开发香蕉茎叶作为反刍动物饲料的研究
|
摘要
广西盛产香蕉，其收获后近乎等量的副产品—茎叶是一种比较好的饲料来源，但因含有较高的单宁而未能广泛用于反刍动物饲料。因此，本试验设添加1％的尿素(Ⅰ)、2％的糖蜜(Ⅱ)、2％的石灰(Ⅲ)、0.5％的田液(Ⅳ)、0.2％的单宁酶粗酶液(Ⅴ)及对照组六个组，青贮香蕉茎叶60天。通过对青贮料的品质鉴定、粗蛋白、酸性洗涤纤维及单宁变化的测定，和奶牛的适口性试验结果，来对青贮后的香蕉茎叶营养价值进行综合评价，为进一步开发香蕉茎叶作为反刍动物的饲料提供一理论依据。结果表明：①糖蜜组的青贮品质较其它试验组要好，颜色呈青绿色、有较浓的酸香味、质地柔软而不粘手、pH3.92。②各试验组的粗蛋白(CP)含量均有所提高，分别比对照组提高1.77％(Ⅰ)、0.13％(Ⅱ)、0.16％(Ⅲ)、0.33％(Ⅳ)和0.22％(Ⅴ)，尿素组与对照组及其它各组差异显著(P＜O.05)，而其它各组间差异均不显著。③各试验组的酸性洗涤纤维含量(ADF)均有所降低，分别比对照组降低了3.37％(Ⅰ)、4.58％(Ⅱ)、7.25％(Ⅲ)、2.38％(Ⅳ)和0.69％(Ⅴ)，除单宁酶组ADF含量与对照组差异不显著(P＞0.05)外，其它各组与对照组差异都显著(P＜0.05)；各添加剂组间除尿素组与EB液组无显著差异外，其它各组之间均差异显著(P＜0.05)。④各添加剂组的单宁含量(除石灰组外)都比对照组有所降低，分别比对照组降低了0.10mg／g(Ⅰ)、0.37mg／g(Ⅱ)、0.15mg／g(Ⅳ)和0.19mg／g(Ⅴ)，石灰组比对照组增加了0.02mg／g；糖蜜组显著低于石灰组及对照组(p＜0.05)，其它各组间差异均不显著。⑤通过适口性试验表明，糖蜜组适口性较虫子。本研究表明，各试验组均不同程度改善了青贮品质，尿素组明显提高CP的含量，石灰组明显降低ADF含量，糖蜜组明显降低单宁含量，且有较好的适口性。
Bananas are extensively planted in Guangxi province. There leaves banana stems and leaves after the fruit harvested whose yield is almost as many as that of the bananas. And banana stems and leaves are the better feed resource to ruminants. At present, they haven't been widely used for ruminants, because they contain higher tannin. I nth is study, forage was ass i gned to s i x treatments: no add i t i ve (contro I), 1% urea (I), 2% molasses (II), 2% lime (III), 0.5% EB (IV) and 0. 2% tannase crude extract (V). They were ensi led for 60d. The nutritive value after ensiling banana stems and leaves was evaluated, which was based on the results of the si I ages character i st i cs, the content of crude prote i n, Ac i d Detergent Fibre(ADF)and tannin and palatability experiment in lactating cows. The aim of this study was to exploiting the banana stems and leaves into the feed of ruminant. The result showed that the si I age qua Iity of molasses group was better than that of any other groups, with has turquoise, strong acidic and sweet-smelling, the tendentious texture, not adhibit ing hands, and pH3. 92. The content of the crude protein (CP) in every additive groups was all increased, 1.77%(I), 0. 13%(II),0. 160/o(III), 0.33% (IV), and 0.22% (V), respectiveIy,
compared with the control. Among these groups, the urea group was significantly higher than any other groups in crude protein content (p<0.05). These additives resulted in a decreased ADF by 3. 37% ( I ), 4. 58% (II), 7. 25% (III), 2. 38% (IV), 0.69% (V), respectively, compared with the control . In ADF content, there was significant difference among these groups only except for tannase group and the control, as we I I as urea group and EB group. In tannin content, additive groups were reduced by 0. 10mg/g ( I ), 0. 37% (II), 0. 15% (IV), and 0. 19mg/g (V), respectively, compared with the control, except that I ime group was 0. 02mg/g higher than control group. The tannin content in molasses group was significantly lower than lime group and control group (p<0. 05). The find ings indicated that a I I these groups improved the qua I ity of the si I age to some extent, that urea group increased obviously the content of crude protein, I ime group decreased the content of ADF, and that molasses group significantly decreased the content of tannin and enhanced the palatability of the silage.
