多花黑麦草春季青贮技术的研究
摘要
近年来，农业产业结构调整及三元种植结构的推广使饲草生产有了很大发展，饲料作物种植面积逐年扩大，草食畜禽饲养量逐年上升。草食畜禽的迅猛发展又为牧草生产提供了广阔的发展空间，牧草种植面积将进一步扩大。
多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)为我国南方目前冬春季大田栽培的主要牧草，可与水稻复种接茬。多花黑麦草既能充分利用南方大面积冬闲田，提高土地利用率，又可增产大量优质青饲料，产生很好的经济效益和生态效益。但是，多花黑麦草产草期集中于春季3—5月间，该季节正是南方春雨潮湿的季节。春季黑麦草的季节过剩与调制加工困难的矛盾已成为阻碍多花黑麦草进一步发展的主要因素之一。因此，积极探索多花黑麦草在南方春季青贮的方法是当前多花黑麦草生产中迫切需要解决的一个重要问题。
本试验以特高多花黑麦草为原料，采用桶青贮的方式，分别于黑麦草拔节期和抽穗期刈割后进行了直接贮、凋萎贮、凋萎后添加甲酸、乳酸、丙酸、甲醛、纤维素酶、葡萄糖等调制处理。青贮60d后开启青贮桶进行青贮品质鉴定和青贮饲料营养成分分析。
试验结果表明，多花黑麦草春季收割后直接青贮，因含水量较高(拔节期含水量为83.59％，抽穗期含水量为78.69％)不易成功，适当凋萎并使用添加剂可确保青贮品质良好。
适宜水平的甲酸、乳酸、丙酸等有机酸处理能抑制多花黑麦草青贮乳酸发酵，降低氨态氮及乳酸含量，增加可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量。拔节期多花黑麦草青贮，分别添加5.6mL／kg甲酸、7.0mL／kg乳酸或6.5mL／kg丙酸，氨态氮含量分别比对照降低8.14％(P＜0.05)、15.14％(P＜0.05)和4.34％(P＞0.05)，乳酸含量分别降低5.80％(P＜0.05)、13.27％(P＜0.01)和6.30％(P＜0.05)，而WSC含量则升高236.81％(P＜0.01)、276.81％(P＜0.01)和179.15％(P＜0.01)。抽穗期多花黑麦草青贮，分别添加3.2mL／kg甲酸、4.5mL／kg乳酸或6.5mL／kg丙酸，氨态氮含量分别比对照降低10.56％(P＜0.05)、9.14％(P＜0.05)和11.03％(P＜0.05)，乳酸含量分别降低5.65％(P＜0.05)、6.79％(P＜0.05)和10.06％(P＜0.01)，WSC含量则分别升高42.92％(P＜0.05)、125.51％(P＜0.01)和221.55％(P＜0.01)。
凋萎多花黑麦苹添加葡萄糖青贮，能使pH值降低，乳酸和WSC含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。凋萎多花黑麦草添加纤维素酶青贮，可显著降低青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维
多花黑麦草春季青贮技术的研究
（NDF）和半纤维素的含量，好气霉变率亦明显降低。甲醛处理使多花黑麦草青贮饲
料氨态氮含量显著降低（P＜0．05），蛋白质损失减少。丙酸处理可显著降低多花黑
麦草青贮好气性腐败率。
过低浓度乳酸和丙酸处理对多花黑麦草青贮品质无明显影响。选择单一添加剂
青贮多花黑麦草时，拔节期以凋萎后每 xg多花黑麦草分别添加甲酸 5．6mL、乳酸
7．omL、丙酸6．smL、甲醛3．smL、纤维素酶0．759或葡萄糖N；抽穗期以凋萎后
每叱多花黑麦草分别添力口甲酸3．2。L、乳酸4．smL、丙酸6．smL、甲醛3．smL、纤维
素酶1．sg或葡萄糖m 为宜。
In rescent years, forage production has been greatly improved beacause of agriculture structure adjustment. The planting area of forage crop and the capacity of herbivorous domestic animals are enlarged every year. The rapid development of herbivorous domestic animals promotes the further poduction of forages.
Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum) is a pupular planting grass in southern China in winter and spring, which can grow after harvest of rice and product a great deal of high grade green food, may be not only benefits to the utilization of farmland, but also to the development of domestic animals, and increase in incomes for farmers. But Italian ryegrass grows rapidly in spring in southern area. Ensilage techniques of ryegrass are urgent needed in practices in order to improve the utilization of Italian ryegrass in southern China now.
Italian ryegrass was unwiltd or wilted and ensiled in barrel silos at elongating stage and earing stage with addition of formic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, formaldehyde, cellulase or glucose. Silos were opened after 60 days form ensilaging and the silage quality was determinded.
The unwilted silage displayed worse visual evaluation and worse preservaton because of low content of dry matter while the wilted silage with application of different additives had better visual evauation and better preservation.
Ensilage with optimum level of organic acid restricted the fermentation of lactic acid, reduced ammonia nitrogen content and lactic acid concentration, increased water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content. Italian ryegrass was wilted and ensiled at elongating stage with addition of 5.6 formic acid, 7.0 lactic acid or 6.5 propionic acid Lf'wilted grass, compared with control, ammonia nitrogen content lowered 8.14% (P<0.05), 15.14% (P<0.05) or 4.34% (P>0.05) respectively, lactic acid concentration lowered 5.80% (P<0.05), 13.27% (P<0.01) or 6.3% (P<0.05) respectively, WSC content highered 236.81% (P<0.01), 276.81% (P<0.01) or 179.15% (P<0.01 Respectively. Italian ryegrass was wilted and ensiled at earing stage with addition of 3.2 formic acid, 4.5 lactic acid or 6.5 propionic Lt-1 wilted grass, compared with control, ammonia nitrogen content lowered
10.56% (P<0.05), 9.14% (P<0.05) or 11.03% (P<0.05) respectively, lactic acid concentration lowered 5.65% (P<0.05),6.79% (P<0.05) or 10.06%(P<0.01) respectively, WSC content highered 42.92% (P<0.05), 125.51% (P<0.01) or 221.55% (P<0.01) respectively.
Ensilage wilted Italian ryegrass with addition of glucose stimulated the lactic acid production (P<0.05) and reduced the pH value. Ensilage with addition cellulase, compared with control, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulase and aerobic deterioration content was obviously reduced.
Ensilage with formaldehyde at rate of 3.8 Lf'wilted grass reduced the ammonia nitrogen content 13.28% (P<0.05) at elongating stage and 12.56% (P<0.05) at earing stage. And with propionic acid had significantly lower aerobic deterioration content.
Lower lever of lactic acid and propionic acid had little effect on the ensilage fermentation of Italian ryegrass. The optimum level of additives of formic acid, lactic acid, proponic acid and formaldehyde for Italian ryegrass in Sping in southern China must be at rate 5.6, 7.0, 6.5, 3.8 Lf'wilted grass respectively, glucose and cellulase may be respective at rate 20 and 0.75 kgf'wilted grass at elongating stage. Application of formic acid, lactic acid, proponic acid, formaldehyde to wilted Italian ryegrass maybe at rate 3.2, 4.5, 6.5, 3.8 Lt"1 wilted grass respectively, glucose and cellulase be needed 20 and 0.75 kg-1 wilted grass respectively, at earing stage.
