麦类作物青贮饲料营养价值研究
|
摘要
随着产业结构的调整和畜牧业的发展，牧草和饲料资源的开发及利用越来越受到重视。虽然国内对大麦和燕麦的青贮有一定的研究，但是有关生育期和品种对青贮作物营养价值影响的研究却很少，特别是对小麦青贮饲料的研究，在国内仍未见报道。
本文以在陕西关中地区多年种植的两个大麦品种(西引2号和西藏青稞)、两个燕麦品种(东燕和西燕)、三个小麦品种(贞选1号、小偃6号和商麦9215)为材料，采用塑料袋室内堆贮青贮技术及室外风干技术分别对不同生育期的麦类作物进行青贮和风干，对其四个不同生育期(抽穗后10天、抽穗后20天、抽穗后30天和抽穗后40天)的生产量、营养成分及干物质消化率、青贮品质进行综合评价，并对各生育期的生产量、营养成分及干物质消化率、青贮品质进行了品种内和品种间的比较分析，同时又分析比较了青贮草与干草的营养价值差异，旨在了解不同麦类作物不同生育期青贮饲料的营养价值及青贮特性，确定麦类作物的最佳青贮刈割期和最佳青贮作物，为麦类作物青贮饲料的发展提供一定的理论和技术指导。研究结果表明：
1．从麦类作物刈割期看，收获越早，营养价值越高，随着生育期的延长，粗蛋白含量下降，粗纤维含量增加，但早期青贮效果不佳，且干物质产量较低。综合考虑麦类作物的青贮草产量、青贮粗蛋白产量、干物质产量、青贮品质、营养特性和干物质消化率，结果发现：大麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后30天；燕麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后40天；小麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后30天。
2．参试麦类作物品种的生产量、营养价值、青贮品质及干物质消化率受品种的影响很大，综合考虑鲜草产量、青贮草产量、青贮粗蛋白产量、青贮品质及干物质消化率五方面因素，结果表明西藏青稞作青贮饲料最好，其次是东燕、西燕、西引2号、贞选1号、小偃6号和商麦9215。
3．青贮草与干草相比，粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量均有不同程度的增加，中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量则有所下降，干物质消化率有很大程度的提高。因此，青贮比风干能更好的保存青绿饲料的营养成分，同时也提高了饲料的利用率。
4．与燕麦、大麦相比，小麦更适合作青贮饲料，青贮效果最佳，但是由于其生物学产量太低，推广应用有一定困难。
5．本研究引种的燕麦可以在黄淮麦区安全越冬，刈割后再生能力较强，且夏末秋初也可播种。因此，利用一些闲置土地，大力推广青贮燕麦，即可以缓解青刈饲料饲喂与牧草生长季节的矛盾，同时还可以在某些地区实现一年两熟的耕作制度，扩大家畜养殖规模，增加农民收入。
With adjustment to structure of agricultural industry and development of livestock husbandry, it is emphasized on the utilization of herbage and forage. Although silages of barley and oat have been studied in China, there is less research about effects of the maturities and cultivars on the nutritive value of barley and oat silages; especially it is still a blank about wheat silage.
The paper selected two barley cultivars (Xiyin 2 and XizangQingke), two oat cultivars (Dongyan and Xiyan) and three wheat cultivars (Zhenxuan 1, Shangmai 9215 and Xiaoyan 6) grown in Guanzhong plain of Shaanxi province for many years as materials. They were harvested at four maturation stages, which ten days, twenty days, thirty days and forty days after shooting, and ensiled by bagged storage technology and dried by wind respectively. The paper analyzed changes of forage yields, silage nutritive ingredients, silage quality and digestibility of DM (Dry Matter), and discussed the divergence of yields, nutritive ingredient and digestibility of DM, silage quality at different maturations and cultivars. At the same time, it compared difference of nutritive value between silages and hays. The purpose was to learn the change trend of nutritive value and silage quality of triticeae crops with the maturities, to make out the optimal harvesting stage and the optimal cultivars of triticeae crops silage, and to provide basic theoretical and technological guiding for the development of triticeae crops silages. The results proved that:
1. The earlier they were harvested; the higher the nutritive value of the triticeae crops silages. The CP (Crude Protein) content was decreasing and the CF (Crude Fiber) content was increasing with the prolonging of maturities. The silage quality of triticeae crops was poor in early stage of maturity and the DM yield was less. Comprehensive considering silage yields, the CP yields of silage, nutritive value of silage, quality of silage and IVDMD (In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility) of silage, it indicated that the barley optimal harvesting date was 30 days after shooting, oat was 40 days after shooting, and wheat was 30 days after shooting.
2. Yields, nutritive value, quality and IVDMD of triticeae crops silage were influenced by cultivars. Considering the fresh yields, silage yields, CP yields of silage, nutritive value of
silage, quality of silage, and IVDMD of silage, it was found that XizangQingke was the
optimal silage forage, next were Xiyin-2, Dongyan, Xiyan, Zhenxuan 1, Xiaoyan 6 and
Shangmai9215.
3.Contrasting to hays, the CP (Crude Protein) content, the CF (Crude Fiber) content, the
CA (Crude Ash) content, the Calcium and Phosphorus contents, and IVDMD of silages
were increasing, the NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) and the ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber)
were decreasing. So silages can preserve nutritive value of fresh forage better than hays
and raise the ratio of the forage utilization.
4.Wheat silage was more suitable for ensiling than barley silage and oat silage. Its silage
quality was highest, but it was difficulty for development and utilization because its yield
was lowest among triticeae crops.
5.The oat cultivars introduced by the experiment can grow through winter safely at
Huang-Huai wheat region. The two cultivars were greatly regenerative, and can be planted
after summer solstice. Using some idle lands to develop oat silage, not only can release the
contradiction between fresh forage and the season of herbage, but also can take into
practice the double-crop, then it enlarges the scale of breed cattle and increases farmers'
incomes
本文以在陕西关中地区多年种植的两个大麦品种(西引2号和西藏青稞)、两个燕麦品种(东燕和西燕)、三个小麦品种(贞选1号、小偃6号和商麦9215)为材料，采用塑料袋室内堆贮青贮技术及室外风干技术分别对不同生育期的麦类作物进行青贮和风干，对其四个不同生育期(抽穗后10天、抽穗后20天、抽穗后30天和抽穗后40天)的生产量、营养成分及干物质消化率、青贮品质进行综合评价，并对各生育期的生产量、营养成分及干物质消化率、青贮品质进行了品种内和品种间的比较分析，同时又分析比较了青贮草与干草的营养价值差异，旨在了解不同麦类作物不同生育期青贮饲料的营养价值及青贮特性，确定麦类作物的最佳青贮刈割期和最佳青贮作物，为麦类作物青贮饲料的发展提供一定的理论和技术指导。研究结果表明：
1．从麦类作物刈割期看，收获越早，营养价值越高，随着生育期的延长，粗蛋白含量下降，粗纤维含量增加，但早期青贮效果不佳，且干物质产量较低。综合考虑麦类作物的青贮草产量、青贮粗蛋白产量、干物质产量、青贮品质、营养特性和干物质消化率，结果发现：大麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后30天；燕麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后40天；小麦最佳青贮刈割期为抽穗后30天。
2．参试麦类作物品种的生产量、营养价值、青贮品质及干物质消化率受品种的影响很大，综合考虑鲜草产量、青贮草产量、青贮粗蛋白产量、青贮品质及干物质消化率五方面因素，结果表明西藏青稞作青贮饲料最好，其次是东燕、西燕、西引2号、贞选1号、小偃6号和商麦9215。
3．青贮草与干草相比，粗蛋白、粗纤维、粗灰分、钙和磷的含量均有不同程度的增加，中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量则有所下降，干物质消化率有很大程度的提高。因此，青贮比风干能更好的保存青绿饲料的营养成分，同时也提高了饲料的利用率。
4．与燕麦、大麦相比，小麦更适合作青贮饲料，青贮效果最佳，但是由于其生物学产量太低，推广应用有一定困难。
5．本研究引种的燕麦可以在黄淮麦区安全越冬，刈割后再生能力较强，且夏末秋初也可播种。因此，利用一些闲置土地，大力推广青贮燕麦，即可以缓解青刈饲料饲喂与牧草生长季节的矛盾，同时还可以在某些地区实现一年两熟的耕作制度，扩大家畜养殖规模，增加农民收入。
With adjustment to structure of agricultural industry and development of livestock husbandry, it is emphasized on the utilization of herbage and forage. Although silages of barley and oat have been studied in China, there is less research about effects of the maturities and cultivars on the nutritive value of barley and oat silages; especially it is still a blank about wheat silage.
