添加剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量影响的试验研究
|
摘要
本文针对我国青贮添加剂的研究现状，研究了发酵促进剂(乳酸菌、纤维素酶)和发酵抑制剂(盐酸、己酸)二类青贮添加剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响。课题首先根据查阅的大量文献资料，确定要研究的添加剂种类和添加剂量，然后在玉米秸秆原料中添加所选的添加剂，在适宜的青贮条件下进行青贮饲料的调制试验，将经过一定发酵时间的青贮饲料开封后，通过测定玉米秸秆青贮饲料的干物率、pH值、有机酸含量及组成、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、青贮化学成分、氨态氮占总氮的比例等指标，这些测定分析结果用来确定不同添加剂对玉米秸秆青贮饲料质量的影响。
试验结果表明：在玉米秸秆青贮中添加盐酸，降低了玉米秸秆青贮饲料的乳酸占总酸比例、干物质回收率，并使得青贮饲料的细胞壁物质含量明显增加，明显降低玉米秸青贮料的质量。己酸的处理对青贮料pH值、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、有机酸含量和组成、NDF、ADF、ADL、OCW、OB的含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)，但可以抑制青贮料中霉菌的生长，并能明显改善青贮料的色泽、气味和质地。盐酸和已酸的共同处理除了明显改善青贮料的色泽、气味和质地外，还可明显降低青贮料的pH值和OB、ADF、ADL的含量(P＞0.05)，明显提高了青贮质量。它对玉米秸秆青贮饲料的有机酸含量及组成、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、NDF及OCW的含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。
添加纤维素酶可以使玉米秸秆青贮饲料中的氨态氮与总氮比值降低28％，丁酸占总酸的比例降低100％，ADF含量下降20％，显著提高了玉米秸青贮饲料的营养价值。纤维素酶对玉米秸秆青贮饲料的干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、NDF、乳酸及粗蛋白含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。乳酸菌的添加虽然使得青贮料的色泽、气味和质地明显改善，但也使得NDF、ADF含量明显提高，乳酸的含量明显降低、VBN/TN明显上升，说明玉米秸秆青贮料的质量明显下降。乳酸菌和纤维素酶的共同作用可以使玉米秸秆青贮料的干物质消失率提高8％，使氨态氮与总氮的比值降低33％，丁酸占总酸的比例降低81％，同时使NDF、ADF的含量分别降低10％和7％，说明玉米秸秆青贮料的质量明显改善。
Aim at the current situation of research on silage additives in China, the effects of different additives containing hydrochloric acid, caproic acid, lactobacillus, cellulase on the nutrient preservation and silage quality of corn stover silage had been studied in two experiments. Firstly, the dissertation chose the species of additives and decided the concentrations of addition. Then experiments had been carried out by using corn stover ensiled with those additives under ideal ensiling condition. After each storage and fermentation period, silage was removed from silo tin and analyzed for DM, pH, DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, silage composition, ammonia-N-to-total-N ratios (VBN/TN) of silage. Those results had been used to evaluate the effects of those additives on corn stover silage.
Results showed that the addition of hydrochloric acid had decreased obviously the lactic-to-total acid ratios, DM Recovery, and improved concentrations of organic cell wall (OCW) (P<0.05). It means this treatment had debated the silage quality of corn stover silage. Caproic acid treatment had little effects on pH, DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, concentrations of NDF, ADF, ADL, OCW, organic b Fraction (OB) (P>0.05), but it repressed the growth of fungi and improved the odor, color, texture of the silage. Treatment of corn stover with caproic acid and hydrochloric acid could obviously decrease pH and concentrations of OB, ADF, ADL. Meanwhile, it could improve greatly the odor, color, texture of silage while DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, concentrations of NDF, OCW were not affected by this treatment (P>0.05). So it means the addition of caproic acid and hydrochloric acid had improved the silage qua
lity.
Although having minimal effects on DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, DM Recovery and concentrations of lactic acid, NDF, and crude protein, treatment of corn stover silages with cellulase had reduced VBN/TN 28%, ADF20% and butyric acid-to-total acid 100% as compared with control silage. This silage quality turned out to be better as compared with control silage. Lactobacillus treatment had increased concentrations of NDF, VBN/TN and decreased lactic acid content while this silage had good color, odor and texture. Treatment of corn stover silages with cellulase and lactobacillus had improved DM digestibility 8% and decreased VBN/TN 33%, butyric acid-to-total acid ratios 81%, NDF content 10%, ADF content 7%. That had approved their quality be improved obviously.