Bananas are extensively planted in Guangxi province. There leaves banana stems and leaves after the fruit harvested whose yield is almost as many as that of the bananas. And banana stems and leaves are the better feed resource to ruminants. At present, they haven't been widely used for ruminants, because they contain higher tannin. I nth is study, forage was ass i gned to s i x treatments: no add i t i ve (contro I), 1% urea (I), 2% molasses (II), 2% lime (III), 0.5% EB (IV) and 0. 2% tannase crude extract (V). They were ensi led for 60d. The nutritive value after ensiling banana stems and leaves was evaluated, which was based on the results of the si I ages character i st i cs, the content of crude prote i n, Ac i d Detergent Fibre(ADF)and tannin and palatability experiment in lactating cows. The aim of this study was to exploiting the banana stems and leaves into the feed of ruminant. The result showed that the si I age qua Iity of molasses group was better than that of any other groups, with has turquoise, strong acidic and sweet-smelling, the tendentious texture, not adhibit ing hands, and pH3. 92. The content of the crude protein (CP) in every additive groups was all increased, 1.77%(I), 0. 13%(II),0. 160/o(III), 0.33% (IV), and 0.22% (V), respectiveIy,
compared with the control. Among these groups, the urea group was significantly higher than any other groups in crude protein content (p<0.05). These additives resulted in a decreased ADF by 3. 37% ( I ), 4. 58% (II), 7. 25% (III), 2. 38% (IV), 0.69% (V), respectively, compared with the control . In ADF content, there was significant difference among these groups only except for tannase group and the control, as we I I as urea group and EB group. In tannin content, additive groups were reduced by 0. 10mg/g ( I ), 0. 37% (II), 0. 15% (IV), and 0. 19mg/g (V), respectively, compared with the control, except that I ime group was 0. 02mg/g higher than control group. The tannin content in molasses group was significantly lower than lime group and control group (p<0. 05). The find ings indicated that a I I these groups improved the qua I ity of the si I age to some extent, that urea group increased obviously the content of crude protein, I ime group decreased the content of ADF, and that molasses group significantly decreased the content of tannin and enhanced the palatability of the silage.
引文
[1] 向云．我国饲料资源研究与利用现状．天津农业科学．1999，5(2)：41～43
[2] 曹斌云．大力发展我国的非粮型畜牧业．科技导报．1996，6：34～36
[3] 安晓宁等．中国畜牧业科学技术发展战略与对策．世界农业 1999，2：40—41
[4] 《非常规饲料资源的开发与利用》研究组．非常规饲料资源的开发与利用．北京：中国农业出版社．1996：5
[5] 李德发等．中国饲料大全．中国农业出版社．2001：426～436
[6] 李启武．非常规饲料的开发和利用．饲料博览，1998，10(4)：40～41
[7] 周根来，王恬．非常规饲料原料的开发利用．粮食与饲料工业．2001，12：33～34
[8] 杨礼富等．香蕉茎叶资源的饲料化研究．云南热作科技．2000，23(4)：11—12
[9] 陈厚彬．从第九届国际香蕉改良网络亚太区咨询委员会会议看亚太区和中国的香蕉研究与生产．柑桔与亚热带果树信息．2000，16(3)：6～8
[10] 陈蓉等．香蕉假茎营养成分的分析．湛江师范学院学报．2000，21(2)：11～14
[11] 林陆山．用香蕉蕉茎为主要原料生产菌体蛋白饲料的方法．中国专利数据库，1985-1986，9410205
[12] 叶涌清．香蕉茎生产菌体蛋白饲料添加剂和产品喂鸡试验。福建热作科技，1995，20(2)：19-21
[13] 魏登山．用香蕉茎杆、废菌筒制菌饲料养猪试验．福建热作科技．1995，20(3)：22-24
[14] 陈玉水，潘伟斌．植物废弃物饲养蚯蚓的试验研究．广西农业生物科学．1999，18(4)：270～273
[15] 许嘉云．香蕉杆饲喂奶牛初探．饲料研究．1994，6：21～22
[16] Zhou longshu & weiyingming Test In Feeding Milking Cattle With Banana Leaf And Stem. Proceedings Of Third International Conference On Increasing AnimalProduction With Local Resources. 1999:96-99
[17] FAO粮食及农业组织．块根块茎大蕉香蕉在动物饲养中的应用．北京：中国农业出版社．1991
[18] Han.Y.W, Yu.P.L, Smith. S.K. Fermention of straw for animal feed [J] Bioteach Bioedg.1978,20:1015～1026
[19] Angeles M. Nutritional value of banana leaf waste. [J] Indian J.Animal Nutrition. 1992, 9(2): 104～106
[20] Fomunyam, R.B. Cabbage and banana/plantain leaf in rabbit diets. Science and Technology Review. 1985,1(2):13～19
[21] Poyyamozhi,V S, et al. The value of banana stalks as feed for goats [J].Animal Feed Sci.
