高水分黑麦草添加吸收剂或凋萎青贮对青贮料发酵品质和营养价值的影响
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摘要
本研究以开发利用黑麦草饲料资源为目的，探讨了向黑麦草中添加麸皮、甜菜
粕复合青贮的效果，研究了复合青贮对青贮料的发酵品质和营养价值的影响(试验
1) ，探讨了凋萎青贮对青贮料发酵品质和营养价值的影响(试验2) 。
试验1，研究了添加麸皮或甜菜粕高水分复合青贮黑麦草的效果。在黑麦草中
添加麸皮或甜菜粕制作青贮料，即将试验分两大组：麸皮组和甜菜粕组，每组均按
添加量的不同设四个处理，其中一个处理不添加麸皮或甜菜粕作为对照组，另三个
作为试验组，分别添加麸皮或甜菜粕4％、8％、12％(以鲜重为基础)。每种添加水
平设三个重复。青贮40天后，对各组青贮料发酵品质和营养价值进行评定。
研究发现：添加麸皮和甜菜粕均可显著改善青贮料的发酵品质。麸皮处理组的
NH3-N／TN比值分别降低38． 3％，47． 4％和45． 9％，差异极显著(p 降低3． 2％，9． 9％和7． 1％，差异极显著(p<0． 01) 。 甜菜粕处理组的NH3-N／TN比值
分别降低40． 8％，44． 4％和51． 5％，差异极显著(p<0． 01) ；pH值分别降低0． 69％，
6． 4％和7． 3％，差异极显著(p 料的pH值、抑制腐败菌对蛋白质的分解，降低NH3的生成。
对干物质和粗蛋白回收率的分析显示：麸皮处理显著提高干物质的回收率，分
别提高0． 7％，3． 5％和3． 9％(p<0． 05) ；粗蛋白的回收率分别提高2． 0％，4． 3％和4． 7％，
差异显著(p<0． 05) 。甜菜粕处理组的干物质回收率分别提高6． 2％，5． 4％和6． 5％，
差异极显著(p<0． 01) ；粗蛋白的回收率分别提高7． 1％，7． 1％和7． 8％，差异极显著
(p<0． 01) 。这表明，添加麸皮或甜菜粕可防止养分损失，有效保存青贮料的营养
成分。
对青贮料有机酸含量的分析结果：各青贮处理提高了青贮料总有机酸的含量，
显著降低丙酸含量(p<0． 01) 和丁酸含量(p<0． 01) ，其中添加8％、12％的麸皮或甜
菜粕组均无丁酸发酵。麸皮处理组的乳酸含量分别提高76． 5％，140． 8％和119． 7％，
差异极显著(p<0． 01) ，而甜菜粕组分别提高0． 9％，44． 7％和60． 2％，差异显著
浙江大学硕士学位论文
b①．05入说明添加鼓皮或甜菜粕能够显著促进乳酸发酵并抑制丁酸生成。
对营养价值的评定结果：各青贮处理显著提高了蛋白质的消化率，鼓皮处理组
分另提高 74％，76％和 770（P＜0．01），甜菜粕处理组分别提高 52．7％，56．l0和 74％
（P＜0．01）。甜菜粕处理对青贮料的消化能和干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响
（P）0．05）。添加鼓皮可显著提高青贮料的消化能（P＜0．of），分别提高11．4％、26．6％
和 34．2％，但鼓皮处理对青贮料干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响（P＞0．05）。
试验2研究了凋萎青贮的效果。试验按不同的凋萎程度设3个处理，干物质含
量分别为 11．8％（对照组）、15．4o和 32．5％，每个处理设3个重复。青贮40天后，
对各组青贮料发酵品质和营养价值进行评定。
分析结果发现：凋萎处理可有效减少底部积水，显著提高干物质的回收率
…＜0．01），分别提高二．＊％和6．8％；显著降低 ＊＊N／TN＊值，分别降低12．＊％和
19．4％，差异极显著…功刀1＊ 对乳酸、乙酸和总有机酸含量及PH值无显著影响
（叩刀5），但显著抑制丙酸和丁酸发酵…叱刀1卜对营养价值的评定结果：凋萎处理
对青贮料的消化能和干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响O＞0刀5X 但可显著提高青贮
料的蛋白质消化率，分别提高 32．6％和 42．3％，差异极显著中、0刀1人
综上所述，黑麦草高水分单一青贮得不到优质青贮料，添加款皮或甜菜粕均可
减少青贮损失，明显改善黑麦草青贮品质和营养价值，添加水平越高，效果越好。
凋萎青贮可显著减少底部积水，明显改善黑麦草青贮品质和营养价值，其中，干物
质含量凋萎至32．5％组的效果最佳。
Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of adding wheat bran(WB) or beet pulp(BP) on fermentation and nutritive value of silages from high moisture ryegrass(Expt. 1),and to study the effects of wilting on silage fermentation and nutritive value(Expt.2).
