基于植质钵育技术的玉米移栽机栽植器的设计与试验研究
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摘要
玉米育苗移栽能够增加积温，防止低温冷害和春旱秋霜，进而提高玉米的产量和质量。现有的旱地移栽机多为半自动移栽机，工作效率较低，而全自动移栽机由于结构复杂、价格高而很难得到推广。玉米植质钵盘能够直接随秧苗进入泥土，有利于简化栽植机构的运动轨迹，但目前没有与之相适应的移栽机。
本文在对玉米植质钵盘破坏方式研究的基础上，通过分析传统移栽机的工作原理，设计出一种适用于玉米植质钵苗移栽的行星齿轮栽植机构。该机构能够一次完成取苗、送苗和投苗动作，且结构简单、工作稳定。本文主要研究的内容及结论如下：
（1）通过对玉米植质钵盘弯曲和剪切两种破坏方式实验结果的分析，找出玉米植质钵盘最佳的破坏方式，并据此设计了取苗机构。
（2）借鉴现有移栽机的优缺点，根据玉米植质钵盘的物理特性和玉米移栽的农艺要求，设计出适用于玉米植质钵盘的栽植机构，论述了该机构的工作原理和结构组成，对机构进行了运动学分析。
（3）以机构的运动学数学模型为基础，对栽植机构的优化参数进行选取，并推导出相应优化数学模型，利用优化方程分析参数变化对栽植机构结构的影响；利用VB和Matlab等编程软件实现各项参数的优化，并根据优化结果得出了单臂栽植机构要优于双臂栽植机构的结论。
（4）建立栽植机构简化的三维模型，利用ADAMS进行运动仿真，对取苗机构的各项运动参数进行分析，确定取苗和投苗点的最佳位置和范围。
（5）设计加工了单臂栽植机构；利用运动仿真得到各项运动参数，用于对试验的指导；在栽植机构试验台上测试栽植机构的取苗效果，找出设计缺陷。
Seedling transplantation to corn can increase the temperature, prevent the chilling damage, springdrought and autumn frost, thereby improving yield and quality of maize. The semi-automatic transplanterwhich is the majority existing dryland transplanter presently is low working efficiency; while automatictransplanter is difficult to be popularized for its high prices and complex structures. Pot of plant fibre formaize can enter into the soil with the seedlings directly, beneficial to simplify the motion trajectory of plant-ing mechanism, but there is no transplanter in accordance with it at present.
On the basis of the study of failure mode of the pot of plant fibre for maize, by analyzing the workingprinciple of traditional transplanters, the paper designed a planetary gear transplanting mechanism suitablefor the pot of plant fibre for maize, which can complete the movement of taking seedling, feeding seedlingand dropping seedling at one time, with simple structure and working stability. The main content and conclu-sions of this paper are as follows：
（1）By analyzing the experimental results of bending and shearing failure test to pot of plant fibre formaize, the paper found out the best failure mode of the pot of plant fibre for maize and designed the takingseedling machinery.
（2）Draw on the advantages and disadvantages of existing transplanter, based on the physical charac-teristics of pot of plant fibre for maize and agronomic requirements in maize transplanting, a transplantingmechanism has been designed suitable for pot of plant fibre for maize, whose working principle, structurecomponent and kinematics analysis of mechanism was discussed and analyzed.
（3）Based on kinematics model of planting mechanism, the main optimization of parameters were se-lected and the optimization mathematical models which are used to optimized the structure of plantingmechanism were deduced. The main parameters were optimized by VB and Matlab and other programmesoftware. The conclusion that the single arm is better than both arms was verified by analyzing optimizationthe result.
（4）Simplified3-D Model modeling of transplanting mechanism was established, the motion parame-ters of taking seedling machinery were analyzed by motion simulation based on ADAMS. The best range ofposition of taking seedling and dropping seedling were determined.
（5）The single arm transplanting mechanism was designed, the kinematical parameters which wereobtained by motion simulation were used to test guidance test. The effects of taking seedlings were verifiedon planting test bed, and the design defect was found out.
本文在对玉米植质钵盘破坏方式研究的基础上，通过分析传统移栽机的工作原理，设计出一种适用于玉米植质钵苗移栽的行星齿轮栽植机构。该机构能够一次完成取苗、送苗和投苗动作，且结构简单、工作稳定。本文主要研究的内容及结论如下：
（1）通过对玉米植质钵盘弯曲和剪切两种破坏方式实验结果的分析，找出玉米植质钵盘最佳的破坏方式，并据此设计了取苗机构。
（2）借鉴现有移栽机的优缺点，根据玉米植质钵盘的物理特性和玉米移栽的农艺要求，设计出适用于玉米植质钵盘的栽植机构，论述了该机构的工作原理和结构组成，对机构进行了运动学分析。
（3）以机构的运动学数学模型为基础，对栽植机构的优化参数进行选取，并推导出相应优化数学模型，利用优化方程分析参数变化对栽植机构结构的影响；利用VB和Matlab等编程软件实现各项参数的优化，并根据优化结果得出了单臂栽植机构要优于双臂栽植机构的结论。
（4）建立栽植机构简化的三维模型，利用ADAMS进行运动仿真，对取苗机构的各项运动参数进行分析，确定取苗和投苗点的最佳位置和范围。
（5）设计加工了单臂栽植机构；利用运动仿真得到各项运动参数，用于对试验的指导；在栽植机构试验台上测试栽植机构的取苗效果，找出设计缺陷。
Seedling transplantation to corn can increase the temperature, prevent the chilling damage, springdrought and autumn frost, thereby improving yield and quality of maize. The semi-automatic transplanterwhich is the majority existing dryland transplanter presently is low working efficiency; while automatictransplanter is difficult to be popularized for its high prices and complex structures. Pot of plant fibre formaize can enter into the soil with the seedlings directly, beneficial to simplify the motion trajectory of plant-ing mechanism, but there is no transplanter in accordance with it at present.