多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum L.)为我国南方目前冬春季大田栽培的主要牧草，可与水稻复种接茬。多花黑麦草既能充分利用南方大面积冬闲田，提高土地利用率，又可增产大量优质青饲料，产生很好的经济效益和生态效益。但是，多花黑麦草产草期集中于春季3—5月间，该季节正是南方春雨潮湿的季节。春季黑麦草的季节过剩与调制加工困难的矛盾已成为阻碍多花黑麦草进一步发展的主要因素之一。因此，积极探索多花黑麦草在南方春季青贮的方法是当前多花黑麦草生产中迫切需要解决的一个重要问题。
本试验以特高多花黑麦草为原料，采用桶青贮的方式，分别于黑麦草拔节期和抽穗期刈割后进行了直接贮、凋萎贮、凋萎后添加甲酸、乳酸、丙酸、甲醛、纤维素酶、葡萄糖等调制处理。青贮60d后开启青贮桶进行青贮品质鉴定和青贮饲料营养成分分析。
试验结果表明，多花黑麦草春季收割后直接青贮，因含水量较高(拔节期含水量为83.59％，抽穗期含水量为78.69％)不易成功，适当凋萎并使用添加剂可确保青贮品质良好。
适宜水平的甲酸、乳酸、丙酸等有机酸处理能抑制多花黑麦草青贮乳酸发酵，降低氨态氮及乳酸含量，增加可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量。拔节期多花黑麦草青贮，分别添加5.6mL／kg甲酸、7.0mL／kg乳酸或6.5mL／kg丙酸，氨态氮含量分别比对照降低8.14％(P＜0.05)、15.14％(P＜0.05)和4.34％(P＞0.05)，乳酸含量分别降低5.80％(P＜0.05)、13.27％(P＜0.01)和6.30％(P＜0.05)，而WSC含量则升高236.81％(P＜0.01)、276.81％(P＜0.01)和179.15％(P＜0.01)。抽穗期多花黑麦草青贮，分别添加3.2mL／kg甲酸、4.5mL／kg乳酸或6.5mL／kg丙酸，氨态氮含量分别比对照降低10.56％(P＜0.05)、9.14％(P＜0.05)和11.03％(P＜0.05)，乳酸含量分别降低5.65％(P＜0.05)、6.79％(P＜0.05)和10.06％(P＜0.01)，WSC含量则分别升高42.92％(P＜0.05)、125.51％(P＜0.01)和221.55％(P＜0.01)。
凋萎多花黑麦苹添加葡萄糖青贮，能使pH值降低，乳酸和WSC含量显著增加(P＜0.05)。凋萎多花黑麦草添加纤维素酶青贮，可显著降低青贮饲料中性洗涤纤维
多花黑麦草春季青贮技术的研究
（NDF）和半纤维素的含量，好气霉变率亦明显降低。甲醛处理使多花黑麦草青贮饲
料氨态氮含量显著降低（P＜0．05），蛋白质损失减少。丙酸处理可显著降低多花黑
麦草青贮好气性腐败率。
过低浓度乳酸和丙酸处理对多花黑麦草青贮品质无明显影响。选择单一添加剂
青贮多花黑麦草时，拔节期以凋萎后每 xg多花黑麦草分别添加甲酸 5．6mL、乳酸
7．omL、丙酸6．smL、甲醛3．smL、纤维素酶0．759或葡萄糖N；抽穗期以凋萎后
每叱多花黑麦草分别添力口甲酸3．2。L、乳酸4．smL、丙酸6．smL、甲醛3．smL、纤维
素酶1．sg或葡萄糖m 为宜。
In rescent years, forage production has been greatly improved beacause of agriculture structure adjustment. The planting area of forage crop and the capacity of herbivorous domestic animals are enlarged every year. The rapid development of herbivorous domestic animals promotes the further poduction of forages.
Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum) is a pupular planting grass in southern China in winter and spring, which can grow after harvest of rice and product a great deal of high grade green food, may be not only benefits to the utilization of farmland, but also to the development of domestic animals, and increase in incomes for farmers. But Italian ryegrass grows rapidly in spring in southern area. Ensilage techniques of ryegrass are urgent needed in practices in order to improve the utilization of Italian ryegrass in southern China now.
Italian ryegrass was unwiltd or wilted and ensiled in barrel silos at elongating stage and earing stage with addition of formic acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, formaldehyde, cellulase or glucose. Silos were opened after 60 days form ensilaging and the silage quality was determinded.
The unwilted silage displayed worse visual evaluation and worse preservaton because of low content of dry matter while the wilted silage with application of different additives had better visual evauation and better preservation.
Ensilage with optimum level of organic acid restricted the fermentation of lactic acid, reduced ammonia nitrogen content and lactic acid concentration, increased water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) content. Italian ryegrass was wilted and ensiled at elongating stage with addition of 5.6 formic acid, 7.0 lactic acid or 6.5 propionic acid Lf'wilted grass, compared with control, ammonia nitrogen content lowered 8.14% (P<0.05), 15.14% (P<0.05) or 4.34% (P>0.05) respectively, lactic acid concentration lowered 5.80% (P<0.05), 13.27% (P<0.01) or 6.3% (P<0.05) respectively, WSC content highered 236.81% (P<0.01), 276.81% (P<0.01) or 179.15% (P<0.01 Respectively. Italian ryegrass was wilted and ensiled at earing stage with addition of 3.2 formic acid, 4.5 lactic acid or 6.5 propionic Lt-1 wilted grass, compared with control, ammonia nitrogen content lowered
10.56% (P<0.05), 9.14% (P<0.05) or 11.03% (P<0.05) respectively, lactic acid concentration lowered 5.65% (P<0.05),6.79% (P<0.05) or 10.06%(P<0.01) respectively, WSC content highered 42.92% (P<0.05), 125.51% (P<0.01) or 221.55% (P<0.01) respectively.
Ensilage wilted Italian ryegrass with addition of glucose stimulated the lactic acid production (P<0.05) and reduced the pH value. Ensilage with addition cellulase, compared with control, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), hemicellulase and aerobic deterioration content was obviously reduced.
Ensilage with formaldehyde at rate of 3.8 Lf'wilted grass reduced the ammonia nitrogen content 13.28% (P<0.05) at elongating stage and 12.56% (P<0.05) at earing stage. And with propionic acid had significantly lower aerobic deterioration content.
Lower lever of lactic acid and propionic acid had little effect on the ensilage fermentation of Italian ryegrass. The optimum level of additives of formic acid, lactic acid, proponic acid and formaldehyde for Italian ryegrass in Sping in southern China must be at rate 5.6, 7.0, 6.5, 3.8 Lf'wilted grass respectively, glucose and cellulase may be respective at rate 20 and 0.75 kgf'wilted grass at elongating stage. Application of formic acid, lactic acid, proponic acid, formaldehyde to wilted Italian ryegrass maybe at rate 3.2, 4.5, 6.5, 3.8 Lt"1 wilted grass respectively, glucose and cellulase be needed 20 and 0.75 kg-1 wilted grass respectively, at earing stage.