In Expt.l,high moisture ryegrass was ensiled with WB or BP at four adding levels:0,40,80 and 120g/kg(fresh basis),respectively. All above silages were prepared triplicate in laboratory scale silos and opened 40 days after ensilage. The fermentation characteristics were evaluated by subjective quality,chemical composition,organic acids and pH value. The digestibility of energy and protein of ryegrass silage were predicted in vitro.
Addition of WB or BP improved the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of ryegrass silages. Compared to the control,the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to the total (NH3-N/TN) was decreased by 38.3,47.4 and 45.9%(p<0.01),the pH value was decreased by 3.2,9.9 and 7.1%(p<0.01),when ryegrass was added at levels of 4,8 and 12% WB. In BP added silages,the (NH3-N/TN) value was 40.8,44.4 and 51.5%(p<0.01) lower,the pH value was 0.69,6.4 and 7.3%(p<0.01) lower in groups 1,2 and 3 than those in control,respectively.
The dry matter recovery(DMR) was 0.7,3.5 and 3.9%(p<0.05) higher,and the crude protein recovery(CPR) was 2.0,4.3 and 4.7%(p<0.05) higher for the WB-added silages than the control. Compared to the control,the DMR was increased by 6.2,5.4 and
6.5%(p<0.01) and the CPR was increased by 7.1,7.1 and 7.8%(p<0.01) for the BP-added silage.
Addition of WB or BP increased total organic acid content of silages,significantly decreased the content of propionic acid (p<0.01) and butyric acid (p<0.01). There were no butyric acids found in the silages added with higher levels of WB or BP. The lactic acid content was 76.5,140.8 and 119.7%(p<0.01) higher in WB-added groups than that in control. Compared to the control,the lactic acid content was increased by 0.9,44.7 and 60.2%(p<0.05) in BP-added groups. However there were little differences in acetate content between the groups treated with WB or BP.
The in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) were all significantly higher in WB or BP-added groups than that in the control. The IVCPD in WB-added silage was 74. 76 and 77%(p<0.01) higher than that in the control. Addition of BP significantly increased the IVCPD,which was 52.7,56.1 and 74%(p<0.01) higher than the control group,respectively. The digestible energy (DE) and DM fermentation ratio (DMFR) showed no significant differences in BP-added silages. However the DE was 11.4,26.6 and 34.2%(p<0.01) higher for the WB-added silages than the control.
In Expt.2,the effects of wilting prior to ensiling on fermentation characteristics and nutritive value were studied. The DM content of ryegrass was increased by wilting from 118g/kg (control) to 154 and 325g/kg,respectively. All above materials were prepared triplicate in laboratory scale silos and opened 40 days after ensilage. Wilting generally decreased water at bottom of silos,implying less effluent on farm from silo. Compared to the control,the DMR was 2.9 and 6.8%(p<0.01) higher,and the NH3-N/TN value was 12.2 and 19.4%(p<0.01) lower for the wilted silages,respectively. The pH and contents of lactic,acetic and total acids showed no significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). The contents of propionic and butyric acid were significantly decreased(p<0.01). The DE and DMFR also showed no significant differences between the groups,while wilting significantly increased the IVCPD value,which was increased by 32.6 and 42.3%(p<0.01),respectively.