试验结果表明：在玉米秸秆青贮中添加盐酸，降低了玉米秸秆青贮饲料的乳酸占总酸比例、干物质回收率，并使得青贮饲料的细胞壁物质含量明显增加，明显降低玉米秸青贮料的质量。己酸的处理对青贮料pH值、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、有机酸含量和组成、NDF、ADF、ADL、OCW、OB的含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)，但可以抑制青贮料中霉菌的生长，并能明显改善青贮料的色泽、气味和质地。盐酸和已酸的共同处理除了明显改善青贮料的色泽、气味和质地外，还可明显降低青贮料的pH值和OB、ADF、ADL的含量(P＞0.05)，明显提高了青贮质量。它对玉米秸秆青贮饲料的有机酸含量及组成、干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、NDF及OCW的含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。
添加纤维素酶可以使玉米秸秆青贮饲料中的氨态氮与总氮比值降低28％，丁酸占总酸的比例降低100％，ADF含量下降20％，显著提高了玉米秸青贮饲料的营养价值。纤维素酶对玉米秸秆青贮饲料的干物质消失率、NDF瘤胃降解率、干物质回收率、NDF、乳酸及粗蛋白含量均无显著影响(P＞0.05)。乳酸菌的添加虽然使得青贮料的色泽、气味和质地明显改善，但也使得NDF、ADF含量明显提高，乳酸的含量明显降低、VBN/TN明显上升，说明玉米秸秆青贮料的质量明显下降。乳酸菌和纤维素酶的共同作用可以使玉米秸秆青贮料的干物质消失率提高8％，使氨态氮与总氮的比值降低33％，丁酸占总酸的比例降低81％，同时使NDF、ADF的含量分别降低10％和7％，说明玉米秸秆青贮料的质量明显改善。
Aim at the current situation of research on silage additives in China, the effects of different additives containing hydrochloric acid, caproic acid, lactobacillus, cellulase on the nutrient preservation and silage quality of corn stover silage had been studied in two experiments. Firstly, the dissertation chose the species of additives and decided the concentrations of addition. Then experiments had been carried out by using corn stover ensiled with those additives under ideal ensiling condition. After each storage and fermentation period, silage was removed from silo tin and analyzed for DM, pH, DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, silage composition, ammonia-N-to-total-N ratios (VBN/TN) of silage. Those results had been used to evaluate the effects of those additives on corn stover silage.
Results showed that the addition of hydrochloric acid had decreased obviously the lactic-to-total acid ratios, DM Recovery, and improved concentrations of organic cell wall (OCW) (P<0.05). It means this treatment had debated the silage quality of corn stover silage. Caproic acid treatment had little effects on pH, DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, concentrations of NDF, ADF, ADL, OCW, organic b Fraction (OB) (P>0.05), but it repressed the growth of fungi and improved the odor, color, texture of the silage. Treatment of corn stover with caproic acid and hydrochloric acid could obviously decrease pH and concentrations of OB, ADF, ADL. Meanwhile, it could improve greatly the odor, color, texture of silage while DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, organic acid composition and content, DM Recovery, concentrations of NDF, OCW were not affected by this treatment (P>0.05). So it means the addition of caproic acid and hydrochloric acid had improved the silage qua
lity.
Although having minimal effects on DM digestibility, NDF digestibility, DM Recovery and concentrations of lactic acid, NDF, and crude protein, treatment of corn stover silages with cellulase had reduced VBN/TN 28%, ADF20% and butyric acid-to-total acid 100% as compared with control silage. This silage quality turned out to be better as compared with control silage. Lactobacillus treatment had increased concentrations of NDF, VBN/TN and decreased lactic acid content while this silage had good color, odor and texture. Treatment of corn stover silages with cellulase and lactobacillus had improved DM digestibility 8% and decreased VBN/TN 33%, butyric acid-to-total acid ratios 81%, NDF content 10%, ADF content 7%. That had approved their quality be improved obviously.