The paper selected two barley cultivars (Xiyin 2 and XizangQingke), two oat cultivars (Dongyan and Xiyan) and three wheat cultivars (Zhenxuan 1, Shangmai 9215 and Xiaoyan 6) grown in Guanzhong plain of Shaanxi province for many years as materials. They were harvested at four maturation stages, which ten days, twenty days, thirty days and forty days after shooting, and ensiled by bagged storage technology and dried by wind respectively. The paper analyzed changes of forage yields, silage nutritive ingredients, silage quality and digestibility of DM (Dry Matter), and discussed the divergence of yields, nutritive ingredient and digestibility of DM, silage quality at different maturations and cultivars. At the same time, it compared difference of nutritive value between silages and hays. The purpose was to learn the change trend of nutritive value and silage quality of triticeae crops with the maturities, to make out the optimal harvesting stage and the optimal cultivars of triticeae crops silage, and to provide basic theoretical and technological guiding for the development of triticeae crops silages. The results proved that:
1. The earlier they were harvested; the higher the nutritive value of the triticeae crops silages. The CP (Crude Protein) content was decreasing and the CF (Crude Fiber) content was increasing with the prolonging of maturities. The silage quality of triticeae crops was poor in early stage of maturity and the DM yield was less. Comprehensive considering silage yields, the CP yields of silage, nutritive value of silage, quality of silage and IVDMD (In Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility) of silage, it indicated that the barley optimal harvesting date was 30 days after shooting, oat was 40 days after shooting, and wheat was 30 days after shooting.
2. Yields, nutritive value, quality and IVDMD of triticeae crops silage were influenced by cultivars. Considering the fresh yields, silage yields, CP yields of silage, nutritive value of
silage, quality of silage, and IVDMD of silage, it was found that XizangQingke was the
optimal silage forage, next were Xiyin-2, Dongyan, Xiyan, Zhenxuan 1, Xiaoyan 6 and
Shangmai9215.
3.Contrasting to hays, the CP (Crude Protein) content, the CF (Crude Fiber) content, the
CA (Crude Ash) content, the Calcium and Phosphorus contents, and IVDMD of silages
were increasing, the NDF (Neutral Detergent Fiber) and the ADF (Acid Detergent Fiber)
were decreasing. So silages can preserve nutritive value of fresh forage better than hays
and raise the ratio of the forage utilization.
4.Wheat silage was more suitable for ensiling than barley silage and oat silage. Its silage
quality was highest, but it was difficulty for development and utilization because its yield
was lowest among triticeae crops.
5.The oat cultivars introduced by the experiment can grow through winter safely at
Huang-Huai wheat region. The two cultivars were greatly regenerative, and can be planted
after summer solstice. Using some idle lands to develop oat silage, not only can release the
contradiction between fresh forage and the season of herbage, but also can take into
practice the double-crop, then it enlarges the scale of breed cattle and increases farmers'
incomes
引文
1．安晓宁，卢得仁。饲草含水量对青贮饲料发酵品质和营样价值的影响[J]。牧草与饲料，1991，2：24-27。
2．白元生。饲料原料学[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1999：25
3．常哓鹏。小麦代替玉米的营养学评价[J]。饲料博览，2001，10：58。
4．陈宝书。退耕还草技术指南[M]。北京：金盾出版社，2001：170。
5．陈明。优质牧草高产栽培与利用[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，2001，42-46。
6．陈默君，张文淑，周禾。牧草与粗饲料[M]。北京：中国农业大学出版社，1999，210。
7．陈邵苹。近红外漫反射光谱测定饲料中粗纤维[J]。饲料工业，1996，17(6)：32-33。
8．陈白胜，孙中心，杜伟。青贮玉米与籽粒玉米经济效益的研究[J]。牧草与饲料，1993，1：13-16。
9．戴国荣。一年生青刈禾、豆草混播试验[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志，1991，21(4)3-4。
10．丁丽敏，计成，陈怡煌等。NIR分析技术快速测定鱼粉氨基酸含量的研究[J]。饲料研究，1999，5：24-26。
11．丁丽敏，计成，杨彩霞等。NIR技术快速测定豆柏玉米真可消化氨基酸含量的研究[J]。动物营养学报，1999，ll(3)：12-17。
12．杜灵敏，张显耻，聂青平。高寒牧区豌豆与燕麦混播组合的研究[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂忠，1991，21(6)18-19。
13．D．C．拉斯姆逊著．徐耀奎、崔秋华等译。大麦[M]。北京：北京出版社，1992：611-612。
14．房晓彤，董淑霞。红麻叶青贮的饲用价值[J]。中国乳业，2002，4：22-23。
15．冯仰廉，莫放。反刍动物蛋白质营养新体系[M]。动物营养学研究进展，北京：农业出版社，1994：65-83。
16．葛政华，殷潮洲，邵游。青贮黑麦草中添加双乙酸钠防霉试验[J]。饲料工业，1994，15(2)：45。
17．郭金双，赵广永，李胜利。添加乳酸菌对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(4)：27-28。
18．郭金双，赵广永，孔祥浩。添加蔗糖对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(4)：18-20。
19．郭金双，赵广永，孔祥浩。甲酸对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(6)：21-22。
20．郭旭生，崔慰贤。提高秸秆饲料利用率和营养价值的研究进展[J]。饲料工业，2002，23(11)：12-15。
21．韩建国，马春晖，毛培胜等。播种比例和施氮量及刈割期对燕麦与豌豆混播草地和质量的影响[J]。草地学报，1999，7(2)：87-94。
22．胡耀高译。青贮饲料研究的新进展[J]。牧草与饲料，1989，2：52-57。
23．吉进卿。青贮饲料营养价值的影响因素[J]。中国饲料，1998，7：29-30。
24．冀贞阳。方兴未艾的小麦籽实饲料[J]。饲料世界，2001，8：13。
25．贾慎修。草地学[M]。北京：农业出版社，1995：85-114，210-215。
26．李青云，郎百宁，陆家宝等。四种牧草最佳收获期的研究[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志，1995，26(3)：23-24。
27．李树聪，王家启，唐文花。反刍动物饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率的测定方法综述[J]。草食家畜，2001，1：32-36。
28．Marten，G．C．著，李永宏，汪诗平，尹永军等译。放牧研究：设计方法与分析[M]。北京：气象出版社，1995：8-18。
29．梁家勉。中国农业科学技术史稿[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1986：66。
30．刘春龙，孙风俊。我国饲料工业的现状及其发展趋势[J]。饲料博览，2001，10：20。
31．刘禄之。青贮饲料的调制与利用[M]。北京：金盾出版社，2000：79。
32．刘伟，王淑华，谷建楠等。影响牧草青贮品质的因素及其品质评定[J]。。饲料与草原，1995，1：51-52。
33．卢良恕。21世纪我国农业科学技术发展趋势与展望[J]。中国农业科学，1998，31(2)：1-7。
34．卢良恕。中国小麦栽培研究新进展[M]。北京：农业出版社，1993，452-453。