引文
1．张玉发．试论苜蓿在我国三元种植结构中的地位和作用[J]．草业科学，1999，(2)：10-13．
2．李向林．饲草饲料的利用与发展对策[J]．饲料与畜牧，2000，(3)：33-35．
3．沙玉圣．大力开发专刚饲料作物，促进农业产业结构调整[J]．中国饲料，2000，(8)：6-7．
4．岳文彬．开发饲料资源，发展草食动物[J]．中国草食动物，1999，(10)：34～36．
5．许显滨，矫江．黑龙江省三元结构种植分析与调整建议[J]．黑龙江农业科学，1996，(6)：25～26．
6．程凌．浅议节粮畜牧业[J]．草食家畜，1998，(2)：6～8．
7．武元厚，黄桂香．开发利用草地资源和节粮型畜牧业生产模式[J]．山西农业大学学报，2000，(4)：19-22．
8．张明年，持续发展节粮型畜牧业的挑战、优势与对策[J]．中国草地，1996，(4)：57～62．
9．陈桔．粮、经、饲三元种植结构及其途径探讨[J]．天津农林科技，1997，(1)：38～40．
10．Clair E.Terrill，中国羊肉的生产潜力[A]．见：左天觉，段志煌，M.Faust.中外著名专家论中国农业[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1998，402～406．
11．王进波，齐莉莉，优质饲草——黑麦草的开发与利用[J]．饲料研究，2000，(10)：27-28．
12．辛国荣，杨中艺，陈三有．“黑麦草-水稻”草田轮作系统的研究Ⅴ．稻田冬种黑麦草的优质高产栽培技术[J]．草业学报，2000，(6)：17-23．
13．周春霖．黑麦草不同品种产量和草质的研究[J]．江苏农业科学，2000，(5)：61-64．
14．陈三有，梁正之．七个黑麦草品种生产能力的研究[J]．中国草食动物，2000，2(3)：32-33．
15．杨中艺，辛国荣，岳朝阳，陈三有．“黑麦草—水稻”草田轮作系统应用效益初探(案例研究)[J]．草业科学，1997，(6)：35-38．
16．陈三有．从广东草业生产模式看牧草在可持续发展中的战略地位[J]．草业科学，2000，(2)：75-78．
17．黄开红，朱普平．稻-草-鱼——水乡生态农业发展之评述[J]．江苏农业学报，2000，16(1)：57-60．
18．李玉元，张桂荣．草地农业效益研究——以黑麦草—水稻草田轮作为例[J]．广西农业生物科学，2000，(1)：56-63．
19．李元华．养猪利用黑麦草效益初探[J]．四川草原，2000，(2)：56-58．
20．辛国荣．冬种黑麦草最终割草时间对早稻生长发育和产量的影响[J]．草业科学，1999，(2)：17-20．
21．杨中艺．稻田冬种黑麦草对后作水稻生长的影响及其机理初探[J]．草业科学，1997，(4)：20-24．
22．陈三有，杨中艺，辛国荣．黑麦草、水稻草田轮作系统研究与应用[J]．草原与草坪，2000，(1)：32-34．
23．王仁振．青贮技术及其添加剂的选用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(21)：10-11．
24．张秀芬．饲草饲料的加工与贮藏[M]．北京：农业出版社，1992
25．梁祖铎．饲料生产学[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1993．
26．金公亮．青贮技术[M]．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1996．
27. Wilkinson J K,Waephul F.Silage in Europe—A survey of 33 countries [A]．1996。
28．董世魁，魏小红，A.R.Waters.试验室条件下几种青贮饲料的加工与调制[J]．青海畜牧兽医杂志，2000，30(4)：6-8． ．
29．张运涛．生物性青贮添加剂的应用[J]．中国饲料，1995，(3)：17-19．
30．吉进卿．青贮饲料添加剂种类及应用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(1)：38-39．
31．纪亚君．青贮添加剂的研究和应用[J]．四川畜牧与兽医，1996，(1)：56-59．
32．郭芳彬．饲料青贮添加剂的研究和用[J]．饲料博览，1996，(5)：20-21．
33．郭金双，孔祥浩．发酵促进剂在青贮饲料制作中的应用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(15)：13-15．
34．葛政华，殷潮洲，邵游．青贮黑麦草添加双乙酸钠防霉试验[J]．饲料工业，1994，(2)：45-46．
35．王庆雷．青贮饲料的主要添加剂[J]．中国饲料，1998，(13)：15-16．
36．李素芬，霍贵成．纤维素酶的分子结构组成及其功能[J]．中国饲料，1997，(13)：12-14．
37．王建兵，范石军，张淑芳，刘朋军，石玉珍，刘静波．细菌接种剂和酶制剂在秸杆类饲料青贮中的应用[J]．饲料博览，1999，11(4)：17-19．
38．周德宝，蔡义民．纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响[J]．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(4)：367-371．
39. Henderson A R, McDonald P. The effect of a cellulose preparation derived from Trichoderma viride on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass,lucerne
and clover [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 1982, 33. 16-20.
40. Sheperd A C, Kung LJR. Effects of an enzyme additive on composition of corn silage ensiled at various stages of maturity [J]. Dairy Sci, 1996, 79. 1767-1773.
41. Kung L. Microbial inoculation or cellulose enzyme treatment of barely and vetch silage harvested at three maturities [J].Dairy Sci, 1990, 73:1304-1311.
42. Van Vuuuren A M, Bergsma F. Effects of addition of cell wall degrading enzymes on the chemical composition and the in sacco degradation of grass silage [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1989, 44.. 223-230.
43. Sheperd A C. Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1995, 78: 565-572.
44．王安，钟一民．纤维素复合酶作为青贮饲料添加剂的研究[J]．东北农业大学学报，1997，28(4)：358-365．
45．史占全，刘建新，张菁桦．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸品质和化学成分的影响[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1998，24(6)：653-657．
46．王安，汪洋，王宝．利用纤维素复合酶提高玉米青贮和黄贮饲用价值的研究[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1999，(3)：39-40．
47. Tengerdy R P. Ensilage alfalfa with additives of lactic acid bacteria and enzymes [J]. Sci Food Agric, 1991, 55: 215-228.
48. Selmer-Olsen I. Enzymes as silage additives for grass-clover mixtures [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1994, 49. 305-315.
49．史占全，蒋林树．稻草加酶饲喂育成牛的效果研究[J]．中国奶牛，2000，(5)：24-26．
50. Mchan F. Cellulose-treated coastal Bermudagrass silage and production of soluble carbohydrates, silage acids and digestibility [J]. Dairy Sci, 1986, 69:431-438.
51. Chen J. Effects of enzyme-inoculate systems on preservation and nutritive value of haycrop and com silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1994, 77: 501-502.
52. Weinberg Z G, Ashbell G. Ensilage peas, ryegrass and wheat with additives of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cell wall degrading enzymes [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1993, 48: 70-78.
53. Weninberg Z G, Ashell G, Hen Y. The effect of celluase and hemicellulase plus pectinase on the aerobic stability and fibre analysis of peas and wheat silage [J]. Animal Feed Science Technology, 1995, 55: 287-293.
54. Jaster E H, Moor K J. Fermentation characteristics and feeding value of
enzyme-treated alfalfa haylage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1988, 71: 705-711.
55. Mcqueen R. Fungal cellulase and hemicellulase prediction of forage digestibility [J]. Dairy Sci, 1974, 58(10); 1482-1491.