引文
1 陈建波．中国的粮食安全：回顾与前瞻．南京经济学院学报．2001，(3)：7-10
2 于中琴．中国和印度农业比较的研究．兰州商学院学报．2001，(10)：59-64
3 刘科．秸秆饲料加工于应用技术．金盾出版社．2001
4 中国农业统计年鉴2000．中国农业出版社，2000
5 郭庭双．秸秆畜牧业．上海科学技术出版社，1994
6 Peter McDonald．青贮饲料的生物化学．北京农业大学出版社，1988
7 张秀芬．饲草饲料加工与贮藏．农业出版社，1991
8 宁布．国外对玉米的青贮利用的研究．内蒙古草业．1998，(1)：25-29
9 Zhang Jianguo ,Sumio Kumai ,Ryohei Fukumi. Effects of lactic acid bacteria cellulase additives at different temperature on the fermentation quality of corn and guineagrass silages. Acta. Pratacurae Sinica, 1997,6(3): 66-75
10 梁邢文．饲料原料与品质检验．中国林业出版社．1999
11 余伯良．发酵饲料生产应用新技术．中国农业出版社．1999
12 李尚波．畜禽十大高效饲料添加剂．辽宁科学技术出版社．2002
13 郑伟．玉米青贮技术的研究．饲料博览．1994，(3)：14-16
14 国家“九五”重点科技攻关计划“秸秆利用技术研究”专题验收报告．1996
15 田允汉．青贮饲料添加剂．内蒙古畜牧科学．1996，(2)：32-34
16 田允汉．生物性青贮添加剂．饲料研究．1996，(7)：25-26
17 杨雪霞．添加纤维素酶的青贮研究进展．生物技术通报．2001，(1)：37-41
18 杨富裕，周禾．甲酸在青贮饲料中的应用．中国奶牛．2000，(6)：23-25
19 李义海．酸类添加剂在饲料中的应用．饲料研究．1995，(9)：13-141
20 (苏．玉米青贮的高效利用．国外畜牧业．1997，(2)：39-41
21 A. C. Sheperd, L. Kung, JR. An enzyme additive for corn silage :Effects on silage composition and animal performance..J. Dairy Sci, 1996, 79:1760-1766
22 L.Kung, JR.,A. C. Sheprerd, A. M. Smagala, K. M. Endres, C. A. Bessett,. N. K. Ranjit, and J. L. Glancey. The Effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci ,1998, 81. 1322-1330
23 Richard M. Luther. Effect of microbial inoculation of whole-plant corn silage on chemical characteristics, preservation an utilization by Steers. J. anim. Sci,1986,63: 1329-1336
24 储明星．青贮饲料添加剂．饲料博览．1994，(6)：34-35
25 王建兵，范石军．细菌接种剂和酶制剂在秸秆类饲料青贮中的应用．饲料与饲养．1999，(1)：17-19
26 蔡义民等．乳酸菌剂对青贮饲料发酵品质的改善效果．中国农业科学．1995，28(2)：73-82
27 李明元，李兵．饲用纤维素酶制剂的研究概况．四川畜牧兽医学院学报．1998，12(1)：21-25
28 蔡义民．纤维素分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响．山东农业大学学报．1999，4；
29 张庆华．糖化处理对玉米秸秆干物质、纤维组分瘤胃降解影响．吉林农业大学学报．2000，(3)：85-88
30 王建兵．微生物接种剂和酶制剂对玉米秸秆发酵品质的影响．内蒙古畜牧科学．2001，22(2)：4-7
31 王庆雷．日本的青贮饲料．世界农业．1998，(2)：46-47
32 史占全．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸发酵品质和化学成分的影响．浙江农业大学学报．1998，24(6)：653-657
33 史占全．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸采食量和瘤胃内降解的影响．中国畜牧杂志．2001，37(5)：21-24
34 王安．纤维素复合酶作为青贮饲料添加剂的研究．东北农业大学学报．1997，28(4)：358-365
35 杨连玉．化学和生物学处理对玉米秸秆营养价值的影响．吉林农业大学学报．2001，23(1)：83-87
36 王安．利用纤维复合酶提高玉米青贮和黄贮饲用价值的研究．中国畜牧杂志．1999，35(3)：39-40
37 阿部·亮．碳水化合物为主的饲料分析法及其在饲料营养价评价法上的应用．日本农林水产省草地研究所，2001
38 王国峰．特殊用途玉米新品种—“高油115”及“中单9409”．2000，(2)：34-35
39 毛华明．提高低质饲料饲料养价值的研究．北京农业大学学位论文．1991
40 杨胜．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．北京农业出版社，1999
41 陈立仁．高效液相色谱基础与实践．科学出版社，2001
42 G E. Higginbotham, S. C. Mueller, K. K. Bolsn, E. J. Depeters. Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci ,1998,81: 2185-2192
43 陈默君，张文淑．牧草与粗饲料，中国农业大学出版社，1998
44 刘立秋．酶制剂和乳酸菌在青贮饲料中的应用．黑龙江畜牧科技．1999，(3)：18-19
45 王泉林．纤维素酶饲用复合酶的生产和应用研究．饲料博览．1995，(6)：29-30
46 饲料工业职业培训系列9教材编审委员会．饲料与营养．中国农业出版社，1997
47 冯仰廉．奶牛饲养标准和典型日粮配方．农业出版社，1989
2 于中琴．中国和印度农业比较的研究．兰州商学院学报．2001，(10)：59-64
3 刘科．秸秆饲料加工于应用技术．金盾出版社．2001