35．卢德勋。现代反刍动物营养研究方法和技术[M]。北京：农业出版社，1991，55-66。
36．马春晖，韩建国。一年生饲用作物最佳刈割期的研究[J]。草业科学，2001，18(1)：6-9。
37．马春晖，韩建国。一年生混播草地生物量和品质以及种间竞争的动态研究[J]。草地学报，1999，7(1) 62-71。
38．马生珍，赵琦，田生仁。塑料袋装青贮饲草试验报告[J]。中国养羊，1990，4：19-20。
39．孟庆翔，张宏军。估测饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率的新方法的研究[J]。北京农业大学学报，1991，174：95-100。
40．内蒙古农牧学院。牧草及饲料作物栽培学[M]。北京：农业出版社，1988，127-137、226-239。
41．P．M．Haigh著，杜修贵译。牧草水溶性碳水化合物含量及青贮时气候条件对大量青贮发酵的影响[J]。四川草原，1992，4：64-69，52
42．秦世平。秸秆综合利用商业化可行性研究[J]。中国能源，2001，1：14。
43．全国饲料工业标准技术委员会，中国饲料工业协会。饲料工业标准汇编，1996(上)[M]。北京：中国标准出版社，1996。
44．沉益新。种植密度、刈割高度和刈割频率对百脉根产草性能的影响[J]。草业科学，1992，3：37。
45．苏彩珠，刘婕，尹平河。应用近红外光谱定量分析技术多成分快速检测饲料品质[J]。粮食与饲料工业，2001，8：49-50。
46．唐一国，龙瑞军，补小艳等。反刍家畜饲料营养价值体外法评定研究进展[J]。中国奶
牛，2002，5：31-33。
47．王成章，陈桂荣。饲料生产学[M]。郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1998。
48．王成章，齐胜利，史莹华等。不同苜蓿品种比较试验[J]。华中农业大学学报，2002，21(1)：44-46。
49．王红云，赵国先。小麦的饲用价值[J]。中国饲料2001，24：25-27。
50．王修启，张兆敏，李春群。加酶小麦日粮对猪生产性能的影响[J]。饲料研究，2002，2：24-26。
51．王文杰，穆淑琴，刘兰兰等。NIRS法检测预混料中的维生素A[J]。天津畜牧兽医，1998，15(2)：12-14。
52．韦家山。王草刈割时期探讨[J]。草业科学，1994，7：52。
53．吴正杰。用不同比例小麦替代玉米喂猪效果试验[J]。饲料博览，2001。1：33-34。
54．吴曼芷。圆草捆的青贮工艺技术[J]。中国草地，1992。1：75-79。
55．西北农林科技大学数学教研组，多元统计软件包。1993。
56．肖文一，陈德新，吴渠来。饲用植物栽培与利用[M]。北京：农业出版社，1991：25-35。
57．邢延铣。小麦秸秆饲料营养价值特性的研究[J]。中国农业科学，1989，22(6)：76-84。
58．熊文中，冯仰廉。酶解法评定反刍动物饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率的研究[J]。中国畜牧杂忠，1989，25(4)：5-8。
59．杨志刚，沉益新，刘信宝。黑麦草生产在农业结构调整的作用及亟待解决的问题[J]。畜牧与收益兽医，2002，34(3)：41-44。
60．袁磊，张璐。生态环境保护和生态饲料开发。饲料博览[J]。2001，1：17-19。
61．袁志发。多元统计分析[M]。杨凌：天则出版社，1993。
62．杨发林，胡自治。高寒牧区燕麦人工草地的营养物质产量及其光能转化率[J]。草地学报，1991，1(1)：106-111。
63．杨胜。饲料分析及饲料检测技术[M]。北京：北京农业大学出版社，1993，58-61。
64．杨曙明。体外测定青贮饲料消化率的方法比较[J]。1998，4：32-33。
65．杨正德，罗爱平，施晓丽。青贮饲料贮藏温度变化规律探讨[J]。畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(6)：523-524。
66．颜品勋，冯仰廉，莫放等。酶解法评定青粗饲料有机物降解率的研究[J]。动物营养学报。1996，8(3)：20-24。
67．余金贵。草料科秆青贮新技术[J]。中国乳业，2001，4：28-29。
68．余后良。发酵饲料生产与应用新技术[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1999。
69．张国立，贾纯良，杨雄山等。青贮饲料的发展历史、现状及趋势[J]。辽宁畜牧兽医，1996，3：19-21。
70．张宏一。羊草草地最佳刈割时间的探讨[J]。中国草地，1993，5：64-66。
71．张杰。青贮饲料的制作与使用技术[J]。农业科技通讯，1997，8：20-21。
72．张景伟，孙万才，武士安等，应用塑料袋制作玉米青贮试验[J]。现代化农业，1996，1：
19。
73．张喜军，祝延成，潘伟。牧草饲用价值综合评价的数学模型[J]。中国草地，1991，6：63-67。
74．张耀生，周兴民，王启基。高寒牧区燕麦生产性能的初步分析[J]。草地学报，1998，6(2)：113-122。
75．张子仪。中国饲料学[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，2000：883。
76．中国农业年鉴编辑委员会。中国农业年鉴[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1996。
77．中国农业科学院畜牧研究所和中国动物营养研究会。中国饲料成分及营养价值表[M]。北京：农业出版社，1985。
78．周韶，李树聪。反刍动物小肠内蛋白质消化率测定方法研究进展[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志。1998，28(3)：25-27。
79．朱光祥，范克平。饲料生产应用手册[M]。北京：中国农业新科技出版社，1996，744-753。
80．朱行。世界粮食发展20年预测[J]。饲料世界，2001，8：33。
81. Abedelgadir, I. E. O., R. C. Cocbran and E C. Titgemeyer etal. In Vitro determination of ruminant protein degradability of alfalfa and'prairie hay via a commercial prorease in the presence of absence of cellulose of driselase [J] Jour. of Anim.Sci.,1997,75(8):2215-2222.
82. Acosta, Y.M., Stallings, C.C., Polan, C.E. and Miller, C.N. 1991. Evaluation of barley silage harvested at boot and soft dough stages. J. Dairy Sci. 74:167-176
83. Adamson, A. H. and Reeve, A. Nutritional evaluation of whole-crop wheat [M] Whole-Crop Cereals Chalcombe Publication Aberystwyth, UK. 1992:85-96.
84. AFRC. Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals, protein AFRC Technical committee on response to nutrients report [J]. No. 9 Nutr. Abstr. Rev (series B). 1992,62:787-835.
85. Aiple, K. E, Steingass, H. Menke, K. H. Suitability of a buffered faecal suspension as the inoculum in the Ho-henheim gas test [J]. J. Anim. Physiol. Nutr.1992, 67:57-66.
86. Ashbell, G., and Sklan, D. Winter wheat for silage : a double-cropping system for use in subtropical climate [J]. Feedstuffs 1985,57:18-19.
87. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G. Top silage losses in horizontal silos [J]. Can. Agric. Eng. 1992,34:171-175.
88. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G. and Hen, Y. 1997. interactions between wheat and vetch during co-ensiling. Meshek Habakar Vehachalav [J]. 272, 20-22 (in Hebrew).
89. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G., Bruckental, I. Tabori, K. and Sharet, N. Wheat silage: the effect of cultivar and stage of maturity on yield and degradability in situ [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 45, 709-712.
90. Aufrere J. Edude de La prevision de digestibility des forage parune method enzymatique [J]. Aun. Zooteck, 1982,31 :111.
91. Baron, V.S., Dick, A.C. and Wolynetz, M.S. 1992. Characterization of barley silage - maturity
relationships for central Alberta.Can.J.Plant Sci.72:1009-1020．
92． Barton, F.E., New methods for the structural and compositional analysis of cell walls for quality determination [J].Animal feed Sci.Tech.1991, 32:1-11．
93． Ben-Ghedalia, D., Kabala, A., and Miron, J.Composition and in Vitro digestibility of carbohydrates of wheat plants harvested at bloom and soft dough stage [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1995,68:111-116．
94． Bolsen K.K.and L.L., Berger.Effects of type and variety and stage of maturity on feeding values of cereal silages for lambs [J].J.Anim.Sci..1976,42:168-174．
95． Bolsen, K.K., Sonon, R.N., Dalke, B., Pope, R., Riley, J.G.and Laytimi, A.1992． Evaluation of inoculant and NPN silage additives.A summary of 26 trials and 65 farm-scale silages.Report of Progress, Kansas State University.