56. Selmer-Olsen I, Henderson A R. Roberson S.Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage1. The fermentation of enzyme-treated ryegrass in laboratory silos [J]. Grassland and Forage, 1993, 48: 45-54.
57．管武大，F,Driehuis, P.Van, VVikselaar.酶制剂对黑麦草饲料发酵品质和微生物菌群的影响[J]．华南农业大学学报，2002，23(1)：63-66．
58．赵国琦，丁健，孙龙生，刘大林．添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响[J]．动物科学和动物医学，2001，18(6)：61-65．
59．张海，左玉萍．利用酶制剂作为青贮饲料添加剂[J]．草与畜杂志，1996，(1)：30-31．
60．周鼎年．国外专家谈生物青贮剂的选择问题[J]．中国奶牛，1999，(2)：55-56．
61. Henderson A.R. McDonald P. The effect of cellulose preparations on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass in laboratory silos [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1977, (28): 486-490.
62. Zhu Yu. Naoki Nishino, Yoshiro Kishida. Ensiling characteristics and ruminal degradation of ltalian ryegrass and lucerne silage treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes [J]. Journal of the science of food and Agriculture, 1999, 79(14):1987-1992.
63. Spoelstra R F, Van W ikselaar P G , Arder B. The effects of ensilage whole crop maize with a multi-enzyme preparation on the chemical composition of the resulting silages [J].Sci Food Agric, 1992, 60(2): 232-228.
64．张国立．酶制剂在青贮饲料中的应用效果及其发展趋势[J]．吉林畜牧兽医，1995(4)：24-26．
65. Wikinson J M, Cook J E. Intake and feeding value of grazed or conserved Italian ryegrass [J]. Grassland and Forage Science, 1982, 37: 29-38.
66. Leibensperger R Y, Pite R E. Modeling the effects of formic acid and molasses on silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1988, 71;1220-1231.
67. Seale D R, Henderson A R, Pettersson K O. The effect of addition of sugar and inoculants on the fermentation.of lucerne in laboratory silos [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1986, 41: 61-70.
68. Ohyama Y, Morichi T. The effect of inoculation with lactobacillus plantarum and addition of glucose at ensiling on the quality of aerated silage [J]. Jouranl of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 1001-1008．
69． O' Nell K A, Thomas J W. Effect of microbial inculation and sucrose on fermentation of alfala silage [J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1986, 63(suppl.1) : 286-288．
70． 李桂荣。影响青贮发酵的几个因素[J]。当代畜牧, 2000, (2) : 39-40．
71． Davit O E, Perrott J G The effects of ensilage molass sugar beet with grass on dairy cow performance [J]. Animal Production, 1991, (52) : 588-589．
72． Chamberlain D G Effect of added glucose and xylose on the fermentation of perennial ryegrass silage inculanted with L Plantarum [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1988, (46) : 129-138．
73． Moore, Kennedy. The effect of sugar beet pulp-based silage adiitive on effluent production, fermentation, silage intake and animal performance [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1994, 49: 54-64．
74． Mc Donald Perer. The Biochemisty of Silage[M], 1981．
75． 杨富裕,周禾。青贮饲料添加甲酸的应用[J]。饮料博览, 2000, (8) : 34-36．
76． Rooke F M , Maya J A. The chemical composition and nutritive value of grass silages prepared with no additive or with the application of additives containing either Lactobacillus plantarum or formic acid [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43: 87-95．
77． Michaelk Woolford. The Silage Fermentation[M], 1984．
78． Mann E M, McDonald P. The effect of formalin and lower volatile fatty acids on silage fermentation [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1976, 27: 612-616．
79． Carpintero C M, Henderson A R, McDonald P. The effect of some pre-treatments on proteolysis during the ensiling of herbage [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1979, 34: 311-319．
80． Barker R A, Mowat D N. Formic acid or formic acid-formalin as a silage additive [J]. Candian Journal of Animal Science, 1973, 53: 465-470．
81． Chamberlain D G The rate of addition of formic acid to grass and sulfuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory silos [J] Journal of Science of Feed and Agriculture, 1982, 38: 217-219．
82． Maritisson K. A study of the efficacy of a bacterial inoculant and formic acid as additives for grass silage in terms of milk production [J]. Grass and Forage
Science, 1992, 47: 189-198．
83． Henderson A R, McDonald P. Effect of formic acid on the fermentation of low dry matter contents [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1971, 22: 157-163．
84． Carpintero C M, Holding A J, McDonald P. Fermentation studies on lucerne [J]. Journal of Sceince of Food and Agriculture, 1969, 20: 677-685．
85． Henderson A R, McDonald P. Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass treated with formic acid [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1972, 23: 1079-7085．
86． Chamberlain D G, Quig J. The effect of the rate of addition of formic acid and sulphuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory silos [J] Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1987, (38) : 217-228．
87． Barry T N. Effect of treatment with formaldedyde, formic acid and formalde-acid mixtrures on the chemical composition and nutritive value of silage [J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Rearch, 1975． 18: 285-294．
88． Derbyshire J C, Waldo D R. Performance of formic acid silages [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1971, 54: 805-510．
89． Cptchpode V R, Henzell E F. Silage and silage making from tropical herbage species [J].Herbage Abstract, 1971, 41: 213-214．
90． Kennedy S J. An evaluation of three bacterial inoculants and formic acid as additives for first harvest grass [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1990,45: 281-288．
91． Nadeau E M, Buxton D R. Kinetics of cell wall digestion of orchard grass and alfalfa silage treated with cellulase and formic acid [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1996, 79: 2207-2216．
92． Jacobs L , Mcallan A B. Protein supplementation of fonnic acid and enzyme-treated silage. 1． Digestibilities , organic matter and fibre digestion [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1992, 47: 103-113．
93． Anderson R. The effect of extented moist wilting and fonnic acid additive on the conservation as silage of two grasses differing in total nitrogen content [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983, 34: 808-818．
94． R. Y.Leibensperger (姚军虎译) 甲酸和糖蜜对青贮饲料影响的模拟分析[J].国外畜牧学--草原与牧草 , 1990, (1) : 37-42
95． Keady T W, Murphy J J. The effect of treating low dry matter herbage with a
bacterial inoculant or formic acid on the intaké and performance of lactating dairy cattle[J].Animal Science, 1997, 64: 25-36.
96. Nagel S A , Broderick G A. Effect of formic acid or formaldehyde treatment of alfalfa silage on tutrient utilization by dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1992, 75. 140-154.
97. Rooke J A, Grelfe H A, Armstrong D G. The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with no additive or with the application of formic acid and formaldehyde [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1983, 38. 301-310.
98．郭金双，赵广永，冯扬廉，孔祥浩．甲酸对大麦青贮品质及中、酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃降解率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2000，3(6)：21-22．
99．田允波．青贮饲料添加剂[J]．内蒙古畜牧科学，1995，2：32-35．
100．韩建林．饲料青贮保存的研究进展[J]．国外畜牧学—草原与牧草，1993，(2)：17-20．
101. Donaldson E, Edwards R E. Feeding value of wilted silage made using formic acid,formaldehyde and propionic acid [J].Animal Production, 1977, 25: 71-81.
102. Woolford M k, Wilkins, R J. The evaluation of formaldehye,bronopol,tylosin and pimaricin as additives in simulated silage [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 869-878.