4 中国农业统计年鉴2000．中国农业出版社，2000
5 郭庭双．秸秆畜牧业．上海科学技术出版社，1994
6 Peter McDonald．青贮饲料的生物化学．北京农业大学出版社，1988
7 张秀芬．饲草饲料加工与贮藏．农业出版社，1991
8 宁布．国外对玉米的青贮利用的研究．内蒙古草业．1998，(1)：25-29
9 Zhang Jianguo ,Sumio Kumai ,Ryohei Fukumi. Effects of lactic acid bacteria cellulase additives at different temperature on the fermentation quality of corn and guineagrass silages. Acta. Pratacurae Sinica, 1997,6(3): 66-75
10 梁邢文．饲料原料与品质检验．中国林业出版社．1999
11 余伯良．发酵饲料生产应用新技术．中国农业出版社．1999
12 李尚波．畜禽十大高效饲料添加剂．辽宁科学技术出版社．2002
13 郑伟．玉米青贮技术的研究．饲料博览．1994，(3)：14-16
14 国家“九五”重点科技攻关计划“秸秆利用技术研究”专题验收报告．1996
15 田允汉．青贮饲料添加剂．内蒙古畜牧科学．1996，(2)：32-34
16 田允汉．生物性青贮添加剂．饲料研究．1996，(7)：25-26
17 杨雪霞．添加纤维素酶的青贮研究进展．生物技术通报．2001，(1)：37-41
18 杨富裕，周禾．甲酸在青贮饲料中的应用．中国奶牛．2000，(6)：23-25
19 李义海．酸类添加剂在饲料中的应用．饲料研究．1995，(9)：13-141
20 (苏．玉米青贮的高效利用．国外畜牧业．1997，(2)：39-41
21 A. C. Sheperd, L. Kung, JR. An enzyme additive for corn silage :Effects on silage composition and animal performance..J. Dairy Sci, 1996, 79:1760-1766
22 L.Kung, JR.,A. C. Sheprerd, A. M. Smagala, K. M. Endres, C. A. Bessett,. N. K. Ranjit, and J. L. Glancey. The Effect of preservatives based on propionic acid on the fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage and a total mixed ration. J Dairy Sci ,1998, 81. 1322-1330
23 Richard M. Luther. Effect of microbial inoculation of whole-plant corn silage on chemical characteristics, preservation an utilization by Steers. J. anim. Sci,1986,63: 1329-1336
24 储明星．青贮饲料添加剂．饲料博览．1994，(6)：34-35
25 王建兵，范石军．细菌接种剂和酶制剂在秸秆类饲料青贮中的应用．饲料与饲养．1999，(1)：17-19
26 蔡义民等．乳酸菌剂对青贮饲料发酵品质的改善效果．中国农业科学．1995，28(2)：73-82
27 李明元，李兵．饲用纤维素酶制剂的研究概况．四川畜牧兽医学院学报．1998，12(1)：21-25
28 蔡义民．纤维素分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响．山东农业大学学报．1999，4；
29 张庆华．糖化处理对玉米秸秆干物质、纤维组分瘤胃降解影响．吉林农业大学学报．2000，(3)：85-88
30 王建兵．微生物接种剂和酶制剂对玉米秸秆发酵品质的影响．内蒙古畜牧科学．2001，22(2)：4-7
31 王庆雷．日本的青贮饲料．世界农业．1998，(2)：46-47
32 史占全．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸发酵品质和化学成分的影响．浙江农业大学学报．1998，24(6)：653-657
33 史占全．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸采食量和瘤胃内降解的影响．中国畜牧杂志．2001，37(5)：21-24
34 王安．纤维素复合酶作为青贮饲料添加剂的研究．东北农业大学学报．1997，28(4)：358-365
35 杨连玉．化学和生物学处理对玉米秸秆营养价值的影响．吉林农业大学学报．2001，23(1)：83-87
36 王安．利用纤维复合酶提高玉米青贮和黄贮饲用价值的研究．中国畜牧杂志．1999，35(3)：39-40
37 阿部·亮．碳水化合物为主的饲料分析法及其在饲料营养价评价法上的应用．日本农林水产省草地研究所，2001
38 王国峰．特殊用途玉米新品种—“高油115”及“中单9409”．2000，(2)：34-35
39 毛华明．提高低质饲料饲料养价值的研究．北京农业大学学位论文．1991
40 杨胜．饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术．北京农业出版社，1999
41 陈立仁．高效液相色谱基础与实践．科学出版社，2001
42 G E. Higginbotham, S. C. Mueller, K. K. Bolsn, E. J. Depeters. Effects of inoculants containing propionic acid bacteria on fermentation and aerobic stability of corn silage. J. Dairy Sci ,1998,81: 2185-2192
43 陈默君，张文淑．牧草与粗饲料，中国农业大学出版社，1998
44 刘立秋．酶制剂和乳酸菌在青贮饲料中的应用．黑龙江畜牧科技．1999，(3)：18-19
45 王泉林．纤维素酶饲用复合酶的生产和应用研究．饲料博览．1995，(6)：29-30
46 饲料工业职业培训系列9教材编审委员会．饲料与营养．中国农业出版社，1997
47 冯仰廉．奶牛饲养标准和典型日粮配方．农业出版社，1989