96． Bolsen, K.K.1997． Issues of top spoilage losses in horizontal silos.In:Silage:Field to Feedbunk, Proceedings from the Silage:Field to Feedbunk North American Conference, Hershey, PA, pp.137-150．
97． Boisen, K.'K., Huck, G.L., Siefers, M.K., Schmidt,T.E., Pope, R.V.and Uriarte, M.E.1999． Silage management:five key factors.Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
98． Brundage A.L., Taylor R.L., Burton, V.L.Relative yield and nutritive values of barley, oats and pea harvested at four successive date for forage [J]. Journal of dairy science,1979,62:740-745．
99． Burgess, P.L., J.W.G., Nicholson, and E.A.Grant.Yield and nutritive value of corn, barley, wheat, and forage oat silage for lactating dairy cows [J].Can.J.Animal.Science.1973,53:245-250．
100． Carrier, L.The history of the silo [J].J.Am.Soc.Agron.1920,12(5) : 175-182．
101． Cherney, J.H.and Marten, G.C.1982． Small grain crop potential:II.Interrelationship among biological, chemical, morphological and anatomical determinants of quality.Crop Sci.22:240-245．
102． Christensen, D.A.B.D.Owen, G.Steacy, W.L.Croule, and J.P.Mtimuni.Nutritive value of whole crop wheat silage made from seven cereal cultivars [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1977,57:537-542．
103． Crovetto G.M., Galassi G., Rapetti L., Sandrucci A., Tamburini A.Effects of the stage of maturity on the nutritive value of whole crop wheat silage [J].Livestock production science, 1998,55(1) : 21-32．
104． De Boever J.L., B.G.Cottyn et al.Potential of solubility enzymatic methods and NIRS to predict in situ rumen escape protein [J].Neth.Jour.Of Agric.Sci., 1997,45(2) :291-306．
105． Demarquilly, C.and Dulphy, J.P.Effect of ensiling on feed intake and animal performance [M]. In:Proceedings of International Meeting on Animal Production from Temperate
Grasslands, Dublin, 1977:53-61．
106． Dowman M.G., Collins F.C.the use of enzyme to predict the digestibility of animal feeds [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1982,33:689．
107． Edwards, RA, Donaldson, E.and MacGregor, AW 1968． Ensilage of whole-crop barley.1． Effects of variety and stage of growth [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.19:656-660．
108． E.M.G.Nadeau, D.R.Buxton.Enzyme, Bacterial Inoculants and Formic Acid Effects on silage composition of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa [J].Journal of dairy science, 2001,83(7) :1487-1502．
109． Fisher, L.J., J.R.Lessard, and G.A.Lodge.Whole crop barley as conserved forage for lactating cows [J].Can.J.anim.Sci.1972,52:497-504．
110． Frank Raym and Richard Waltham.Forage Conservation and Feeding [M] Farming Press Books Miller Freedom Professional L.T.D., United Kingdom: 1996．
111． Fraster, M.D., A.Winters, R.Frychan, and D.R.Davies.The effects of harvester date and inoculation on the yield, fermentation characteristics and feeding value of kale silage [J].Crass and Forage science, 2001,56: 151-161．
112． Gilad Ashbell, Hans H.Theune, and David Sklan.Ensiling whole wheat at various maturation stages:change in nutritive ingredients during maturation and ensiling and upon aerobic exposure [J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.1985,33(1) : 1-4．
113． Gilad Ashbell, Zwi G.,Weinberg .Israel Bruckental Katriel Tabori.and Navot Shart.Wheat silage: Effect of cultivars and stage of maturity on yield and degradability in situ.[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.1997,45(3) : 709-712．
114． Goering, H.K., and P.J.Van Soest, 1970． Forage fiber analysis apparatus, reagents produces and some application [M].USDA.Agric.Handb.379 U.S.Gov.print offices Washington,DC.
115． Halgerson, J.L.and C.C.Sheaffer.Prediction of ruminal protein degradability of forages using infrared reflectance spectroscopy [J].Agron.J., 1995,87:1227-1231．
116． Hingston, A.R.and Christensen, D.A.The effect of type of silo and formic acid preservation on the nutritive value of barley, wheat and oat silages for growing Hereford steers [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1982:62:155-162．
117． Kennelly, J.and Khorasani, R.Nutritive values and fermentation characteristics of barley silage varieties [M].In:Silage Production in Relation to Animal Performance, Animal Health, Meat and Milk Quantity.XII International Silage Conference, Uppsala, Sweden,1999:104-105．
118． Khorasani, G.R., P.E.Jedel, J.H.Helm, and J.J Kennelly.Influence of stage of maturating on yields of cereal grain silage [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci., 1997,77:259-267．
119． Kilcher, M.R.and Troelsen, J.E.Contribution and nutritive value of major plant components
of oats through progressive stages of development [J].Can.J.Plant Sci.1973, 53:251-256．
120． Klebesadel L.J.Chemical composition and yield of oats peas separated from a forage mixture at successive stages of growth [J].Agronomy Journal, 1969,61:713-716．
121． Kung, L.Jr.and Muck, R.E.1997． Animal responses to silage additives.In:Silage:Field to Feedbunk, Proceedings from the Silage:Field to Feedbunk North American Conference, Hershey,PA, pp.200-210．
122． Lawes, D.A., and D.I.H.Jones.Yield, Nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of whole-crop spring cereals [J].J.Agric.Sci.(Cambridge) 1971, 76:497-485．
123． Licitra, G., F.Lauria and S.Carpino et al, Improvement of the streptomycin griseous method for degradable protein in ruminant feeds [J].Anim.Feed Sci.and Tech, 1998,72:1-10．
124． Lister,S.L., Sanderson,R., Dhanoa, M.S.Gill.Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol on changes in leukemia leucocephala and calliandra SP.Incubated in vitro [J].Anim.Sci., 1995,60:543．
125． Lloyd Forster.Round bale silage: Coming of age 1978-1999 [J].Journal of RASE.,2001,165-175．
126． Luchini, N.D., G.H.Broderick and D.K.Combs.In Vitro determination of ruminal protein-degradation using freeze stored ruminal microorganism [J].Jour.Of Anim.Sci,1996,74(10) : 2488-249．
127． Macrae, R.L.In digestion and metabolism in ruminants [M].I.W.Modonald and A.C.I.Warnered Univ.New England Press, Arimdale, N.S.W.August, 1975．
128． Madsen, J., T.Hvelpund, M.R.Bertilsson et al.The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants: A revision Norwegian [J].J.Agric.Sci., 1995,19(suppl.).
129． Martin J.H., W.H.Leonard, and D.L.Stamp.Principles of crop production [M], 3rd ed Macmillan, New York, 1976．
130． Marten G.C., G.E.Brink, D.R.Buxton, J.L.Halgerson, and J.S.Hornstein.Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopy analysis of forage quality in four legume species [J].Crop-sci, 1984,24:1179-1182．
131． McCartney, D.H.and Vaage, A.S.Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silage [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci, 1994,74:91-96
132． McDonald, P., Henderson, N.and Heron, S.The Biochemistry of Silage [M].Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK.1991．
133． Mertens, D.R.Dietary fiber components: Relationship to the rate and extent of ruminant digestion [J].Fed-Proc.1977,36:187-192．
134． Michaler, D.B.,P.Noziere.The in saeco method of prediction of the degradation of dietary components in the rumen [J].Productions Animals, 1999,12(3) : 195-206．
135． Miller, J.C., J.T.Huber, R.E.Blaser, R.A.Sandy, and C.E.Polan.Nutritive value and yields
of barley silage at three stages of growth [J].J.Dairy Sci., 1967,50:616(Abstr.).