On the basis of the study of failure mode of the pot of plant fibre for maize, by analyzing the workingprinciple of traditional transplanters, the paper designed a planetary gear transplanting mechanism suitablefor the pot of plant fibre for maize, which can complete the movement of taking seedling, feeding seedlingand dropping seedling at one time, with simple structure and working stability. The main content and conclu-sions of this paper are as follows：
（1）By analyzing the experimental results of bending and shearing failure test to pot of plant fibre formaize, the paper found out the best failure mode of the pot of plant fibre for maize and designed the takingseedling machinery.
（2）Draw on the advantages and disadvantages of existing transplanter, based on the physical charac-teristics of pot of plant fibre for maize and agronomic requirements in maize transplanting, a transplantingmechanism has been designed suitable for pot of plant fibre for maize, whose working principle, structurecomponent and kinematics analysis of mechanism was discussed and analyzed.
（3）Based on kinematics model of planting mechanism, the main optimization of parameters were se-lected and the optimization mathematical models which are used to optimized the structure of plantingmechanism were deduced. The main parameters were optimized by VB and Matlab and other programmesoftware. The conclusion that the single arm is better than both arms was verified by analyzing optimizationthe result.
（4）Simplified3-D Model modeling of transplanting mechanism was established, the motion parame-ters of taking seedling machinery were analyzed by motion simulation based on ADAMS. The best range ofposition of taking seedling and dropping seedling were determined.
（5）The single arm transplanting mechanism was designed, the kinematical parameters which wereobtained by motion simulation were used to test guidance test. The effects of taking seedlings were verifiedon planting test bed, and the design defect was found out.
引文
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[3]郭建平,王春乙,马树庆,等.玉米育苗移栽防御低温冷害和春旱试验研究[J].自然灾害学报,2003,12(1):116-120.
[4]孟英,李明,王连敏,等.低温冷害对玉米生长影响及相关研究[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009(4):150-153.
[5]封俊.论我国旱地栽植机械的开发前景与方向[J].中国农机化,2000,(4):12-13.
[6]耿端阳.我国北方地区机械化育苗移栽技术应用与发展[J].农机化研究,2001,(3):23-24.
[7]陈风,陈永成,王维新.旱地移栽机现状和发展趋势[J].农机化研究,2005,(3):24-26.
[8]卢勇涛,李亚雄,刘洋,等.国内外移栽机及移栽技术现状分析[J].新疆农机化,2011,(3):29-32.
[9]韩长杰,张学军,杨宛章,等.旱地钵苗自动移栽技术现状与分析[J].农机化研究,2011(11):238-240.
[10]汪春.水稻植质钵育乳苗机械栽植技术的研究[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报，2003,15(3):40－43．
[11]杜雪亭,汪春,车刚,等.植质钵育秧盘蒸汽烘干工艺参数的优化研究[J].农机化研究,2011(10):107-110.
[12]李建桥,张国凤,陈建能,等.钵苗有序移栽机构的研究进展及应用展望[J].农机化研究,2008(8):1-5.
[13]金城谦,吴崇友,袁文胜.链夹式移栽机栽植作业质量影响因素分析[J].农业机械学报,2008,39(9):196-198.
[14]于修刚,袁文胜,吴崇友.我国油菜移栽机研发现状与链夹式移栽机的改进[J].农机化研究,2011,(1):232-239.
[15]孙荣国,李成华,张伟.挠性夹盘式移栽机移栽过程中钵苗运动分析[J].农机化研究,2006,(2):45-47.
[16]蔡国华,曾爱军,宋卫堂,等.挠盘式移栽器的运动分析与设计准则[J].华中农业大学学报,2009,28(2):253-256.
[17] HowardB.Plant transplanter[P].United States Patent:5159887.Nov.3,1992.
[18]彭旭,宋建农,皇雅斌,等.蔬菜钵苗在导苗管中的动力学分析[J].农机化研究,2006,(8):54-59.
[19]张国凤,赵匀,陈建能.水稻钵苗在空中和导苗管上的运动特性分析[J].浙江大学学报,2009,43(3):529-534.
[20]董哲,林选知,张瑞勤,等.导苗管式移栽机的烟苗移栽质量影响因素分析[J].农机化研究,2012,(4):38-41.
[21]刘洋,李亚雄,吕新民,等.吊篮式裸根棉苗膜上移栽机的设计[J].西北农业学报2010,19(12):202-206.
[22]张祖立,王君玲,张为政,等.悬杯式蔬菜移栽机的运动分析与性能试验[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):21-25.
[23]俞高红,赵匀,赵凤芹,等.高速水稻插秧机分插机构研究现状和最新进展[J].2003,(2):41-43.
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