103. Kreula M, Rauramaa A. Formaldehyde and formic acid in the ensiling process and the metabolism of dairy cows[J]. Herbage Abstrats , 1979, 49: 2702.
104．孙学钊．青贮添加剂．草与畜杂志[J]．1995，(1)：28-30．
105．徐亲民．丙酸及其盐类在饲料中的应用[J]．饲料研究，1997，(5)：32-35．
106. Crawshaw R, Throne D M. The effect of formic and propionic acids on the aerobic deterioration of grass silage [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1980, 31: 685-694.
107．邓卫东，席冬梅，刘勇，毛华明．添加甲酸和丙酸对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，2001，(12)：17-19．
108. Huber J T , Soejono M. Organic acid treatment of high dry matter corn silage for lactating dairy cows [J].Joural of Dairy Science, 1976, 27: 612-616.
109. Woolfood M K. Microbiological screening of food preservatives, cold sterilants and specific antimicrobial agents as potential silage additives [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 229-237.
110．河本英宪．蚁酸和丙酸的复合添加对塑料包打捆青贮草发酵品质和适口性的影响[J]．青海草业，2001，10(3)：56-58．
111. King L. Effects of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation and composition [J]. Dairy Sci, 1991, 74.. 4284-4296.
112. Jacobs J L, Mcallan A B. Enzymes as silage additives. 1. Silage quality, digestion, digestibility and performance in growing cattle [J]. Grass and Forage science, 1991, 46: 63-73.
113. Stokes M R. Effects of an enzyme mixture, an inculant and their interaction on silage fermentation and dairy production [J]. Dairy Sci, 1992, 75. 764-773.
114．杨连玉，中岛芳也．化学和生物处理对玉米秸杆营养价值的影响[J]．吉林农业大学学报，2001，23(1)：83-87．
115．蔡阿瑜，林多胡，陈云平．紫云英青贮研究[J]．草业科学，1995，(3)：14-18．
116．方德罗，张运涛，刘建新．紫云英混合青贮发酵品质[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1996，22(2)：168-171．
117．蔡敦江，周兴民，朱廉，冯元琳．苜蓿添加剂青贮、半干青贮和麦秸混贮的研究[J]．草地学报，1997，5(2)：123-127．
118．田晋梅，谢海军．豆科植物沙打旺．柠条、草木樨单独青贮剂饲喂反刍家畜的试验研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，2000，(6)：14-15．
119．刘建新，杨振海，叶均安．青贮饲料的合理调制与饲料评定标准[J]．饲料工业，1999，20(4)：3-5．
120. Boever J K, Brabander D L, Smet A M.Evaluation of physical structure,2.Maize silage [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1993, 76: 1624-1634.
121．吴子林．常用饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率及保护方法的研究．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，1993．
122. Josefa Madrid, Antonio M T. A comparative study on the determination of lactic acid in silage juice by colorimetric, high-performance liquid choromatograpHy and enzymatic methods[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1999, (79):1722-1726.
123. Barker S B, Summerson W H. The colorimetric determination of lactic in biological material [J]. Biol. Chem, 1941, 138, 535-538.
124．林炎坤．常用的几种蒽酮比色定糖法的比较和改进[J]．植物生理学通报，1989，(4)：53-55．
125．宁开桂主编．实用饲料分析手册[M]．北京：中国农业大学科技出版社．1993．
126. Goto I, Minson D. Prediction of the dry matter digestibility of tropical grasses using a pepsin-cellulase essay [J]. Animal Feed Science and Techonogy, 1997,
(2)：247-253．
127．杨曙明．体外测定青贮饲料消化率的方法比较[J]．中国饲料，1996，(4)：32-33．
128．康玉凡，陈树兴，徐延生．苜蓿草青贮方法与效果的试验研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1999，(9)：15-16．
129. Pitt R E. A model of cellulase additives in silage J(?) Dairy Sci, 1990, 73(7): 1788-1799
130. Davit G, Chamberlain J Q. The effects of the rate of addition of formic and sulpHuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory sioos [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultrue, 1987, 38: 217-228.
131. Kennedy S J. Comparison of the fermentation quality and nutritive value of sulpHuric and formic acid-treated silages fed to beef cattle [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1990, 45: 17-28.
132. Stokes M R, Chen J. Effects of an enzyme-inoculant mixture on the course of fermentation of corn silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1994, 77(11): 3401-3409.
133. Selmer-Olsen I, Henderson A R, Roberson S, Mcginn R. Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage2. Aerobic stability of enzyme-treated laboratory silages [J]. Grassland and Forage, 1993, 48:55-63
134. Moseley G. Jones E L. The nutritional evaluation of Italian tyegrass cultivars fed as silage to sheep and cattle [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43: 291-295.
135. Adogla B T, Owen E. Ensiling of whole crop wheat with cellulase -humicellulase based enzymes 3: Comparing effects of urea or enzyme treatment on forage composition and stablity [J]. Animal feed Science and Technology, 1999, 82: 51-65.
136. Jaakkola S, Huhtanen P. Hisak. The effect of cell wall degrading enzymes or formic acid on fermentation quality and on digestion of grass silage by cattle. [J].Gass and Forge Science, 1991, 46(1): 75-87.
137．赵长友，张国立，刘玉英．青贮中添加纤维素酶防止和延缓2次发酵的研究报告[J]．辽宁畜牧兽医，1994，(4)：9-11．
138．沈益新．南京地区黑麦草生长发育特性的研究．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，1985．
139. High M P. The effect of wilting and silage additives on the fermentation of autumn made grass silage ensiled in bunkers on commercial farms in South Wales 1983-85 [J]. Grass and Forage science, 1988, 43: 337-345.
140．P.M.Haigh(容维中译)．晾晒和添加剂对青贮饲料制作效果的影响[J]．国外畜牧学
—草原与牧草，1994，(4)：18-19．
141．安晓宁，卢得仁．饲料含水量对青贮品质和营养价值的影响[J]．牧草与饲料，1991，(2)：23-27．
142. Marsh R. The effects of wilting on fermentation in the silo and on the nutritive value of silage [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1979, 34: 1-10.
143. Dawson L E R.The effects of wilting grass before ensiling on silage intake [J]. Grasslandand Forages Science, 1999, 54(3): 237-247.
144. Wright D A, Gordon F J. Factors influence the response intake of silage and animal performance after wilting of grass before ensiling: a review [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 55: 1-13.
145．陈海燕．酶制剂在青贮料中应用现状及趋势[J]．丽水师专学报，1998，20(2)：26-29．
146. Hristov. A N. Effect of a commercial enzyme preparation on alfalfa silagefermentation and protein degradability [J]. AniamL Feed Science and Technology, 1993, 42: 273-282.