In summary,it is difficult to ensile fresh ryegrass successfully without any additive. Addition of WB or BP may reduce dry matter losses during ensilage,and
improve both the fermentation quality and nutritional value of ryegrass silages. The more the adding level of WB or BP,the better the effect on the fermentation quality of ryegrass silages. The optimal level at which wheat bran or beet pulp is added will de
粕复合青贮的效果，研究了复合青贮对青贮料的发酵品质和营养价值的影响(试验
1) ，探讨了凋萎青贮对青贮料发酵品质和营养价值的影响(试验2) 。
试验1，研究了添加麸皮或甜菜粕高水分复合青贮黑麦草的效果。在黑麦草中
添加麸皮或甜菜粕制作青贮料，即将试验分两大组：麸皮组和甜菜粕组，每组均按
添加量的不同设四个处理，其中一个处理不添加麸皮或甜菜粕作为对照组，另三个
作为试验组，分别添加麸皮或甜菜粕4％、8％、12％(以鲜重为基础)。每种添加水
平设三个重复。青贮40天后，对各组青贮料发酵品质和营养价值进行评定。
研究发现：添加麸皮和甜菜粕均可显著改善青贮料的发酵品质。麸皮处理组的
NH3-N／TN比值分别降低38． 3％，47． 4％和45． 9％，差异极显著(p
分别降低40． 8％，44． 4％和51． 5％，差异极显著(p<0． 01) ；pH值分别降低0． 69％，
6． 4％和7． 3％，差异极显著(p
对干物质和粗蛋白回收率的分析显示：麸皮处理显著提高干物质的回收率，分
别提高0． 7％，3． 5％和3． 9％(p<0． 05) ；粗蛋白的回收率分别提高2． 0％，4． 3％和4． 7％，
差异显著(p<0． 05) 。甜菜粕处理组的干物质回收率分别提高6． 2％，5． 4％和6． 5％，
差异极显著(p<0． 01) ；粗蛋白的回收率分别提高7． 1％，7． 1％和7． 8％，差异极显著
(p<0． 01) 。这表明，添加麸皮或甜菜粕可防止养分损失，有效保存青贮料的营养
成分。
对青贮料有机酸含量的分析结果：各青贮处理提高了青贮料总有机酸的含量，
显著降低丙酸含量(p<0． 01) 和丁酸含量(p<0． 01) ，其中添加8％、12％的麸皮或甜
菜粕组均无丁酸发酵。麸皮处理组的乳酸含量分别提高76． 5％，140． 8％和119． 7％，
差异极显著(p<0． 01) ，而甜菜粕组分别提高0． 9％，44． 7％和60． 2％，差异显著
浙江大学硕士学位论文
b①．05入说明添加鼓皮或甜菜粕能够显著促进乳酸发酵并抑制丁酸生成。
对营养价值的评定结果：各青贮处理显著提高了蛋白质的消化率，鼓皮处理组
分另提高 74％，76％和 770（P＜0．01），甜菜粕处理组分别提高 52．7％，56．l0和 74％
（P＜0．01）。甜菜粕处理对青贮料的消化能和干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响
（P）0．05）。添加鼓皮可显著提高青贮料的消化能（P＜0．of），分别提高11．4％、26．6％
和 34．2％，但鼓皮处理对青贮料干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响（P＞0．05）。
试验2研究了凋萎青贮的效果。试验按不同的凋萎程度设3个处理，干物质含
量分别为 11．8％（对照组）、15．4o和 32．5％，每个处理设3个重复。青贮40天后，
对各组青贮料发酵品质和营养价值进行评定。
分析结果发现：凋萎处理可有效减少底部积水，显著提高干物质的回收率
…＜0．01），分别提高二．＊％和6．8％；显著降低 ＊＊N／TN＊值，分别降低12．＊％和
19．4％，差异极显著…功刀1＊ 对乳酸、乙酸和总有机酸含量及PH值无显著影响
（叩刀5），但显著抑制丙酸和丁酸发酵…叱刀1卜对营养价值的评定结果：凋萎处理
对青贮料的消化能和干物质的体外发酵率无显著影响O＞0刀5X 但可显著提高青贮
料的蛋白质消化率，分别提高 32．6％和 42．3％，差异极显著中、0刀1人
综上所述，黑麦草高水分单一青贮得不到优质青贮料，添加款皮或甜菜粕均可
减少青贮损失，明显改善黑麦草青贮品质和营养价值，添加水平越高，效果越好。
凋萎青贮可显著减少底部积水，明显改善黑麦草青贮品质和营养价值，其中，干物
质含量凋萎至32．5％组的效果最佳。
Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of adding wheat bran(WB) or beet pulp(BP) on fermentation and nutritive value of silages from high moisture ryegrass(Expt. 1),and to study the effects of wilting on silage fermentation and nutritive value(Expt.2).