and Tech. 1986,15(2) :95-100
[22] Subramanian, PR. et al. In vitro studies and short-term feeding trial in lambs to evalue plantain sheath as a feed for ruminant.[J] Animal Feed Sci. & Tech. 1988,20 (4) :343-348
[23] Lopez-Baca A et al. Fermentation patters of whole banana waste liquor with four inocula [J].Joural of the Sci. Food & Agri.l992,60(1) :85-89
[24] ViswaBathan, R., Kadirvel and Chandrasekaran, D. Nutritive value of Banana Stalk (Musacavendishi) as a feed for sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1989,22:327-332
[25] Beramgoto,T. The feeding value of some agri-industrial byproducts for beef cattal at Bambui Centre. In Overcoming constraints to the efficient utilization of agricultural by-products as animal feed. Proceedings of fourth workshop of the African Research Network for Agricultural by-products (ARNAB). Said and Dxowela, ed. ILCA,Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 1989
[26] Kimambo,A.E. and Muya,H.M.H.Rumen degradation of dry matter and organic matter of different banana parts. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 1991,3(3) :35-40
[27] EI-Ghard-AAA, Utilization of banana plant.wastes by lactating Friesian cows. Egyptian Journal of Nutriti on and Feeds.1999,2(1) :29-37;
[28] Spencer, D.; Higgins, T.J.V.; Freer, M.; Dove, H.; Coombe, J.B. Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. Br. J. Nutr. 1988, 60(2) :241-247
[29] Kuhnau, J. The flavonoids:A class of semi-essential food components:Their role in human nutrition. Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1976,80:117-121
[30] Mangan,J.L. Nutrition effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutr. Res.Rev. 1988,1: 209-231
[31] 郭荣富，陈克嶙．单胃动物饲粮中的单宁．中国饲料．1995(19) :18-20
[32] Tej, K. B. Hupinder Singh & Om P. Sharma. Microbial degradation of tannins-A current perspective. Biodegradation 1998,9:343-357
[33] Barry.T.N. and Manley,T.R. Interralationships between the concentration of condensed tannin, free condensed tannin and lignin in Lotus spp and their possible consequences in ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultural.1986,37: 248-254
[34] Jones, W.T, Anserson LB & Ross MD. Bloat in cattle detection of protein precipitants (flavolans) in legumes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research.
[35] Waghorn, GC., Ulyatt, M.J., John, A., Fisher, M.T. The effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion ofamino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus L. Brit. J. Nutr. 1987,57: 115-126．
[36] Waghorn, GC. Effect of condensed tannin on protein digestion and nutritive value Of fresh herbage. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production. 1990,18: 412-415．
[37] Kumar, R.S., & Vaithiyanathan, S. Occurrence nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1990,30:363～380
[38] Ahmed, A.E., Smithard, R., Ellis, M. Activities of the enzymes of the pancreas, and the lumen and mucosa of the small intestine in growing broiler cockerels fed on tannin-containing diet. Brit. J. Nutr. 1991,65:189～197.
[39] Mitjavila, S., Lacombe, C., Carrera, G, Derache, R. Tannic acid and oxidized tannic acid on the functional state of rat intestinal epithelium. J. Nutr. 1977,107:2113-2121.
[40] Singleton, V.L. Naturally occurring food toxicants: Phenolic of plant origin common in foods. Adv. Food Res. 1981,27:149～242
[41] 朱晓茵，孙彩云．ISO 9648法测定饲料高粱单宁的试验研究．饲料工业．1995，16(5)：40～41
[42] 刁其玉等．高粱单宁对鸡体内物质代谢的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1990，26：30～31
[43] 成广仁．单宁在牧草中的意义及含单宁苜蓿新品种的培育途径．1991，4：30～31
[44] 刁其玉．单宁的最新研究动态．饲料研究．1999，11：28
[45] 李德发等．中国饲料大全．中国农业出版社．2001：593～605
[46] 周明．单宁对动物营养代谢的影响．中国饲料．1996，11：23～24
[47] FAO联合国粮食及农业组织．热带动物饲料资源开发利用——研究人员手册．中国农业科技出版社．2000：149
[48] NAS.Toxicants occurring naturally in Foods. Second Edition. National Academic of Sciences, Washington. 1973: 624.