147．郭金双，赵广永，杨雅芳，孔祥浩．添加蔗糖对大麦青贮品质及中、酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃降解率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(4)：18-26．
2．李向林．饲草饲料的利用与发展对策[J]．饲料与畜牧，2000，(3)：33-35．
3．沙玉圣．大力开发专刚饲料作物，促进农业产业结构调整[J]．中国饲料，2000，(8)：6-7．
4．岳文彬．开发饲料资源，发展草食动物[J]．中国草食动物，1999，(10)：34～36．
5．许显滨，矫江．黑龙江省三元结构种植分析与调整建议[J]．黑龙江农业科学，1996，(6)：25～26．
6．程凌．浅议节粮畜牧业[J]．草食家畜，1998，(2)：6～8．
7．武元厚，黄桂香．开发利用草地资源和节粮型畜牧业生产模式[J]．山西农业大学学报，2000，(4)：19-22．
8．张明年，持续发展节粮型畜牧业的挑战、优势与对策[J]．中国草地，1996，(4)：57～62．
9．陈桔．粮、经、饲三元种植结构及其途径探讨[J]．天津农林科技，1997，(1)：38～40．
10．Clair E.Terrill，中国羊肉的生产潜力[A]．见：左天觉，段志煌，M.Faust.中外著名专家论中国农业[M]．北京：中国农业大学出版社，1998，402～406．
11．王进波，齐莉莉，优质饲草——黑麦草的开发与利用[J]．饲料研究，2000，(10)：27-28．
12．辛国荣，杨中艺，陈三有．“黑麦草-水稻”草田轮作系统的研究Ⅴ．稻田冬种黑麦草的优质高产栽培技术[J]．草业学报，2000，(6)：17-23．
13．周春霖．黑麦草不同品种产量和草质的研究[J]．江苏农业科学，2000，(5)：61-64．
14．陈三有，梁正之．七个黑麦草品种生产能力的研究[J]．中国草食动物，2000，2(3)：32-33．
15．杨中艺，辛国荣，岳朝阳，陈三有．“黑麦草—水稻”草田轮作系统应用效益初探(案例研究)[J]．草业科学，1997，(6)：35-38．
16．陈三有．从广东草业生产模式看牧草在可持续发展中的战略地位[J]．草业科学，2000，(2)：75-78．
17．黄开红，朱普平．稻-草-鱼——水乡生态农业发展之评述[J]．江苏农业学报，2000，16(1)：57-60．
18．李玉元，张桂荣．草地农业效益研究——以黑麦草—水稻草田轮作为例[J]．广西农业生物科学，2000，(1)：56-63．
19．李元华．养猪利用黑麦草效益初探[J]．四川草原，2000，(2)：56-58．
20．辛国荣．冬种黑麦草最终割草时间对早稻生长发育和产量的影响[J]．草业科学，1999，(2)：17-20．
21．杨中艺．稻田冬种黑麦草对后作水稻生长的影响及其机理初探[J]．草业科学，1997，(4)：20-24．
22．陈三有，杨中艺，辛国荣．黑麦草、水稻草田轮作系统研究与应用[J]．草原与草坪，2000，(1)：32-34．
23．王仁振．青贮技术及其添加剂的选用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(21)：10-11．
24．张秀芬．饲草饲料的加工与贮藏[M]．北京：农业出版社，1992
25．梁祖铎．饲料生产学[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1993．
26．金公亮．青贮技术[M]．西安：陕西科学技术出版社，1996．
27. Wilkinson J K,Waephul F.Silage in Europe—A survey of 33 countries [A]．1996。
28．董世魁，魏小红，A.R.Waters.试验室条件下几种青贮饲料的加工与调制[J]．青海畜牧兽医杂志，2000，30(4)：6-8． ．
29．张运涛．生物性青贮添加剂的应用[J]．中国饲料，1995，(3)：17-19．
30．吉进卿．青贮饲料添加剂种类及应用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(1)：38-39．
31．纪亚君．青贮添加剂的研究和应用[J]．四川畜牧与兽医，1996，(1)：56-59．
32．郭芳彬．饲料青贮添加剂的研究和用[J]．饲料博览，1996，(5)：20-21．
33．郭金双，孔祥浩．发酵促进剂在青贮饲料制作中的应用[J]．中国饲料，1997，(15)：13-15．
34．葛政华，殷潮洲，邵游．青贮黑麦草添加双乙酸钠防霉试验[J]．饲料工业，1994，(2)：45-46．
35．王庆雷．青贮饲料的主要添加剂[J]．中国饲料，1998，(13)：15-16．
36．李素芬，霍贵成．纤维素酶的分子结构组成及其功能[J]．中国饲料，1997，(13)：12-14．
37．王建兵，范石军，张淑芳，刘朋军，石玉珍，刘静波．细菌接种剂和酶制剂在秸杆类饲料青贮中的应用[J]．饲料博览，1999，11(4)：17-19．
38．周德宝，蔡义民．纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响[J]．山东农业大学学报，1999，30(4)：367-371．
39. Henderson A R, McDonald P. The effect of a cellulose preparation derived from Trichoderma viride on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass,lucerne
and clover [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 1982, 33. 16-20.
40. Sheperd A C, Kung LJR. Effects of an enzyme additive on composition of corn silage ensiled at various stages of maturity [J]. Dairy Sci, 1996, 79. 1767-1773.
41. Kung L. Microbial inoculation or cellulose enzyme treatment of barely and vetch silage harvested at three maturities [J].Dairy Sci, 1990, 73:1304-1311.
42. Van Vuuuren A M, Bergsma F. Effects of addition of cell wall degrading enzymes on the chemical composition and the in sacco degradation of grass silage [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1989, 44.. 223-230.
43. Sheperd A C. Additives containing bacteria and enzymes for alfalfa silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1995, 78: 565-572.
44．王安，钟一民．纤维素复合酶作为青贮饲料添加剂的研究[J]．东北农业大学学报，1997，28(4)：358-365．
45．史占全，刘建新，张菁桦．添加酶制剂对青贮玉米秸品质和化学成分的影响[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1998，24(6)：653-657．
46．王安，汪洋，王宝．利用纤维素复合酶提高玉米青贮和黄贮饲用价值的研究[J]．中国畜牧杂志，1999，(3)：39-40．
47. Tengerdy R P. Ensilage alfalfa with additives of lactic acid bacteria and enzymes [J]. Sci Food Agric, 1991, 55: 215-228.
48. Selmer-Olsen I. Enzymes as silage additives for grass-clover mixtures [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1994, 49. 305-315.
49．史占全，蒋林树．稻草加酶饲喂育成牛的效果研究[J]．中国奶牛，2000，(5)：24-26．
50. Mchan F. Cellulose-treated coastal Bermudagrass silage and production of soluble carbohydrates, silage acids and digestibility [J]. Dairy Sci, 1986, 69:431-438.
51. Chen J. Effects of enzyme-inoculate systems on preservation and nutritive value of haycrop and com silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1994, 77: 501-502.
52. Weinberg Z G, Ashbell G. Ensilage peas, ryegrass and wheat with additives of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and cell wall degrading enzymes [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 1993, 48: 70-78.
53. Weninberg Z G, Ashell G, Hen Y. The effect of celluase and hemicellulase plus pectinase on the aerobic stability and fibre analysis of peas and wheat silage [J]. Animal Feed Science Technology, 1995, 55: 287-293.
54. Jaster E H, Moor K J. Fermentation characteristics and feeding value of
enzyme-treated alfalfa haylage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1988, 71: 705-711.
55. Mcqueen R. Fungal cellulase and hemicellulase prediction of forage digestibility [J]. Dairy Sci, 1974, 58(10); 1482-1491.
56. Selmer-Olsen I, Henderson A R. Roberson S.Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage1. The fermentation of enzyme-treated ryegrass in laboratory silos [J]. Grassland and Forage, 1993, 48: 45-54.