In Expt.l,high moisture ryegrass was ensiled with WB or BP at four adding levels:0,40,80 and 120g/kg(fresh basis),respectively. All above silages were prepared triplicate in laboratory scale silos and opened 40 days after ensilage. The fermentation characteristics were evaluated by subjective quality,chemical composition,organic acids and pH value. The digestibility of energy and protein of ryegrass silage were predicted in vitro.
Addition of WB or BP improved the fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of ryegrass silages. Compared to the control,the ratio of ammonia nitrogen to the total (NH3-N/TN) was decreased by 38.3,47.4 and 45.9%(p<0.01),the pH value was decreased by 3.2,9.9 and 7.1%(p<0.01),when ryegrass was added at levels of 4,8 and 12% WB. In BP added silages,the (NH3-N/TN) value was 40.8,44.4 and 51.5%(p<0.01) lower,the pH value was 0.69,6.4 and 7.3%(p<0.01) lower in groups 1,2 and 3 than those in control,respectively.
The dry matter recovery(DMR) was 0.7,3.5 and 3.9%(p<0.05) higher,and the crude protein recovery(CPR) was 2.0,4.3 and 4.7%(p<0.05) higher for the WB-added silages than the control. Compared to the control,the DMR was increased by 6.2,5.4 and
6.5%(p<0.01) and the CPR was increased by 7.1,7.1 and 7.8%(p<0.01) for the BP-added silage.
Addition of WB or BP increased total organic acid content of silages,significantly decreased the content of propionic acid (p<0.01) and butyric acid (p<0.01). There were no butyric acids found in the silages added with higher levels of WB or BP. The lactic acid content was 76.5,140.8 and 119.7%(p<0.01) higher in WB-added groups than that in control. Compared to the control,the lactic acid content was increased by 0.9,44.7 and 60.2%(p<0.05) in BP-added groups. However there were little differences in acetate content between the groups treated with WB or BP.
The in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) were all significantly higher in WB or BP-added groups than that in the control. The IVCPD in WB-added silage was 74. 76 and 77%(p<0.01) higher than that in the control. Addition of BP significantly increased the IVCPD,which was 52.7,56.1 and 74%(p<0.01) higher than the control group,respectively. The digestible energy (DE) and DM fermentation ratio (DMFR) showed no significant differences in BP-added silages. However the DE was 11.4,26.6 and 34.2%(p<0.01) higher for the WB-added silages than the control.