[49] Liener, I.Toxic constituents of the plants foodstuffs, Second Edition. Monographs of Food Science and Technology, Academic Press, London. 1980:502
[50] Makkar HPS, Blummel M &Becker KB. In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture. 1995c,69:481～493
[51] Terrill TH, Waghorn GC, Woolley DJ,McNabb WC & Barry TN. Assay and digestion of C-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition. 1994,72:467～477
[52] 史志诚等．单宁生物活化理论及其应用．Ⅱ．单宁生物活化理论的基本点及其实践应用．西北农业大学学报．1989，17(2)：64～73
[53] 孙家华摘译．单宁的功过．国外畜牧科技．1980，18(5)：42
[54] Ward, A.T., Marquardt, R.R. and Campbell, L.D. Further studies on the isolation of the thermolabile growth inhibitor from the faba bean (Viola faba L. var. minor.). J. Nutr. 1977, 107:1325～1334
[55] Campbell, L.D. and Marquardt, R.R. Performance of broiler chicks fed diet of varying energy density and containing varied levels of raw or heat treated faba beans, Poult. Sci.1977,56: 442ard
[56] 姚军虎．单宁在草食动物营养中的不良作用及降低饲料中单宁的方法．饲料博览．1990，11(3)：11～13
[57] Kumarar, R., Singh, M. Tannins, their advance role in ruminant nutrition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984,32:447～453
[58] 郭芳彬．饲料中抗营养因子的有害作用及处理方法(Ⅱ)．饲料博览．1994，4：23～24
[59] 叶涌清．用蕉叶和蕉园栽培食用菌．福建科技学报．1995，8：10
[60] Price,M.L., Hagerman,A.E.,& Butle, L.G. Tannin content of cowpeas, chickpeas,Pigonpeas and mungbeans. Journal of Agrichltural and Food Chemistry. 1980(28):459～461
[61] 刁其玉．高梁在饲料中的利用．国外畜牧学：饲料．1989，2：13～17
[62] Armstrong,W.D.,Rogler, J.C.and Featherston,W.R. In vitro studies of the protein digestibility of sorghum grain.Poult. Sci. 1974,53:2224～2227
[63] Sialanikove N, Shinder D, Gilboa N, Eyal M & Nitsan Z. Binding of poyethyelene glycol to samples of forage plants as an assay of tannins and their negative effects on ruminal degradation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1996, 44:2844～3234
[64] G. Getachew, H.P.S.Makkar and K.Becker. Effact of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. British Journal of Nutrition, 2000,84:73～83
[65] G.Getachew, H.P.S.Makkar and K.Becker. Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001, 92:51～57
[66] Hagerman,A.E., Butler, l.g., Protein precipitation method for the quantitative determination of tannins.J.Agric. Food chem.. 1978,26:809～812。
[67] Lewis JA & Starkey RL. Decomposition of plant tannins by some soil microorganisms. Soil Sci.1969, 107:235～241
[68] Deschamps AM, Mohudeau G, Conti M & Lebeault JM. Bacteria degrading tannic acid and related compounds. J.Ferment Technol. 1980,58:93～97
[69] Knudson L. Tanninc acid fermentation. J. Biol.Chem. 1913,14:159～202
[70] Mahadevan A & Muthukumar G. Aquatic microbiology with reference to tannin degradations.Microbiologia. 1980,72:73～79
[71] Skene IK & Brooker JD. Characterization of tannin acylhydrolase activity in the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. Anaerobe. 1995,1:321～327
[72] 林东康，马清海等．栎属树叶的青贮利用研究．草与畜杂志．1995，1：10～12
[73] BuiXuan An,Luu Trong Hieu, Duong Khang Nguyen and Prseton T.R. Effect of position in the tree and pretreatment of Acacia mangiumleaves on rumen dry matter and nitrogen degradabilities．Livestock Research for Rural Development.1992, 4(2): 7～12
[74] 余伯良．秸杆饲料生产技术简介．粮食与饲料工业．1997，7：24～26
[75] 白云生．饲料原料学．中国农业出版社．25～28
[76] 晏向华，翟明仁等．秸杆饲料资源的开发与应用研究的新进展．粮食与饲料工业．2000，5：22～25
[77] 雷云国．青贮饲料的制作与营养价值．现代化农业．1989，10：18～20
[78] 陈海燕．酶制剂在青贮料中应用现状及趋势．丽水师专学报．1998，20(2)：26～29
[79] 姚军虎．添加剂青贮料研究进展．国外畜牧学：草食家畜．1989，2：45～47
[80] 周宇光等．菌种目录．第三版，中国农业科技出版社．1997：230～237
[81] 王征、谢达平．黑曲霉产单宁酶发酵条件的研究．湖南农业大学学报．1998，24(5)：380～383
[82] 郭鲁宏，杨顺楷．单宁酶产生菌的筛选和发酵条件研究．应用与环境微生物学报．1998，4(4)：386～389
[83] ALAIN M. DESCHAMPS et al. Bacteria Degrading Tannic Acid and Related Compounds. Ferment. Technol. 1980, 58(2):93～97
[84] 王征等．单宁酶活力测定方法的研究．生物技术．2000，Vol．10．No．6：40～42
