了一场革命。电子商务的出现必然对企业供应链管理产生重大而深远的影响。
Since 1990s, the fast development of computer & network technology has brought great impacts to SCM, esp. the emergence of Internet technology, which made it possible for people to widely use internet engage in electronic trade of commodities & services via internet. This not only expanded the trade range, but also effectively shortened the trade time & transaction cost. To face the harsh inner & outer environments of e-commerce era, enterprises took the e-commerce strategy to improve competitiveness. In today’s world, the traditional management mode of enterprises is unable to adapt to new competition situation. To swiftly respond to the market requirements, it becomes inevitable to reengineer business process with modern network technology, optimize SCM and make the transition to e-commerce. SCM is based on the modern network information technology. E-commerce is a dispensable modern network information technology for modern enterprises to lower costs and increase benefits, which provides an effective measure to improve SCM. As a totally new business mode, e-commerce could fundamentally change the mode of traditional enterprise's decision, production & marketing mode, enhance the information-based degree of enterprises and other enterprises in the chain and promote the response capability and operation efficiency of the whole chain, which play an important role to push forward the development of SCM. The combination of SCM & e-commerce would be the direction of future development of logistics.
The essay is made under such background, which starts with the introduction & study of theory of Supply Chain Management. The approach of traditional enterprises to achieve Business Process Reengineering (BPR) is put forward, the function scope of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) & its implementation technology are discussed. The key factors & practical means to develop SCM based on Electronic Commerce (EC) are analyzed. Some examples are also given for illustration. Meanwhile, the essay also pointed out the challenges, difficulties& countermeasures which E-commerce and SCM now facing and offered some construction thoughts & applications to EC platform serving SCM. Finally, this essay introduce the progress of EC & SCM in China and point out the existed problem, as well as the solution.
In the future, the competition among enterprises will be shown as the competition of strategic alliances of enterprises, that is the competition of supply chains. The development of e-commerce brings a revolution to the information flow way of supply chains. The emergence of e-commerce must exert great and far-reaching influence to the SCM of enterprises.
引文
1《供应链管理》马士华、林勇、陈志详，机械工业出版社，2000年4月
2《信息技术与集成化供应链管理》董超、张佶，物流技术与应用，2000年第三期
3《电子商务管理》[美] Andrew B. Whinston ，清华大学出版社，2002年
4《供应链管理及其信息系统构建》张晓燕、何景华，物流科技，2002年第六期
5《传统企业e化的网络供应链管理》刘洋、林健，工业工程，2001年第二期
6《电子商务与供应链管理》黄小原、卢震，东北大学出版社，2002年
7《供应链管理中的信息技术》王虎、郭箐楠，科技与管理 2001年第4期
8《Gartner Group供应链管理战略分析报告》，2001年3月
9《技术经济与管理研究》辛霞、王艳，2003年第6期
10《业务流程再造》[美] J．佩罗德；P．罗兰，中信出版社 1999年2月
11《供应链管理及其信息系统的构建》张晓燕、何景华，物流科技，2002年第6期
12《The bullwhip effect in Supply Chain》[美] Lee H L，Padmanabham V，Sloan Mgmt. Review，1997年
13网站：青岛物流网；IBM中国网站；西门子公司内部网；中国国家企业网
2《信息技术与集成化供应链管理》董超、张佶，物流技术与应用，2000年第三期
3《电子商务管理》[美] Andrew B. Whinston ，清华大学出版社，2002年
4《供应链管理及其信息系统构建》张晓燕、何景华，物流科技，2002年第六期
5《传统企业e化的网络供应链管理》刘洋、林健，工业工程，2001年第二期
6《电子商务与供应链管理》黄小原、卢震，东北大学出版社，2002年
7《供应链管理中的信息技术》王虎、郭箐楠，科技与管理 2001年第4期
8《Gartner Group供应链管理战略分析报告》，2001年3月
9《技术经济与管理研究》辛霞、王艳，2003年第6期
10《业务流程再造》[美] J．佩罗德；P．罗兰，中信出版社 1999年2月
11《供应链管理及其信息系统的构建》张晓燕、何景华，物流科技，2002年第6期
12《The bullwhip effect in Supply Chain》[美] Lee H L，Padmanabham V，Sloan Mgmt. Review，1997年
13网站：青岛物流网；IBM中国网站；西门子公司内部网；中国国家企业网