In Expt.2,the effects of wilting prior to ensiling on fermentation characteristics and nutritive value were studied. The DM content of ryegrass was increased by wilting from 118g/kg (control) to 154 and 325g/kg,respectively. All above materials were prepared triplicate in laboratory scale silos and opened 40 days after ensilage. Wilting generally decreased water at bottom of silos,implying less effluent on farm from silo. Compared to the control,the DMR was 2.9 and 6.8%(p<0.01) higher,and the NH3-N/TN value was 12.2 and 19.4%(p<0.01) lower for the wilted silages,respectively. The pH and contents of lactic,acetic and total acids showed no significant differences between the groups (p>0.05). The contents of propionic and butyric acid were significantly decreased(p<0.01). The DE and DMFR also showed no significant differences between the groups,while wilting significantly increased the IVCPD value,which was increased by 32.6 and 42.3%(p<0.01),respectively.
In summary,it is difficult to ensile fresh ryegrass successfully without any additive. Addition of WB or BP may reduce dry matter losses during ensilage,and
improve both the fermentation quality and nutritional value of ryegrass silages. The more the adding level of WB or BP,the better the effect on the fermentation quality of ryegrass silages. The optimal level at which wheat bran or beet pulp is added will de
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Liu, J. X., 1995, Supplementation of low quality crop residues with locally available feed resources. Presented at the Danish Advisory Development Course "What kind of agricultural science for development country will be accounted for biodiversity and sustainability? " held in Tune Land boskole, Denmark, P3-7．
Lowilai, R., K. Kabata, C. Okamoto and M. Kikuchi, 1994, Effects of rice bran and wheat bran on fermentation quality and chemical composition of water hyacinth
silage. Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 40(3) : 271-277．
Lu, CH., 1990, Effects of moisture content and corn meal on silage quality of Pangola grass. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research, 23(2) :125-131．
Lunden Pettersson, K.,an S.Lindgen. 1990, The influence of the carbohydrate fraction and additives on silage quality. Grass and Forage Science. 45:2213．
Ly, J. Pok Samkol and T R Preston. Nutritive evaluation of tropical tree leaves for pigs: http://www.cipav.org. co./lrrd/lrrd13/5/ly135． htm.
Mccullough, M.E. 1970, Silage research at the Georia station, Univ. Georgia. Coll. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep. 75, Athens. GA.
McNamee, B.F. D.J.Kilpatrick, R.W.J.Steen and F.J.Gordon. 2001, The prediction of grass silage intake by beef cattle receiving barley based supplements. Livestock Prodution Science, 68:25．
Nobelt,J., J.M.Perez, 1993． Prediction of digestibility of nutrient and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis. J. Anim. Sci., 71:3389．
Pedersen, E. J. N. and N. Witt, 1985, Sap losses during ensiling of beet tops. Meddelelse, Statens Planteavlsforsoy, 87: 1822．
Playne, M. J. and P. McDonald, 1996, The buffering constituents of herbage and silage. J. Sci, Food Agric., 17:264-268．
Pok Samkol and J Ly. Nutritive evaluation of tropical tree leaves for pigs. Flemingia. http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd 13/5/samk135 .htm.
Salanitro,J.P.,I. G.Blake, 1977． Isolation and identification of fecal bacterial from adult swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33:79．
Salawu, M.B. T.Acamovic, C.S.Stewart and M.R.Weisbjerg. 1999, The use of tannins as silage additive: effects on silage composition and mobile bag disdppearance of dry matter and protein. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 82:243．
Setala, J., 1989 , Enzymes in grass silage production. Food Biotechnology, 2(2) :221-225．
Shin, J. S., Y. H. Cha, H. H. Lee , J. G. Kim, H. J.Jin and K. Y. Jenog, 1996, Effects of quality of alfalfa silage by different wheat bran mixing levels. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 16(3) : 173-186．
Sunvold, G.D. H.S.Hussein, G.C.Fahey and G.A.Reinhart. 1995, In vitro fermentation of cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp, and citrus pectin using fecal inoculum form cats , dogs, horses, humans, pigs and ruminal fluid from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3639．
Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis, 1992, Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74:3583-3597．
Varel, V.H., 1987． Activity of fiber degrading microorganism in the pig large intestine. J. Anim. Sci., 65:488．
Varel, V.H., R.S. Tanner and C.R.Woese, 1995． Clostridium herbivorans sp.nov., a cellulolytic anaerobe from the pig intestinal tract. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45:490．
Wilkinson, J. M., P. F. Chapman, R. J. Wilkins, and R. F. Wilson, 1981, Interrelationship between pattern of fermentation during ensilage and initial crop composition. In : Smith, J. A. and Hays, V. W.(eds), Proceeding of the 14th International Grassland Congress. Lexington, Kentucky. pp631-634． Westview Press. Bouider. Co.