[85] ALAIN M. DESCHAMPS, GULTEN OTUK and JEAN-MICHEL LEBEAULT. Product ion of tanninase and degradation of chestnut tannin by bacteria. Ferment. Technol. 1998,61 (1):55～59
[86] By Sadaaki IIBUCHI, et al. studies on tannin acyl hydrolase of microorganisms. Pan II. A new method determining the enzyme activity using the change of ultra violet absorption, agr. boil.chem. 1967,31(5): 513～518
[87] 程琦，程启坤，李名君．单宁酶固定化及其在酯型儿茶素水解反应中的应用．生物化学杂志．1996，12(4)：423～426
[88] 杨伟．分光光度法测定果实中的单宁．华北农学报．1993，8(2)：116～119
[89] 李素群等．红豆草中单宁的分光光度法测定．草业学报．1993，2(2)：52～55
[90] 张燕等．油菜籽粕中单宁的提取、分离及纯化制备．华中农业大学学报．1998，17(3)：294～299
[91] 康玉凡、陈树兴、徐廷生．苜蓿草青贮方法与效果的试验研究．黑龙江畜牧兽医．1999(9)：15～16
[92] 郑芥丹等．甘蔗梢的袋装青贮试验．福建农业科技．2001(3)：16～17
[93] 杨福有等．鲜苹果渣青贮与饲喂技术．陕西农业科学．2000(9)：45～46
[94] 赵国琦等．添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响．动物科学与动物医学．2001，18(6)：61～65
[95] 田允波．青贮饲料添加剂．内蒙古畜牧科学．1996，2：32～35
[96] 纪亚君．青贮饲料添加剂的研究和应用．四川畜牧兽医．1996，1：56～59
[97] 高勒琪．国外青贮饲料发展概况和趋势．饲料研究．1987，2：23～24
[98] 杜增昱、冀一伦等．无水氨、尿素氨化秸杆饲喂肉牛的效果．中国畜牧杂志．1992，1：7～10
[99] 李玲．美国饲料添加剂应用概况及其它．饲料研究．1987，3：36～38
[100] 郭玉清等．以尿素和食盐为添加剂青贮玉米秸杆试验研究．山西大学学报．1996，19(4)：459～462
[101] 聂柱山，玉兰．尿素加糖蜜对稻草营养价值的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1991，27(3)：19～20
[102] Rodrjguez A A, Rust S R, Yokoyama M T, et al. Fermentation characteristics of Johnson grass ensiled at two regrowth periods with silage additives [J]. Tropical Agriculture. 1998,75(4) 475～461
[103] Nla S A M, Wittenberg K M. Use of forage inoculants with or without enzymes to improve preservation and quality of whole crop barley forage ensilaged as large bales [J]. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1999,79(4): 525～532
[104] 蔡继琨．EM发酵秸杆的试验初报．内蒙古畜牧科学．1997(4)：34～35。
[105] 杨长平．EM(有效微生物群)的研究综述．四川农业科技．1997(6)：20～23
[106] Libuchi S, Minoda Y& Yamada K, Studies on tannin acyl hydrolase of microorganisms. Part III. Purificatin of the enzyme and some properties of it. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1968,32: 803～809
[107] Libuchi S, Minoda Y& Yamada K, Hydrolyzing pathway, substrate specificity and inhibition of tannin acyl hydrolase of Asp. Oryzae No.7. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1972,37:1553～1562
[108] Thomas & M Murtagh .Characterization of tannase (EC 3.1.1.20) activity in tea extracts. J. Food Sci. 1985, 50:1126～1129
[109] 林东康等．栎树叶中单宁的含量及其脱毒方法的研究．河南农业大学学报．1992，26(3)：295～298
[110] 安晓宁，卢得仁．饲草含水量对青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值的影响．牧草与饲料．1991，2：23～27
[2] 曹斌云．大力发展我国的非粮型畜牧业．科技导报．1996，6：34～36
[3] 安晓宁等．中国畜牧业科学技术发展战略与对策．世界农业 1999，2：40—41
[4] 《非常规饲料资源的开发与利用》研究组．非常规饲料资源的开发与利用．北京：中国农业出版社．1996：5
[5] 李德发等．中国饲料大全．中国农业出版社．2001：426～436
[6] 李启武．非常规饲料的开发和利用．饲料博览，1998，10(4)：40～41
[7] 周根来，王恬．非常规饲料原料的开发利用．粮食与饲料工业．2001，12：33～34
[8] 杨礼富等．香蕉茎叶资源的饲料化研究．云南热作科技．2000，23(4)：11—12
[9] 陈厚彬．从第九届国际香蕉改良网络亚太区咨询委员会会议看亚太区和中国的香蕉研究与生产．柑桔与亚热带果树信息．2000，16(3)：6～8
[10] 陈蓉等．香蕉假茎营养成分的分析．湛江师范学院学报．2000，21(2)：11～14
[11] 林陆山．用香蕉蕉茎为主要原料生产菌体蛋白饲料的方法．中国专利数据库，1985-1986，9410205
[12] 叶涌清．香蕉茎生产菌体蛋白饲料添加剂和产品喂鸡试验。福建热作科技，1995，20(2)：19-21
[13] 魏登山．用香蕉茎杆、废菌筒制菌饲料养猪试验．福建热作科技．1995，20(3)：22-24
[14] 陈玉水，潘伟斌．植物废弃物饲养蚯蚓的试验研究．广西农业生物科学．1999，18(4)：270～273
[15] 许嘉云．香蕉杆饲喂奶牛初探．饲料研究．1994，6：21～22
[16] Zhou longshu & weiyingming Test In Feeding Milking Cattle With Banana Leaf And Stem. Proceedings Of Third International Conference On Increasing AnimalProduction With Local Resources. 1999:96-99
[17] FAO粮食及农业组织．块根块茎大蕉香蕉在动物饲养中的应用．北京：中国农业出版社．1991
[18] Han.Y.W, Yu.P.L, Smith. S.K. Fermention of straw for animal feed [J] Bioteach Bioedg.1978,20:1015～1026
[19] Angeles M. Nutritional value of banana leaf waste. [J] Indian J.Animal Nutrition. 1992, 9(2): 104～106
[20] Fomunyam, R.B. Cabbage and banana/plantain leaf in rabbit diets. Science and Technology Review. 1985,1(2):13～19
[21] Poyyamozhi,V S, et al. The value of banana stalks as feed for goats [J].Animal Feed Sci.