57．管武大，F,Driehuis, P.Van, VVikselaar.酶制剂对黑麦草饲料发酵品质和微生物菌群的影响[J]．华南农业大学学报，2002，23(1)：63-66．
58．赵国琦，丁健，孙龙生，刘大林．添加纤维素酶和糖蜜对大黍青贮饲料品质的影响[J]．动物科学和动物医学，2001，18(6)：61-65．
59．张海，左玉萍．利用酶制剂作为青贮饲料添加剂[J]．草与畜杂志，1996，(1)：30-31．
60．周鼎年．国外专家谈生物青贮剂的选择问题[J]．中国奶牛，1999，(2)：55-56．
61. Henderson A.R. McDonald P. The effect of cellulose preparations on the chemical changes during the ensilage of grass in laboratory silos [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1977, (28): 486-490.
62. Zhu Yu. Naoki Nishino, Yoshiro Kishida. Ensiling characteristics and ruminal degradation of ltalian ryegrass and lucerne silage treated with cell wall-degrading enzymes [J]. Journal of the science of food and Agriculture, 1999, 79(14):1987-1992.
63. Spoelstra R F, Van W ikselaar P G , Arder B. The effects of ensilage whole crop maize with a multi-enzyme preparation on the chemical composition of the resulting silages [J].Sci Food Agric, 1992, 60(2): 232-228.
64．张国立．酶制剂在青贮饲料中的应用效果及其发展趋势[J]．吉林畜牧兽医，1995(4)：24-26．
65. Wikinson J M, Cook J E. Intake and feeding value of grazed or conserved Italian ryegrass [J]. Grassland and Forage Science, 1982, 37: 29-38.
66. Leibensperger R Y, Pite R E. Modeling the effects of formic acid and molasses on silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1988, 71;1220-1231.
67. Seale D R, Henderson A R, Pettersson K O. The effect of addition of sugar and inoculants on the fermentation.of lucerne in laboratory silos [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1986, 41: 61-70.
68. Ohyama Y, Morichi T. The effect of inoculation with lactobacillus plantarum and addition of glucose at ensiling on the quality of aerated silage [J]. Jouranl of the
Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 1001-1008．
69． O' Nell K A, Thomas J W. Effect of microbial inculation and sucrose on fermentation of alfala silage [J]. Journal of Animal Science, 1986, 63(suppl.1) : 286-288．
70． 李桂荣。影响青贮发酵的几个因素[J]。当代畜牧, 2000, (2) : 39-40．
71． Davit O E, Perrott J G The effects of ensilage molass sugar beet with grass on dairy cow performance [J]. Animal Production, 1991, (52) : 588-589．
72． Chamberlain D G Effect of added glucose and xylose on the fermentation of perennial ryegrass silage inculanted with L Plantarum [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1988, (46) : 129-138．
73． Moore, Kennedy. The effect of sugar beet pulp-based silage adiitive on effluent production, fermentation, silage intake and animal performance [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1994, 49: 54-64．
74． Mc Donald Perer. The Biochemisty of Silage[M], 1981．
75． 杨富裕,周禾。青贮饲料添加甲酸的应用[J]。饮料博览, 2000, (8) : 34-36．
76． Rooke F M , Maya J A. The chemical composition and nutritive value of grass silages prepared with no additive or with the application of additives containing either Lactobacillus plantarum or formic acid [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43: 87-95．
77． Michaelk Woolford. The Silage Fermentation[M], 1984．
78． Mann E M, McDonald P. The effect of formalin and lower volatile fatty acids on silage fermentation [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1976, 27: 612-616．
79． Carpintero C M, Henderson A R, McDonald P. The effect of some pre-treatments on proteolysis during the ensiling of herbage [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1979, 34: 311-319．
80． Barker R A, Mowat D N. Formic acid or formic acid-formalin as a silage additive [J]. Candian Journal of Animal Science, 1973, 53: 465-470．
81． Chamberlain D G The rate of addition of formic acid to grass and sulfuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory silos [J] Journal of Science of Feed and Agriculture, 1982, 38: 217-219．
82． Maritisson K. A study of the efficacy of a bacterial inoculant and formic acid as additives for grass silage in terms of milk production [J]. Grass and Forage
Science, 1992, 47: 189-198．
83． Henderson A R, McDonald P. Effect of formic acid on the fermentation of low dry matter contents [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1971, 22: 157-163．
84． Carpintero C M, Holding A J, McDonald P. Fermentation studies on lucerne [J]. Journal of Sceince of Food and Agriculture, 1969, 20: 677-685．
85． Henderson A R, McDonald P. Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass treated with formic acid [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1972, 23: 1079-7085．
86． Chamberlain D G, Quig J. The effect of the rate of addition of formic acid and sulphuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory silos [J] Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1987, (38) : 217-228．
87． Barry T N. Effect of treatment with formaldedyde, formic acid and formalde-acid mixtrures on the chemical composition and nutritive value of silage [J]. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Rearch, 1975． 18: 285-294．
88． Derbyshire J C, Waldo D R. Performance of formic acid silages [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1971, 54: 805-510．
89． Cptchpode V R, Henzell E F. Silage and silage making from tropical herbage species [J].Herbage Abstract, 1971, 41: 213-214．
90． Kennedy S J. An evaluation of three bacterial inoculants and formic acid as additives for first harvest grass [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1990,45: 281-288．
91． Nadeau E M, Buxton D R. Kinetics of cell wall digestion of orchard grass and alfalfa silage treated with cellulase and formic acid [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1996, 79: 2207-2216．
92． Jacobs L , Mcallan A B. Protein supplementation of fonnic acid and enzyme-treated silage. 1． Digestibilities , organic matter and fibre digestion [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1992, 47: 103-113．
93． Anderson R. The effect of extented moist wilting and fonnic acid additive on the conservation as silage of two grasses differing in total nitrogen content [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1983, 34: 808-818．
94． R. Y.Leibensperger (姚军虎译) 甲酸和糖蜜对青贮饲料影响的模拟分析[J].国外畜牧学--草原与牧草 , 1990, (1) : 37-42
95． Keady T W, Murphy J J. The effect of treating low dry matter herbage with a
bacterial inoculant or formic acid on the intaké and performance of lactating dairy cattle[J].Animal Science, 1997, 64: 25-36.
96. Nagel S A , Broderick G A. Effect of formic acid or formaldehyde treatment of alfalfa silage on tutrient utilization by dairy cows [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1992, 75. 140-154.
97. Rooke J A, Grelfe H A, Armstrong D G. The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with no additive or with the application of formic acid and formaldehyde [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1983, 38. 301-310.
98．郭金双，赵广永，冯扬廉，孔祥浩．甲酸对大麦青贮品质及中、酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃降解率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2000，3(6)：21-22．
99．田允波．青贮饲料添加剂[J]．内蒙古畜牧科学，1995，2：32-35．
100．韩建林．饲料青贮保存的研究进展[J]．国外畜牧学—草原与牧草，1993，(2)：17-20．
101. Donaldson E, Edwards R E. Feeding value of wilted silage made using formic acid,formaldehyde and propionic acid [J].Animal Production, 1977, 25: 71-81.
102. Woolford M k, Wilkins, R J. The evaluation of formaldehye,bronopol,tylosin and pimaricin as additives in simulated silage [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 869-878.