Woodford, J. A.,and L. D.Satter. 1987, Comparison of three silage additives on fermentation of alfalfa silage and its utilization by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 70(Suppl.l):73．
Wu, Y. M., J. X. Liu, 1996, The kinetics of fibre digestion, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of low quality roughages as influenced by supplementation with urea-mineral blocks. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 7(3) :55-65．
Wyss, U and R. Vogel, 1996, Results from silage additive trial in 1995． Agrarforschung, 33, 125-128．
Xiccato, G. Angela Trocino and A.Carazzolo. 1998, Ensiling and nutritive value of kenaf. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71:229．
Yen,J.T., J.A.Nienaber, D.A.Hill, 1991． Pontential contribution of absorbed volatile fatty acids to whole animal energy requirement in coonscious swine. J. Anim. Sci., 69:2001．
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Kota, M. V., 1989, The feeding value of silages supplemented with straw. Debreceni Agrartudomanyi Egyetem Tudomanyos Kozlemenyei, 28:133-147．
Kovatsits, L., 1985, A titration method for the rapid determination of silage quality. Wirktschaftseigene Putter, 31(3) :228-233．
Liu, J. X., 1995, Supplementation of low quality crop residues with locally available feed resources. Presented at the Danish Advisory Development Course "What kind of agricultural science for development country will be accounted for biodiversity and sustainability? " held in Tune Land boskole, Denmark, P3-7．
Lowilai, R., K. Kabata, C. Okamoto and M. Kikuchi, 1994, Effects of rice bran and wheat bran on fermentation quality and chemical composition of water hyacinth
silage. Journal of Japanese Society of Grassland Science, 40(3) : 271-277．
Lu, CH., 1990, Effects of moisture content and corn meal on silage quality of Pangola grass. Journal of Taiwan Livestock Research, 23(2) :125-131．
Lunden Pettersson, K.,an S.Lindgen. 1990, The influence of the carbohydrate fraction and additives on silage quality. Grass and Forage Science. 45:2213．
Ly, J. Pok Samkol and T R Preston. Nutritive evaluation of tropical tree leaves for pigs: http://www.cipav.org. co./lrrd/lrrd13/5/ly135． htm.
Mccullough, M.E. 1970, Silage research at the Georia station, Univ. Georgia. Coll. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Rep. 75, Athens. GA.
McNamee, B.F. D.J.Kilpatrick, R.W.J.Steen and F.J.Gordon. 2001, The prediction of grass silage intake by beef cattle receiving barley based supplements. Livestock Prodution Science, 68:25．
Nobelt,J., J.M.Perez, 1993． Prediction of digestibility of nutrient and energy values of pig diets from chemical analysis. J. Anim. Sci., 71:3389．
Pedersen, E. J. N. and N. Witt, 1985, Sap losses during ensiling of beet tops. Meddelelse, Statens Planteavlsforsoy, 87: 1822．
Playne, M. J. and P. McDonald, 1996, The buffering constituents of herbage and silage. J. Sci, Food Agric., 17:264-268．
Pok Samkol and J Ly. Nutritive evaluation of tropical tree leaves for pigs. Flemingia. http://www.cipav.org.co/lrrd 13/5/samk135 .htm.