and Tech. 1986,15(2) :95-100
[22] Subramanian, PR. et al. In vitro studies and short-term feeding trial in lambs to evalue plantain sheath as a feed for ruminant.[J] Animal Feed Sci. & Tech. 1988,20 (4) :343-348
[23] Lopez-Baca A et al. Fermentation patters of whole banana waste liquor with four inocula [J].Joural of the Sci. Food & Agri.l992,60(1) :85-89
[24] ViswaBathan, R., Kadirvel and Chandrasekaran, D. Nutritive value of Banana Stalk (Musacavendishi) as a feed for sheep. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1989,22:327-332
[25] Beramgoto,T. The feeding value of some agri-industrial byproducts for beef cattal at Bambui Centre. In Overcoming constraints to the efficient utilization of agricultural by-products as animal feed. Proceedings of fourth workshop of the African Research Network for Agricultural by-products (ARNAB). Said and Dxowela, ed. ILCA,Addis Ababa Ethiopia. 1989
[26] Kimambo,A.E. and Muya,H.M.H.Rumen degradation of dry matter and organic matter of different banana parts. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 1991,3(3) :35-40
[27] EI-Ghard-AAA, Utilization of banana plant.wastes by lactating Friesian cows. Egyptian Journal of Nutriti on and Feeds.1999,2(1) :29-37;
[28] Spencer, D.; Higgins, T.J.V.; Freer, M.; Dove, H.; Coombe, J.B. Monitoring the fate of dietary proteins in rumen fluid using gel electrophoresis. Br. J. Nutr. 1988, 60(2) :241-247
[29] Kuhnau, J. The flavonoids:A class of semi-essential food components:Their role in human nutrition. Wld. Rev. Nutr. Diet. 1976,80:117-121
[30] Mangan,J.L. Nutrition effects of tannins in animal feeds. Nutr. Res.Rev. 1988,1: 209-231
[31] 郭荣富，陈克嶙．单胃动物饲粮中的单宁．中国饲料．1995(19) :18-20
[32] Tej, K. B. Hupinder Singh & Om P. Sharma. Microbial degradation of tannins-A current perspective. Biodegradation 1998,9:343-357
[33] Barry.T.N. and Manley,T.R. Interralationships between the concentration of condensed tannin, free condensed tannin and lignin in Lotus spp and their possible consequences in ruminant nutrition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultural.1986,37: 248-254
[34] Jones, W.T, Anserson LB & Ross MD. Bloat in cattle detection of protein precipitants (flavolans) in legumes. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research.
[35] Waghorn, GC., Ulyatt, M.J., John, A., Fisher, M.T. The effect of condensed tannins on the site of digestion ofamino acids and other nutrients in sheep fed on Lotus corniculatus L. Brit. J. Nutr. 1987,57: 115-126．
[36] Waghorn, GC. Effect of condensed tannin on protein digestion and nutritive value Of fresh herbage. Proceedings of Australian Society of Animal Production. 1990,18: 412-415．
[37] Kumar, R.S., & Vaithiyanathan, S. Occurrence nutritional significance and effect on animal productivity of tannins in tree leaves. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 1990,30:363～380
[38] Ahmed, A.E., Smithard, R., Ellis, M. Activities of the enzymes of the pancreas, and the lumen and mucosa of the small intestine in growing broiler cockerels fed on tannin-containing diet. Brit. J. Nutr. 1991,65:189～197.
[39] Mitjavila, S., Lacombe, C., Carrera, G, Derache, R. Tannic acid and oxidized tannic acid on the functional state of rat intestinal epithelium. J. Nutr. 1977,107:2113-2121.
[40] Singleton, V.L. Naturally occurring food toxicants: Phenolic of plant origin common in foods. Adv. Food Res. 1981,27:149～242
[41] 朱晓茵，孙彩云．ISO 9648法测定饲料高粱单宁的试验研究．饲料工业．1995，16(5)：40～41
[42] 刁其玉等．高粱单宁对鸡体内物质代谢的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1990，26：30～31
[43] 成广仁．单宁在牧草中的意义及含单宁苜蓿新品种的培育途径．1991，4：30～31
[44] 刁其玉．单宁的最新研究动态．饲料研究．1999，11：28
[45] 李德发等．中国饲料大全．中国农业出版社．2001：593～605
[46] 周明．单宁对动物营养代谢的影响．中国饲料．1996，11：23～24
[47] FAO联合国粮食及农业组织．热带动物饲料资源开发利用——研究人员手册．中国农业科技出版社．2000：149
[48] NAS.Toxicants occurring naturally in Foods. Second Edition. National Academic of Sciences, Washington. 1973: 624.