136． Moran, J.P.and Owen, T.R.The effects of Ecosyl-treated silage on milk production by lactating dairy cows [M].Proceedings of the National Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization.University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.1994．
137． Morrison, F.B.Feeds and Feeding [M].21sted.The Morrison Publishing Co., Ithaca,NY.1956．
138． Mowat, D.M., and R.A.Slumskie.Barley silage, ground whole plant barley and corn silage for finishing beef cattle [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1971,51:201-207．
139． Navaratne H.V.R.G, Ibrahim, M.N.M., Schiere, J.B.Comparison of four techniques of reprediction digestibility of tropical feed [J].Anim.Feed Sci.and Tech., 1990, 29:209．
140． Neidig R.E.Chemical changes during silages fermentation [M].Iowa Agr.Exp.Sta.Res.Bul.1914:16
141． Nocek, J.E.Evaluation of specific variables affecting in situ estimates of ruminal dry matter and protein digestion [J].J.Anim.Sci.1985,60:1347-1358．
142． Nocek, J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility [J].J.Dairy Sci.1988,71:2051-2069．
143． Norris, K.H., R.F.Barnes, J.E.Morre, and J.S.Shenk, Predicting forage quality by infrared reflectance spectroscopy [J].J-Anim-Sci, 1976,43:889-897．
144． Norris, K.H., R.F.Barnes, J.E.Morre, Predicting forage quality in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage [J].J-Agri-Sci,1976,92:499-503．
145． Octjen,J.W., and K.K.Bolson.Wheat, barley and oat silages for beef cattle [J].Kansas Agric.Exp.Str.Bull, 1978:613．
146． Peter Mcdonall.The biochemistry of silage [M].Awiley-Interscience publication Chichester New York Brisbane Torono, 1981: 50-59．
147． Polan, C.E., T.M.Sterling, J.T.Huber, C.N.Miller, and R.A.Sandy.Yields composition and nutritive evaluation of barley silage at three stages of maturity for lactating cows [J].J.Dairy Sci.1968,51:1801-1805．
148． Raab, L., B.Cafantaris and Tiily et al.Rumen Protein degradation and biosynthesis and a new method for determination of protein degradation in rumen fluid in vitro [J].Br.J.Nutri.1983,50:569．
149． R.Dwain Florrock, and John F., valentine.Harvested Forage: Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, AP.(Academic Press) [M].1999:330．
150． Raymond, F.G.Sheeperson, and R.Waltham.Forage Conservation and feeding [M] 4th ed.Farming press, Ltd., Wharfedale Road, IpsWich, suffork, England, 1986．
151． R.L.Belyea, R.E.Ricketts, F.A.Martz, R.R.Ruehlow and R.C.Bennett.Wheat silage for
dairy cattle [J].Agricultural Publication G3260-Reviewed October 1, 1993． Departments of animal sciences, University of Missoun-Columbia.
152． Robinson R.G.Oat-pea or oat-vetch mixtures for forage or seed [J].Agronomy Journal,1960,52:546-549．
153． Smith, R., L.Yield, composition, and nutritive value of grain sorghum harvested as silage:Stage of maturity and processing effect [M].M.Sc.thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, 1986．
154． Satola, J.The chemical composition and nutritive value of certain hays as affected by plant maturity [J].Agric.Res.1937, 54:339-415．
155． Sutoh, H., Uchida, S.and Miyake, K.Effects of type and variety and stage of maturity on oat silage for lambs [J].J.Sci.Rep.Fac.Agric, Okayama Univ., 1972, No.40:25-33．
156． Terry R.A., Mundell D.C., Osbourn D.F.comparison of two in vitro digestibility [J].J.Brit.Grassl.Sci., 1978,33: 13．
157． Tilley, J.M.A.and R.A.Terry.A two-stage technique for in Vitro digestion of forage crops.[J] J-Br-Grassl-Soc.1963, 18:104-111．
158． Tiwan J.M.S., Puri K.P.Forage Production potential of oats, barley and triticale varieties [M].India of Agronomy, 1980,25:149-150．
159． Van Soest, P.J.Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds.IIA rapid methods for the determination of fiber and lignin [J].J-Assoc-Off-Agric-Chem., 1963,46:829．
160． Van Soest, P.J.Nutritive economy of the ruminant [M].Comstock Cornell Univ.Press, Ithaca,NY.1982．
161． Van Soest, P.J.,J.B.Robinson, and B.A.Evans Methods for dietary fiber, neutral fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition [J].J.Dairy Sci.1991,74:3583-3597．
162． Van Vuuren, A.M., Huhtanen, P.and Dulphy, J.P.Improving the feeding and health value of ensiled forages [M].In:Recent Developments in the Nutrition of Herbivores.Eds.M.1995．
163． Walton P.D.Production and management of cultivated forages [M].Reston publishing company, Inc.VA, 1983:336．
164． Weinberg, Z.G., Ashbell, G.Hen, Y.and Harduff, Z.Ensiling whole wheat for ruminant feeding at different stages of maturity [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol., 1991,32:313-320．
165． Wilman, D.Foulkes, G.R., Givens, D.I., 1996a.A comparison of four methods of estimating the rate and extent of cell-wall degradation in grass silages [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,63:99-109．
166． Wilman, D., M.Field, S.J.Lister, D.I.Givens.The use of near infrared spectroscopy to investigate the composition of silages and the rate and extend of cell-wall degradation [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.2000, 88:139-151．