Salanitro,J.P.,I. G.Blake, 1977． Isolation and identification of fecal bacterial from adult swine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 33:79．
Salawu, M.B. T.Acamovic, C.S.Stewart and M.R.Weisbjerg. 1999, The use of tannins as silage additive: effects on silage composition and mobile bag disdppearance of dry matter and protein. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 82:243．
Setala, J., 1989 , Enzymes in grass silage production. Food Biotechnology, 2(2) :221-225．
Shin, J. S., Y. H. Cha, H. H. Lee , J. G. Kim, H. J.Jin and K. Y. Jenog, 1996, Effects of quality of alfalfa silage by different wheat bran mixing levels. Journal of the Korean Society of Grassland Science, 16(3) : 173-186．
Sunvold, G.D. H.S.Hussein, G.C.Fahey and G.A.Reinhart. 1995, In vitro fermentation of cellulose, beet pulp, citrus pulp, and citrus pectin using fecal inoculum form cats , dogs, horses, humans, pigs and ruminal fluid from cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 73:3639．
Van Soest, P. J., J. B. Robertson and B. A. Lewis, 1992, Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74:3583-3597．
Varel, V.H., 1987． Activity of fiber degrading microorganism in the pig large intestine. J. Anim. Sci., 65:488．
Varel, V.H., R.S. Tanner and C.R.Woese, 1995． Clostridium herbivorans sp.nov., a cellulolytic anaerobe from the pig intestinal tract. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 45:490．
Wilkinson, J. M., P. F. Chapman, R. J. Wilkins, and R. F. Wilson, 1981, Interrelationship between pattern of fermentation during ensilage and initial crop composition. In : Smith, J. A. and Hays, V. W.(eds), Proceeding of the 14th International Grassland Congress. Lexington, Kentucky. pp631-634． Westview Press. Bouider. Co.
Woodford, J. A.,and L. D.Satter. 1987, Comparison of three silage additives on fermentation of alfalfa silage and its utilization by lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 70(Suppl.l):73．
Wu, Y. M., J. X. Liu, 1996, The kinetics of fibre digestion, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen utilization of low quality roughages as influenced by supplementation with urea-mineral blocks. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 7(3) :55-65．
Wyss, U and R. Vogel, 1996, Results from silage additive trial in 1995． Agrarforschung, 33, 125-128．
Xiccato, G. Angela Trocino and A.Carazzolo. 1998, Ensiling and nutritive value of kenaf. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 71:229．
Yen,J.T., J.A.Nienaber, D.A.Hill, 1991． Pontential contribution of absorbed volatile fatty acids to whole animal energy requirement in coonscious swine. J. Anim. Sci., 69:2001．
曹兵海，1987，青贮牧草营养价值的影响的最新问题综述。国外畜牧学-饲料。6： 34-37。
陈功，2001，牧草捆裹青贮技术及其在我国的应用前景。中国草地， 1：72。
陈海燕，严冰，王小芹，史占全，刘建新，1998。大头菜与稻草混合青贮对发酵品 质的影响。浙江农业科学，10(4) ：215。
陈正玲译． 1997，体外法估测猪饲料蛋白质和氨基酸的回肠消化率[A]．第六届猪 消化生理国家学术会议论文集(中译本)。成都：四川科学技术出版社，113．
储明星摘译，1994． ， 青贮饲料添加剂。饲料博览， 6：34。
戴旭明，1997，应重新评价青绿饲料在养殖业中的作用。饲料研究，3：19。
邓铨林，赵月萍，1991，应用纤维素酶评定牧草消化率的研究。中国畜牧杂志，6： 22。
杜修贵摘译， 1982，凋萎对青贮饲料的发酵及营养价值的影响，国外畜牧学--草原， 6：11-17．
方德罗，张运涛，刘建新， 1996，紫云英复合青贮料的发酵品质．浙江农业大学学 报，22(2) ：168-171。
非常规饲料资源的开发与利用研究组， 1996，非常规饲料资源的开发与利用，中 国农业出版社。
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