[49] Liener, I.Toxic constituents of the plants foodstuffs, Second Edition. Monographs of Food Science and Technology, Academic Press, London. 1980:502
[50] Makkar HPS, Blummel M &Becker KB. In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. Journal of Food Science and Agriculture. 1995c,69:481～493
[51] Terrill TH, Waghorn GC, Woolley DJ,McNabb WC & Barry TN. Assay and digestion of C-labelled condensed tannins in the gastrointestinal tract of sheep. British Journal of Nutrition. 1994,72:467～477
[52] 史志诚等．单宁生物活化理论及其应用．Ⅱ．单宁生物活化理论的基本点及其实践应用．西北农业大学学报．1989，17(2)：64～73
[53] 孙家华摘译．单宁的功过．国外畜牧科技．1980，18(5)：42
[54] Ward, A.T., Marquardt, R.R. and Campbell, L.D. Further studies on the isolation of the thermolabile growth inhibitor from the faba bean (Viola faba L. var. minor.). J. Nutr. 1977, 107:1325～1334
[55] Campbell, L.D. and Marquardt, R.R. Performance of broiler chicks fed diet of varying energy density and containing varied levels of raw or heat treated faba beans, Poult. Sci.1977,56: 442ard
[56] 姚军虎．单宁在草食动物营养中的不良作用及降低饲料中单宁的方法．饲料博览．1990，11(3)：11～13
[57] Kumarar, R., Singh, M. Tannins, their advance role in ruminant nutrition. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1984,32:447～453
[58] 郭芳彬．饲料中抗营养因子的有害作用及处理方法(Ⅱ)．饲料博览．1994，4：23～24
[59] 叶涌清．用蕉叶和蕉园栽培食用菌．福建科技学报．1995，8：10
[60] Price,M.L., Hagerman,A.E.,& Butle, L.G. Tannin content of cowpeas, chickpeas,Pigonpeas and mungbeans. Journal of Agrichltural and Food Chemistry. 1980(28):459～461
[61] 刁其玉．高梁在饲料中的利用．国外畜牧学：饲料．1989，2：13～17
[62] Armstrong,W.D.,Rogler, J.C.and Featherston,W.R. In vitro studies of the protein digestibility of sorghum grain.Poult. Sci. 1974,53:2224～2227
[63] Sialanikove N, Shinder D, Gilboa N, Eyal M & Nitsan Z. Binding of poyethyelene glycol to samples of forage plants as an assay of tannins and their negative effects on ruminal degradation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 1996, 44:2844～3234
[64] G. Getachew, H.P.S.Makkar and K.Becker. Effact of polyethylene glycol on in vitro degradability of nitrogen and microbial protein synthesis from tannin-rich browse and herbaceous legumes. British Journal of Nutrition, 2000,84:73～83
[65] G.Getachew, H.P.S.Makkar and K.Becker. Method of polyethylene glycol application to tannin-containing browses to improve microbial fermentation and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis from tannin-containing browses, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2001, 92:51～57
[66] Hagerman,A.E., Butler, l.g., Protein precipitation method for the quantitative determination of tannins.J.Agric. Food chem.. 1978,26:809～812。
[67] Lewis JA & Starkey RL. Decomposition of plant tannins by some soil microorganisms. Soil Sci.1969, 107:235～241
[68] Deschamps AM, Mohudeau G, Conti M & Lebeault JM. Bacteria degrading tannic acid and related compounds. J.Ferment Technol. 1980,58:93～97
[69] Knudson L. Tanninc acid fermentation. J. Biol.Chem. 1913,14:159～202
[70] Mahadevan A & Muthukumar G. Aquatic microbiology with reference to tannin degradations.Microbiologia. 1980,72:73～79
[71] Skene IK & Brooker JD. Characterization of tannin acylhydrolase activity in the ruminal bacterium Selenomonas ruminantium. Anaerobe. 1995,1:321～327
[72] 林东康，马清海等．栎属树叶的青贮利用研究．草与畜杂志．1995，1：10～12