2．白元生。饲料原料学[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1999：25
3．常哓鹏。小麦代替玉米的营养学评价[J]。饲料博览，2001，10：58。
4．陈宝书。退耕还草技术指南[M]。北京：金盾出版社，2001：170。
5．陈明。优质牧草高产栽培与利用[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，2001，42-46。
6．陈默君，张文淑，周禾。牧草与粗饲料[M]。北京：中国农业大学出版社，1999，210。
7．陈邵苹。近红外漫反射光谱测定饲料中粗纤维[J]。饲料工业，1996，17(6)：32-33。
8．陈白胜，孙中心，杜伟。青贮玉米与籽粒玉米经济效益的研究[J]。牧草与饲料，1993，1：13-16。
9．戴国荣。一年生青刈禾、豆草混播试验[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志，1991，21(4)3-4。
10．丁丽敏，计成，陈怡煌等。NIR分析技术快速测定鱼粉氨基酸含量的研究[J]。饲料研究，1999，5：24-26。
11．丁丽敏，计成，杨彩霞等。NIR技术快速测定豆柏玉米真可消化氨基酸含量的研究[J]。动物营养学报，1999，ll(3)：12-17。
12．杜灵敏，张显耻，聂青平。高寒牧区豌豆与燕麦混播组合的研究[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂忠，1991，21(6)18-19。
13．D．C．拉斯姆逊著．徐耀奎、崔秋华等译。大麦[M]。北京：北京出版社，1992：611-612。
14．房晓彤，董淑霞。红麻叶青贮的饲用价值[J]。中国乳业，2002，4：22-23。
15．冯仰廉，莫放。反刍动物蛋白质营养新体系[M]。动物营养学研究进展，北京：农业出版社，1994：65-83。
16．葛政华，殷潮洲，邵游。青贮黑麦草中添加双乙酸钠防霉试验[J]。饲料工业，1994，15(2)：45。
17．郭金双，赵广永，李胜利。添加乳酸菌对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，1999，35(4)：27-28。
18．郭金双，赵广永，孔祥浩。添加蔗糖对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(4)：18-20。
19．郭金双，赵广永，孔祥浩。甲酸对大麦青贮品质及中酸性洗涤纤维的瘤胃降解率的影响[J]。中国畜牧杂志，2000，36(6)：21-22。
20．郭旭生，崔慰贤。提高秸秆饲料利用率和营养价值的研究进展[J]。饲料工业，2002，23(11)：12-15。
21．韩建国，马春晖，毛培胜等。播种比例和施氮量及刈割期对燕麦与豌豆混播草地和质量的影响[J]。草地学报，1999，7(2)：87-94。
22．胡耀高译。青贮饲料研究的新进展[J]。牧草与饲料，1989，2：52-57。
23．吉进卿。青贮饲料营养价值的影响因素[J]。中国饲料，1998，7：29-30。
24．冀贞阳。方兴未艾的小麦籽实饲料[J]。饲料世界，2001，8：13。
25．贾慎修。草地学[M]。北京：农业出版社，1995：85-114，210-215。
26．李青云，郎百宁，陆家宝等。四种牧草最佳收获期的研究[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志，1995，26(3)：23-24。
27．李树聪，王家启，唐文花。反刍动物饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率的测定方法综述[J]。草食家畜，2001，1：32-36。
28．Marten，G．C．著，李永宏，汪诗平，尹永军等译。放牧研究：设计方法与分析[M]。北京：气象出版社，1995：8-18。
29．梁家勉。中国农业科学技术史稿[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1986：66。
30．刘春龙，孙风俊。我国饲料工业的现状及其发展趋势[J]。饲料博览，2001，10：20。
31．刘禄之。青贮饲料的调制与利用[M]。北京：金盾出版社，2000：79。
32．刘伟，王淑华，谷建楠等。影响牧草青贮品质的因素及其品质评定[J]。。饲料与草原，1995，1：51-52。
33．卢良恕。21世纪我国农业科学技术发展趋势与展望[J]。中国农业科学，1998，31(2)：1-7。
34．卢良恕。中国小麦栽培研究新进展[M]。北京：农业出版社，1993，452-453。
35．卢德勋。现代反刍动物营养研究方法和技术[M]。北京：农业出版社，1991，55-66。
36．马春晖，韩建国。一年生饲用作物最佳刈割期的研究[J]。草业科学，2001，18(1)：6-9。
37．马春晖，韩建国。一年生混播草地生物量和品质以及种间竞争的动态研究[J]。草地学报，1999，7(1) 62-71。
38．马生珍，赵琦，田生仁。塑料袋装青贮饲草试验报告[J]。中国养羊，1990，4：19-20。
39．孟庆翔，张宏军。估测饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解率的新方法的研究[J]。北京农业大学学报，1991，174：95-100。
40．内蒙古农牧学院。牧草及饲料作物栽培学[M]。北京：农业出版社，1988，127-137、226-239。
41．P．M．Haigh著，杜修贵译。牧草水溶性碳水化合物含量及青贮时气候条件对大量青贮发酵的影响[J]。四川草原，1992，4：64-69，52
42．秦世平。秸秆综合利用商业化可行性研究[J]。中国能源，2001，1：14。
43．全国饲料工业标准技术委员会，中国饲料工业协会。饲料工业标准汇编，1996(上)[M]。北京：中国标准出版社，1996。
44．沉益新。种植密度、刈割高度和刈割频率对百脉根产草性能的影响[J]。草业科学，1992，3：37。
45．苏彩珠，刘婕，尹平河。应用近红外光谱定量分析技术多成分快速检测饲料品质[J]。粮食与饲料工业，2001，8：49-50。
46．唐一国，龙瑞军，补小艳等。反刍家畜饲料营养价值体外法评定研究进展[J]。中国奶
牛，2002，5：31-33。
47．王成章，陈桂荣。饲料生产学[M]。郑州：河南科学技术出版社，1998。
48．王成章，齐胜利，史莹华等。不同苜蓿品种比较试验[J]。华中农业大学学报，2002，21(1)：44-46。
49．王红云，赵国先。小麦的饲用价值[J]。中国饲料2001，24：25-27。
50．王修启，张兆敏，李春群。加酶小麦日粮对猪生产性能的影响[J]。饲料研究，2002，2：24-26。
51．王文杰，穆淑琴，刘兰兰等。NIRS法检测预混料中的维生素A[J]。天津畜牧兽医，1998，15(2)：12-14。
52．韦家山。王草刈割时期探讨[J]。草业科学，1994，7：52。
53．吴正杰。用不同比例小麦替代玉米喂猪效果试验[J]。饲料博览，2001。1：33-34。
54．吴曼芷。圆草捆的青贮工艺技术[J]。中国草地，1992。1：75-79。
55．西北农林科技大学数学教研组，多元统计软件包。1993。
56．肖文一，陈德新，吴渠来。饲用植物栽培与利用[M]。北京：农业出版社，1991：25-35。
57．邢延铣。小麦秸秆饲料营养价值特性的研究[J]。中国农业科学，1989，22(6)：76-84。
58．熊文中，冯仰廉。酶解法评定反刍动物饲料干物质和蛋白质降解率的研究[J]。中国畜牧杂忠，1989，25(4)：5-8。
59．杨志刚，沉益新，刘信宝。黑麦草生产在农业结构调整的作用及亟待解决的问题[J]。畜牧与收益兽医，2002，34(3)：41-44。
60．袁磊，张璐。生态环境保护和生态饲料开发。饲料博览[J]。2001，1：17-19。
61．袁志发。多元统计分析[M]。杨凌：天则出版社，1993。
62．杨发林，胡自治。高寒牧区燕麦人工草地的营养物质产量及其光能转化率[J]。草地学报，1991，1(1)：106-111。
63．杨胜。饲料分析及饲料检测技术[M]。北京：北京农业大学出版社，1993，58-61。
64．杨曙明。体外测定青贮饲料消化率的方法比较[J]。1998，4：32-33。
65．杨正德，罗爱平，施晓丽。青贮饲料贮藏温度变化规律探讨[J]。畜牧兽医学报，1998，29(6)：523-524。
66．颜品勋，冯仰廉，莫放等。酶解法评定青粗饲料有机物降解率的研究[J]。动物营养学报。1996，8(3)：20-24。
67．余金贵。草料科秆青贮新技术[J]。中国乳业，2001，4：28-29。
68．余后良。发酵饲料生产与应用新技术[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1999。
69．张国立，贾纯良，杨雄山等。青贮饲料的发展历史、现状及趋势[J]。辽宁畜牧兽医，1996，3：19-21。
70．张宏一。羊草草地最佳刈割时间的探讨[J]。中国草地，1993，5：64-66。
71．张杰。青贮饲料的制作与使用技术[J]。农业科技通讯，1997，8：20-21。
72．张景伟，孙万才，武士安等，应用塑料袋制作玉米青贮试验[J]。现代化农业，1996，1：
19。
73．张喜军，祝延成，潘伟。牧草饲用价值综合评价的数学模型[J]。中国草地，1991，6：63-67。
74．张耀生，周兴民，王启基。高寒牧区燕麦生产性能的初步分析[J]。草地学报，1998，6(2)：113-122。
75．张子仪。中国饲料学[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，2000：883。
76．中国农业年鉴编辑委员会。中国农业年鉴[M]。北京：中国农业出版社，1996。
77．中国农业科学院畜牧研究所和中国动物营养研究会。中国饲料成分及营养价值表[M]。北京：农业出版社，1985。
78．周韶，李树聪。反刍动物小肠内蛋白质消化率测定方法研究进展[J]。青海畜牧兽医杂志。1998，28(3)：25-27。
79．朱光祥，范克平。饲料生产应用手册[M]。北京：中国农业新科技出版社，1996，744-753。
80．朱行。世界粮食发展20年预测[J]。饲料世界，2001，8：33。
81. Abedelgadir, I. E. O., R. C. Cocbran and E C. Titgemeyer etal. In Vitro determination of ruminant protein degradability of alfalfa and'prairie hay via a commercial prorease in the presence of absence of cellulose of driselase [J] Jour. of Anim.Sci.,1997,75(8):2215-2222.
82. Acosta, Y.M., Stallings, C.C., Polan, C.E. and Miller, C.N. 1991. Evaluation of barley silage harvested at boot and soft dough stages. J. Dairy Sci. 74:167-176
83. Adamson, A. H. and Reeve, A. Nutritional evaluation of whole-crop wheat [M] Whole-Crop Cereals Chalcombe Publication Aberystwyth, UK. 1992:85-96.