103. Kreula M, Rauramaa A. Formaldehyde and formic acid in the ensiling process and the metabolism of dairy cows[J]. Herbage Abstrats , 1979, 49: 2702.
104．孙学钊．青贮添加剂．草与畜杂志[J]．1995，(1)：28-30．
105．徐亲民．丙酸及其盐类在饲料中的应用[J]．饲料研究，1997，(5)：32-35．
106. Crawshaw R, Throne D M. The effect of formic and propionic acids on the aerobic deterioration of grass silage [J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1980, 31: 685-694.
107．邓卫东，席冬梅，刘勇，毛华明．添加甲酸和丙酸对甘蔗梢青贮品质的影响[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，2001，(12)：17-19．
108. Huber J T , Soejono M. Organic acid treatment of high dry matter corn silage for lactating dairy cows [J].Joural of Dairy Science, 1976, 27: 612-616.
109. Woolfood M K. Microbiological screening of food preservatives, cold sterilants and specific antimicrobial agents as potential silage additives [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1975, 26: 229-237.
110．河本英宪．蚁酸和丙酸的复合添加对塑料包打捆青贮草发酵品质和适口性的影响[J]．青海草业，2001，10(3)：56-58．
111. King L. Effects of plant cell-wall-degrading enzymes and lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation and composition [J]. Dairy Sci, 1991, 74.. 4284-4296.
112. Jacobs J L, Mcallan A B. Enzymes as silage additives. 1. Silage quality, digestion, digestibility and performance in growing cattle [J]. Grass and Forage science, 1991, 46: 63-73.
113. Stokes M R. Effects of an enzyme mixture, an inculant and their interaction on silage fermentation and dairy production [J]. Dairy Sci, 1992, 75. 764-773.
114．杨连玉，中岛芳也．化学和生物处理对玉米秸杆营养价值的影响[J]．吉林农业大学学报，2001，23(1)：83-87．
115．蔡阿瑜，林多胡，陈云平．紫云英青贮研究[J]．草业科学，1995，(3)：14-18．
116．方德罗，张运涛，刘建新．紫云英混合青贮发酵品质[J]．浙江农业大学学报，1996，22(2)：168-171．
117．蔡敦江，周兴民，朱廉，冯元琳．苜蓿添加剂青贮、半干青贮和麦秸混贮的研究[J]．草地学报，1997，5(2)：123-127．
118．田晋梅，谢海军．豆科植物沙打旺．柠条、草木樨单独青贮剂饲喂反刍家畜的试验研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，2000，(6)：14-15．
119．刘建新，杨振海，叶均安．青贮饲料的合理调制与饲料评定标准[J]．饲料工业，1999，20(4)：3-5．
120. Boever J K, Brabander D L, Smet A M.Evaluation of physical structure,2.Maize silage [J]. Journal of Dairy Science, 1993, 76: 1624-1634.
121．吴子林．常用饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率及保护方法的研究．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，1993．
122. Josefa Madrid, Antonio M T. A comparative study on the determination of lactic acid in silage juice by colorimetric, high-performance liquid choromatograpHy and enzymatic methods[J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1999, (79):1722-1726.
123. Barker S B, Summerson W H. The colorimetric determination of lactic in biological material [J]. Biol. Chem, 1941, 138, 535-538.
124．林炎坤．常用的几种蒽酮比色定糖法的比较和改进[J]．植物生理学通报，1989，(4)：53-55．
125．宁开桂主编．实用饲料分析手册[M]．北京：中国农业大学科技出版社．1993．
126. Goto I, Minson D. Prediction of the dry matter digestibility of tropical grasses using a pepsin-cellulase essay [J]. Animal Feed Science and Techonogy, 1997,
(2)：247-253．
127．杨曙明．体外测定青贮饲料消化率的方法比较[J]．中国饲料，1996，(4)：32-33．
128．康玉凡，陈树兴，徐延生．苜蓿草青贮方法与效果的试验研究[J]．黑龙江畜牧兽医，1999，(9)：15-16．
129. Pitt R E. A model of cellulase additives in silage J(?) Dairy Sci, 1990, 73(7): 1788-1799
130. Davit G, Chamberlain J Q. The effects of the rate of addition of formic and sulpHuric acid on the ensilage of perennial ryegrass in laboratory sioos [J].Journal of the Science of Food and Agricultrue, 1987, 38: 217-228.
131. Kennedy S J. Comparison of the fermentation quality and nutritive value of sulpHuric and formic acid-treated silages fed to beef cattle [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1990, 45: 17-28.
132. Stokes M R, Chen J. Effects of an enzyme-inoculant mixture on the course of fermentation of corn silage [J]. Dairy Sci, 1994, 77(11): 3401-3409.
133. Selmer-Olsen I, Henderson A R, Roberson S, Mcginn R. Cell wall degrading enzymes for silage2. Aerobic stability of enzyme-treated laboratory silages [J]. Grassland and Forage, 1993, 48:55-63
134. Moseley G. Jones E L. The nutritional evaluation of Italian tyegrass cultivars fed as silage to sheep and cattle [J].Grass and Forage Science, 1988, 43: 291-295.
135. Adogla B T, Owen E. Ensiling of whole crop wheat with cellulase -humicellulase based enzymes 3: Comparing effects of urea or enzyme treatment on forage composition and stablity [J]. Animal feed Science and Technology, 1999, 82: 51-65.
136. Jaakkola S, Huhtanen P. Hisak. The effect of cell wall degrading enzymes or formic acid on fermentation quality and on digestion of grass silage by cattle. [J].Gass and Forge Science, 1991, 46(1): 75-87.
137．赵长友，张国立，刘玉英．青贮中添加纤维素酶防止和延缓2次发酵的研究报告[J]．辽宁畜牧兽医，1994，(4)：9-11．
138．沈益新．南京地区黑麦草生长发育特性的研究．南京农业大学硕士学位论文，1985．
139. High M P. The effect of wilting and silage additives on the fermentation of autumn made grass silage ensiled in bunkers on commercial farms in South Wales 1983-85 [J]. Grass and Forage science, 1988, 43: 337-345.
140．P.M.Haigh(容维中译)．晾晒和添加剂对青贮饲料制作效果的影响[J]．国外畜牧学
—草原与牧草，1994，(4)：18-19．
141．安晓宁，卢得仁．饲料含水量对青贮品质和营养价值的影响[J]．牧草与饲料，1991，(2)：23-27．
142. Marsh R. The effects of wilting on fermentation in the silo and on the nutritive value of silage [J]. Grass and Forage Science, 1979, 34: 1-10.
143. Dawson L E R.The effects of wilting grass before ensiling on silage intake [J]. Grasslandand Forages Science, 1999, 54(3): 237-247.
144. Wright D A, Gordon F J. Factors influence the response intake of silage and animal performance after wilting of grass before ensiling: a review [J]. Grass Forage Sci, 55: 1-13.
145．陈海燕．酶制剂在青贮料中应用现状及趋势[J]．丽水师专学报，1998，20(2)：26-29．
146. Hristov. A N. Effect of a commercial enzyme preparation on alfalfa silagefermentation and protein degradability [J]. AniamL Feed Science and Technology, 1993, 42: 273-282.
147．郭金双，赵广永，杨雅芳，孔祥浩．添加蔗糖对大麦青贮品质及中、酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃降解率的影响[J]．中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(4)：18-26．