[73] BuiXuan An,Luu Trong Hieu, Duong Khang Nguyen and Prseton T.R. Effect of position in the tree and pretreatment of Acacia mangiumleaves on rumen dry matter and nitrogen degradabilities．Livestock Research for Rural Development.1992, 4(2): 7～12
[74] 余伯良．秸杆饲料生产技术简介．粮食与饲料工业．1997，7：24～26
[75] 白云生．饲料原料学．中国农业出版社．25～28
[76] 晏向华，翟明仁等．秸杆饲料资源的开发与应用研究的新进展．粮食与饲料工业．2000，5：22～25
[77] 雷云国．青贮饲料的制作与营养价值．现代化农业．1989，10：18～20
[78] 陈海燕．酶制剂在青贮料中应用现状及趋势．丽水师专学报．1998，20(2)：26～29
[79] 姚军虎．添加剂青贮料研究进展．国外畜牧学：草食家畜．1989，2：45～47
[80] 周宇光等．菌种目录．第三版，中国农业科技出版社．1997：230～237
[81] 王征、谢达平．黑曲霉产单宁酶发酵条件的研究．湖南农业大学学报．1998，24(5)：380～383
[82] 郭鲁宏，杨顺楷．单宁酶产生菌的筛选和发酵条件研究．应用与环境微生物学报．1998，4(4)：386～389
[83] ALAIN M. DESCHAMPS et al. Bacteria Degrading Tannic Acid and Related Compounds. Ferment. Technol. 1980, 58(2):93～97
[84] 王征等．单宁酶活力测定方法的研究．生物技术．2000，Vol．10．No．6：40～42
[85] ALAIN M. DESCHAMPS, GULTEN OTUK and JEAN-MICHEL LEBEAULT. Product ion of tanninase and degradation of chestnut tannin by bacteria. Ferment. Technol. 1998,61 (1):55～59
[86] By Sadaaki IIBUCHI, et al. studies on tannin acyl hydrolase of microorganisms. Pan II. A new method determining the enzyme activity using the change of ultra violet absorption, agr. boil.chem. 1967,31(5): 513～518
[87] 程琦，程启坤，李名君．单宁酶固定化及其在酯型儿茶素水解反应中的应用．生物化学杂志．1996，12(4)：423～426
[88] 杨伟．分光光度法测定果实中的单宁．华北农学报．1993，8(2)：116～119
[89] 李素群等．红豆草中单宁的分光光度法测定．草业学报．1993，2(2)：52～55
[90] 张燕等．油菜籽粕中单宁的提取、分离及纯化制备．华中农业大学学报．1998，17(3)：294～299
[91] 康玉凡、陈树兴、徐廷生．苜蓿草青贮方法与效果的试验研究．黑龙江畜牧兽医．1999(9)：15～16
[92] 郑芥丹等．甘蔗梢的袋装青贮试验．福建农业科技．2001(3)：16～17
[93] 杨福有等．鲜苹果渣青贮与饲喂技术．陕西农业科学．2000(9)：45～46
[94] 赵国琦等．添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响．动物科学与动物医学．2001，18(6)：61～65
[95] 田允波．青贮饲料添加剂．内蒙古畜牧科学．1996，2：32～35
[96] 纪亚君．青贮饲料添加剂的研究和应用．四川畜牧兽医．1996，1：56～59
[97] 高勒琪．国外青贮饲料发展概况和趋势．饲料研究．1987，2：23～24
[98] 杜增昱、冀一伦等．无水氨、尿素氨化秸杆饲喂肉牛的效果．中国畜牧杂志．1992，1：7～10
[99] 李玲．美国饲料添加剂应用概况及其它．饲料研究．1987，3：36～38
[100] 郭玉清等．以尿素和食盐为添加剂青贮玉米秸杆试验研究．山西大学学报．1996，19(4)：459～462
[101] 聂柱山，玉兰．尿素加糖蜜对稻草营养价值的影响．中国畜牧杂志．1991，27(3)：19～20
[102] Rodrjguez A A, Rust S R, Yokoyama M T, et al. Fermentation characteristics of Johnson grass ensiled at two regrowth periods with silage additives [J]. Tropical Agriculture. 1998,75(4) 475～461
[103] Nla S A M, Wittenberg K M. Use of forage inoculants with or without enzymes to improve preservation and quality of whole crop barley forage ensilaged as large bales [J]. Canadian Journal of Animal Science. 1999,79(4): 525～532
[104] 蔡继琨．EM发酵秸杆的试验初报．内蒙古畜牧科学．1997(4)：34～35。
[105] 杨长平．EM(有效微生物群)的研究综述．四川农业科技．1997(6)：20～23
[106] Libuchi S, Minoda Y& Yamada K, Studies on tannin acyl hydrolase of microorganisms. Part III. Purificatin of the enzyme and some properties of it. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1968,32: 803～809
[107] Libuchi S, Minoda Y& Yamada K, Hydrolyzing pathway, substrate specificity and inhibition of tannin acyl hydrolase of Asp. Oryzae No.7. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1972,37:1553～1562
[108] Thomas & M Murtagh .Characterization of tannase (EC 3.1.1.20) activity in tea extracts. J. Food Sci. 1985, 50:1126～1129
[109] 林东康等．栎树叶中单宁的含量及其脱毒方法的研究．河南农业大学学报．1992，26(3)：295～298
[110] 安晓宁，卢得仁．饲草含水量对青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值的影响．牧草与饲料．1991，2：23～27