84. AFRC. Nutritive requirements of ruminant animals, protein AFRC Technical committee on response to nutrients report [J]. No. 9 Nutr. Abstr. Rev (series B). 1992,62:787-835.
85. Aiple, K. E, Steingass, H. Menke, K. H. Suitability of a buffered faecal suspension as the inoculum in the Ho-henheim gas test [J]. J. Anim. Physiol. Nutr.1992, 67:57-66.
86. Ashbell, G., and Sklan, D. Winter wheat for silage : a double-cropping system for use in subtropical climate [J]. Feedstuffs 1985,57:18-19.
87. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G. Top silage losses in horizontal silos [J]. Can. Agric. Eng. 1992,34:171-175.
88. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G. and Hen, Y. 1997. interactions between wheat and vetch during co-ensiling. Meshek Habakar Vehachalav [J]. 272, 20-22 (in Hebrew).
89. Ashbell, G., Weinberg, Z.G., Bruckental, I. Tabori, K. and Sharet, N. Wheat silage: the effect of cultivar and stage of maturity on yield and degradability in situ [J]. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1997 45, 709-712.
90. Aufrere J. Edude de La prevision de digestibility des forage parune method enzymatique [J]. Aun. Zooteck, 1982,31 :111.
91. Baron, V.S., Dick, A.C. and Wolynetz, M.S. 1992. Characterization of barley silage - maturity
relationships for central Alberta.Can.J.Plant Sci.72:1009-1020．
92． Barton, F.E., New methods for the structural and compositional analysis of cell walls for quality determination [J].Animal feed Sci.Tech.1991, 32:1-11．
93． Ben-Ghedalia, D., Kabala, A., and Miron, J.Composition and in Vitro digestibility of carbohydrates of wheat plants harvested at bloom and soft dough stage [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1995,68:111-116．
94． Bolsen K.K.and L.L., Berger.Effects of type and variety and stage of maturity on feeding values of cereal silages for lambs [J].J.Anim.Sci..1976,42:168-174．
95． Bolsen, K.K., Sonon, R.N., Dalke, B., Pope, R., Riley, J.G.and Laytimi, A.1992． Evaluation of inoculant and NPN silage additives.A summary of 26 trials and 65 farm-scale silages.Report of Progress, Kansas State University.
96． Bolsen, K.K.1997． Issues of top spoilage losses in horizontal silos.In:Silage:Field to Feedbunk, Proceedings from the Silage:Field to Feedbunk North American Conference, Hershey, PA, pp.137-150．
97． Boisen, K.'K., Huck, G.L., Siefers, M.K., Schmidt,T.E., Pope, R.V.and Uriarte, M.E.1999． Silage management:five key factors.Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
98． Brundage A.L., Taylor R.L., Burton, V.L.Relative yield and nutritive values of barley, oats and pea harvested at four successive date for forage [J]. Journal of dairy science,1979,62:740-745．
99． Burgess, P.L., J.W.G., Nicholson, and E.A.Grant.Yield and nutritive value of corn, barley, wheat, and forage oat silage for lactating dairy cows [J].Can.J.Animal.Science.1973,53:245-250．
100． Carrier, L.The history of the silo [J].J.Am.Soc.Agron.1920,12(5) : 175-182．
101． Cherney, J.H.and Marten, G.C.1982． Small grain crop potential:II.Interrelationship among biological, chemical, morphological and anatomical determinants of quality.Crop Sci.22:240-245．
102． Christensen, D.A.B.D.Owen, G.Steacy, W.L.Croule, and J.P.Mtimuni.Nutritive value of whole crop wheat silage made from seven cereal cultivars [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1977,57:537-542．
103． Crovetto G.M., Galassi G., Rapetti L., Sandrucci A., Tamburini A.Effects of the stage of maturity on the nutritive value of whole crop wheat silage [J].Livestock production science, 1998,55(1) : 21-32．
104． De Boever J.L., B.G.Cottyn et al.Potential of solubility enzymatic methods and NIRS to predict in situ rumen escape protein [J].Neth.Jour.Of Agric.Sci., 1997,45(2) :291-306．
105． Demarquilly, C.and Dulphy, J.P.Effect of ensiling on feed intake and animal performance [M]. In:Proceedings of International Meeting on Animal Production from Temperate
Grasslands, Dublin, 1977:53-61．
106． Dowman M.G., Collins F.C.the use of enzyme to predict the digestibility of animal feeds [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.1982,33:689．
107． Edwards, RA, Donaldson, E.and MacGregor, AW 1968． Ensilage of whole-crop barley.1． Effects of variety and stage of growth [J].J.Sci.Food Agric.19:656-660．
108． E.M.G.Nadeau, D.R.Buxton.Enzyme, Bacterial Inoculants and Formic Acid Effects on silage composition of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa [J].Journal of dairy science, 2001,83(7) :1487-1502．
109． Fisher, L.J., J.R.Lessard, and G.A.Lodge.Whole crop barley as conserved forage for lactating cows [J].Can.J.anim.Sci.1972,52:497-504．
110． Frank Raym and Richard Waltham.Forage Conservation and Feeding [M] Farming Press Books Miller Freedom Professional L.T.D., United Kingdom: 1996．
111． Fraster, M.D., A.Winters, R.Frychan, and D.R.Davies.The effects of harvester date and inoculation on the yield, fermentation characteristics and feeding value of kale silage [J].Crass and Forage science, 2001,56: 151-161．
112． Gilad Ashbell, Hans H.Theune, and David Sklan.Ensiling whole wheat at various maturation stages:change in nutritive ingredients during maturation and ensiling and upon aerobic exposure [J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.1985,33(1) : 1-4．
113． Gilad Ashbell, Zwi G.,Weinberg .Israel Bruckental Katriel Tabori.and Navot Shart.Wheat silage: Effect of cultivars and stage of maturity on yield and degradability in situ.[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.1997,45(3) : 709-712．
114． Goering, H.K., and P.J.Van Soest, 1970． Forage fiber analysis apparatus, reagents produces and some application [M].USDA.Agric.Handb.379 U.S.Gov.print offices Washington,DC.
115． Halgerson, J.L.and C.C.Sheaffer.Prediction of ruminal protein degradability of forages using infrared reflectance spectroscopy [J].Agron.J., 1995,87:1227-1231．
116． Hingston, A.R.and Christensen, D.A.The effect of type of silo and formic acid preservation on the nutritive value of barley, wheat and oat silages for growing Hereford steers [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1982:62:155-162．
117． Kennelly, J.and Khorasani, R.Nutritive values and fermentation characteristics of barley silage varieties [M].In:Silage Production in Relation to Animal Performance, Animal Health, Meat and Milk Quantity.XII International Silage Conference, Uppsala, Sweden,1999:104-105．
118． Khorasani, G.R., P.E.Jedel, J.H.Helm, and J.J Kennelly.Influence of stage of maturating on yields of cereal grain silage [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci., 1997,77:259-267．
119． Kilcher, M.R.and Troelsen, J.E.Contribution and nutritive value of major plant components
of oats through progressive stages of development [J].Can.J.Plant Sci.1973, 53:251-256．
120． Klebesadel L.J.Chemical composition and yield of oats peas separated from a forage mixture at successive stages of growth [J].Agronomy Journal, 1969,61:713-716．
121． Kung, L.Jr.and Muck, R.E.1997． Animal responses to silage additives.In:Silage:Field to Feedbunk, Proceedings from the Silage:Field to Feedbunk North American Conference, Hershey,PA, pp.200-210．
122． Lawes, D.A., and D.I.H.Jones.Yield, Nutritive value and ensiling characteristics of whole-crop spring cereals [J].J.Agric.Sci.(Cambridge) 1971, 76:497-485．
123． Licitra, G., F.Lauria and S.Carpino et al, Improvement of the streptomycin griseous method for degradable protein in ruminant feeds [J].Anim.Feed Sci.and Tech, 1998,72:1-10．
124． Lister,S.L., Sanderson,R., Dhanoa, M.S.Gill.Use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to investigate the effect of polyethylene glycol on changes in leukemia leucocephala and calliandra SP.Incubated in vitro [J].Anim.Sci., 1995,60:543．
125． Lloyd Forster.Round bale silage: Coming of age 1978-1999 [J].Journal of RASE.,2001,165-175．
126． Luchini, N.D., G.H.Broderick and D.K.Combs.In Vitro determination of ruminal protein-degradation using freeze stored ruminal microorganism [J].Jour.Of Anim.Sci,1996,74(10) : 2488-249．
127． Macrae, R.L.In digestion and metabolism in ruminants [M].I.W.Modonald and A.C.I.Warnered Univ.New England Press, Arimdale, N.S.W.August, 1975．
128． Madsen, J., T.Hvelpund, M.R.Bertilsson et al.The AAT/PBV protein evaluation system for ruminants: A revision Norwegian [J].J.Agric.Sci., 1995,19(suppl.).
129． Martin J.H., W.H.Leonard, and D.L.Stamp.Principles of crop production [M], 3rd ed Macmillan, New York, 1976．
130． Marten G.C., G.E.Brink, D.R.Buxton, J.L.Halgerson, and J.S.Hornstein.Near Infrared Reflectance spectroscopy analysis of forage quality in four legume species [J].Crop-sci, 1984,24:1179-1182．
131． McCartney, D.H.and Vaage, A.S.Comparative yield and feeding value of barley, oat and triticale silage [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci, 1994,74:91-96
132． McDonald, P., Henderson, N.and Heron, S.The Biochemistry of Silage [M].Chalcombe Publications, Marlow, UK.1991．
133． Mertens, D.R.Dietary fiber components: Relationship to the rate and extent of ruminant digestion [J].Fed-Proc.1977,36:187-192．
134． Michaler, D.B.,P.Noziere.The in saeco method of prediction of the degradation of dietary components in the rumen [J].Productions Animals, 1999,12(3) : 195-206．
135． Miller, J.C., J.T.Huber, R.E.Blaser, R.A.Sandy, and C.E.Polan.Nutritive value and yields
of barley silage at three stages of growth [J].J.Dairy Sci., 1967,50:616(Abstr.).
136． Moran, J.P.and Owen, T.R.The effects of Ecosyl-treated silage on milk production by lactating dairy cows [M].Proceedings of the National Conference on Forage Quality, Evaluation and Utilization.University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE.1994．
137． Morrison, F.B.Feeds and Feeding [M].21sted.The Morrison Publishing Co., Ithaca,NY.1956．
138． Mowat, D.M., and R.A.Slumskie.Barley silage, ground whole plant barley and corn silage for finishing beef cattle [J].Can.J.Anim.Sci.1971,51:201-207．
139． Navaratne H.V.R.G, Ibrahim, M.N.M., Schiere, J.B.Comparison of four techniques of reprediction digestibility of tropical feed [J].Anim.Feed Sci.and Tech., 1990, 29:209．
140． Neidig R.E.Chemical changes during silages fermentation [M].Iowa Agr.Exp.Sta.Res.Bul.1914:16
141． Nocek, J.E.Evaluation of specific variables affecting in situ estimates of ruminal dry matter and protein digestion [J].J.Anim.Sci.1985,60:1347-1358．
142． Nocek, J.E.In situ and methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility [J].J.Dairy Sci.1988,71:2051-2069．
143． Norris, K.H., R.F.Barnes, J.E.Morre, and J.S.Shenk, Predicting forage quality by infrared reflectance spectroscopy [J].J-Anim-Sci, 1976,43:889-897．
144． Norris, K.H., R.F.Barnes, J.E.Morre, Predicting forage quality in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage [J].J-Agri-Sci,1976,92:499-503．
145． Octjen,J.W., and K.K.Bolson.Wheat, barley and oat silages for beef cattle [J].Kansas Agric.Exp.Str.Bull, 1978:613．
146． Peter Mcdonall.The biochemistry of silage [M].Awiley-Interscience publication Chichester New York Brisbane Torono, 1981: 50-59．
147． Polan, C.E., T.M.Sterling, J.T.Huber, C.N.Miller, and R.A.Sandy.Yields composition and nutritive evaluation of barley silage at three stages of maturity for lactating cows [J].J.Dairy Sci.1968,51:1801-1805．
148． Raab, L., B.Cafantaris and Tiily et al.Rumen Protein degradation and biosynthesis and a new method for determination of protein degradation in rumen fluid in vitro [J].Br.J.Nutri.1983,50:569．
149． R.Dwain Florrock, and John F., valentine.Harvested Forage: Brigham Young University Provo, Utah, AP.(Academic Press) [M].1999:330．
150． Raymond, F.G.Sheeperson, and R.Waltham.Forage Conservation and feeding [M] 4th ed.Farming press, Ltd., Wharfedale Road, IpsWich, suffork, England, 1986．
151． R.L.Belyea, R.E.Ricketts, F.A.Martz, R.R.Ruehlow and R.C.Bennett.Wheat silage for
dairy cattle [J].Agricultural Publication G3260-Reviewed October 1, 1993． Departments of animal sciences, University of Missoun-Columbia.
152． Robinson R.G.Oat-pea or oat-vetch mixtures for forage or seed [J].Agronomy Journal,1960,52:546-549．
153． Smith, R., L.Yield, composition, and nutritive value of grain sorghum harvested as silage:Stage of maturity and processing effect [M].M.Sc.thesis, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA, 1986．
154． Satola, J.The chemical composition and nutritive value of certain hays as affected by plant maturity [J].Agric.Res.1937, 54:339-415．
155． Sutoh, H., Uchida, S.and Miyake, K.Effects of type and variety and stage of maturity on oat silage for lambs [J].J.Sci.Rep.Fac.Agric, Okayama Univ., 1972, No.40:25-33．
156． Terry R.A., Mundell D.C., Osbourn D.F.comparison of two in vitro digestibility [J].J.Brit.Grassl.Sci., 1978,33: 13．
157． Tilley, J.M.A.and R.A.Terry.A two-stage technique for in Vitro digestion of forage crops.[J] J-Br-Grassl-Soc.1963, 18:104-111．
158． Tiwan J.M.S., Puri K.P.Forage Production potential of oats, barley and triticale varieties [M].India of Agronomy, 1980,25:149-150．
159． Van Soest, P.J.Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds.IIA rapid methods for the determination of fiber and lignin [J].J-Assoc-Off-Agric-Chem., 1963,46:829．
160． Van Soest, P.J.Nutritive economy of the ruminant [M].Comstock Cornell Univ.Press, Ithaca,NY.1982．
161． Van Soest, P.J.,J.B.Robinson, and B.A.Evans Methods for dietary fiber, neutral fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition [J].J.Dairy Sci.1991,74:3583-3597．
162． Van Vuuren, A.M., Huhtanen, P.and Dulphy, J.P.Improving the feeding and health value of ensiled forages [M].In:Recent Developments in the Nutrition of Herbivores.Eds.M.1995．
163． Walton P.D.Production and management of cultivated forages [M].Reston publishing company, Inc.VA, 1983:336．
164． Weinberg, Z.G., Ashbell, G.Hen, Y.and Harduff, Z.Ensiling whole wheat for ruminant feeding at different stages of maturity [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol., 1991,32:313-320．
165． Wilman, D.Foulkes, G.R., Givens, D.I., 1996a.A comparison of four methods of estimating the rate and extent of cell-wall degradation in grass silages [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Technol,63:99-109．
166． Wilman, D., M.Field, S.J.Lister, D.I.Givens.The use of near infrared spectroscopy to investigate the composition of silages and the rate and extend of cell-wall degradation [J].Anim.Feed Sci.Tech.2000, 88:139-151．