驱动技术系统进化的概念设计过程及关键技术研究
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摘要
近年来，TRIZ理论在概念设计问题求解的应用方法研究成为热点，主要缘于TRIZ理论的抽象性和丰富性。丰富性使得TRIZ理论适合处理设计中遇到的多样的、复杂的设计问题，抽象性有助于激发设计者的创新思想。然而，抽象性和丰富性也给TRIZ理论的学习和应用带来了困难，即设计者如何选择TRIZ理论的工具、如何将抽象的TRIZ理论知识转化为具体设计问题的解。针对这一问题，本文研究概念设计求解过程，以功能求解、解的诊断、改良为主线，通过设计中遇到的问题引导TRIZ理论多种工具的集成应用，形成面向技术系统进化的概念设计求解过程模型，并研究其实现的支持技术。
本文主要研究内容包括六个方面：
1.研究驱动技术系统进化的概念设计求解过程。以提高技术系统理想度为目标，总结影响技术系统进化的关键因素，将进化问题归类问功能求解和技术系统与环境关系改良问题，抽象出技术系统进化的驱动知识，对可供性概念进行扩展，将其用于驱动知识的描述，形成功能、行为、结构、可供性四种驱动知识，提出以驱动知识集成TRIZ理论多种求解工具的目标；针对TRIZ理论知识抽象这一特征，研究通过驱动知识之间的映射关系实现抽象知识向具体知识转化的的支持技术，通过对情景设计过程中创新驱动力的来源进行分析，提出以FBS-A (Function Behaviour Structure Affordance)知识表示法来支持情景设计的未预见发现过程。在此工作的基础上，提炼出能够集成应用TRIZ理论知识库和求解工具的概念设计求解过程U-FES (Unexpected Discovery FunctionEffect’s Example Structure)过程模型。
2.研究以U-FES过程为基础的功能问题求解实现技术。讨论了模型中设计任务抽象、功能分解、映射过程的具体实现技术。采用动名词+流的形式来支持U-FES模型上述操作过程中的功能表达；对TRIZ理论功能效应目录的结构进行扩展，以TRIZ理论功能词汇为基础建立了功能语义本体结构，使其满足功能求解过程中功能语义的一致理解的要求，并建立效应库和效应实例库结构，来支持功能到效应实例的映射关系。在此基础上讨论了功能至效应实例映射的实现技术。
3.研究情景类比方法来支持功能元求解和功能元解的诊断。针对来自于不同专业领域的效应实例与目标设计不存在明显相似，以至于给类比带来困难这一问题，提出采用情景FBS (Situated Function Behaviour Structure)模型支持的未预见发现UXD(UnexpectedDiscovery)驱动的创新过程，利用未预见发现的认知特点来支持抽象的效应实例向具体专业领域的功能元解转化。建立可供性表示法，提出以可供性表示为基础的UXD驱动创新的情景类比方法，通过这一情景类比方法，在设计的早期对效应实例分析发现目标设计中存在的、需要改良的问题。
4.研究技术系统总体理想度提高的方法。针对由功能元解组合而成的技术系统设计方案的理想度提高问题，研究基于可供性表示的理想度定义方法，通过可供性分析来发现对技术系统理想度提高阻碍较大的因素，从而将技术系统与环境关系与技术系统进化目标结合起来，为技术系统进化目标的确定提供依据。
5.研究技术系统中存在多冲突时，主要冲突问题选择的方法。针对概念解改良过程中会存在多个阻碍进化的冲突，而这些冲突对技术系统的阻碍程度不同且难以完全消除这一问题，提出了重要度和广泛度的概念及计算方法，以此为基础建立了主要冲突的选择提供量化方法。
6.在前述研究的基础上，讨论了人与计算机交互的U-FES实现过程，建立了基于U-FES模型的概念设计求解设计流程。通过驱动采煤机螺旋滚筒进化的概念设计过程验证了设计流程中所建立的信息模型的准确与完整性、以及基于可供性表示的UXD驱动设计的正确性和有效性。
In recent years, more and more research has been focused on how to use TRIZmethodology to generate new ideas at the stage of conceptual design. There are two reasons.Firstly, TRIZ contains abundant problem solving tools, including knowledge base, effect base,contradiction matrix,40principles and so on, which is capability of dealing with themultiform, complex conceptual design problems. Secondly, the knowledge recommended byTRIZ to solve the problem is not lean to any science or industrial field, which is propitious togenerate new ideas due to the avoidance of thinking set. However, it is complex and abstrusefor TRIZ beginner to learn. My job is focused on conceptual design process and the keytechnique, including function design, diagnose of solutions and solution’s evolution. The aimis to integrate TRIZ tools to support the process of conceptual design mentioned above. Themain jobs are as follows:
(1) In order to create conceptual design process which is capabililty of supportingtechnical system’s evolution, the key problems affecting the technical system’s evolution arefound, they are functional problem and the relationship problem between technical systemand environment. Therefore, affordance is extended to express the knowledge structure ofconceptual design companying with function, behavior and structure. Situated design processis studied to find the driving force for innovation under the supporting of knowledge frommulti-field. Based on jobs above, a conceptual design process model which supportedintegrating application the kinds of TRIZ tools is formed. The model is U-FES (Unexpecteddiscovery function effect structure).
(2) To explore the techniques supporting the key steps of U-FES model, we studied thekey techniques including function formulization, function decomposed and mapping ofanalogy. And use the expression of verb-noun-flow to formulize function semantic expression.Furthermore, the structure of TRIZ’s function-effect catalog is modified, and explored thefunction ontology structure based on the TRIZ’s function vocabulary to support the techniquementioned above. The structure of effect database and effect example database are established.Based on the jobs above, the technique which support the mapping from function semantemeto effect’s example is built.
(3) Situational analogy is introduced to support functional problem solving andsolution’s diagnosing. And UXD process based on the situated FBS representation is appliedto drive the new idea generating, which overcome the difficult of analogy between the objectsfrom different domain. Furthermore, A-representation is putted forward to support the UXDprocess to aid the diagnosing process, which is helpful to find the problem at the early stage of conceptual design.
(4) To study the concept ideality, and introduce a new expression of ideality based onaffordance, which is helpful when designer aims to find the main factors exactly whichprevent the evolution of artifact. The proposal expression of ideality links the environmentfactors to the ideality of artifact.
(5) To select the main contradictions from contradictions’ set which are composed of thedesign contradictions preventing the evolution of artifact seriously, the concept importanceand influence is introduced, and the equation of importance and influence is established,which provide a quantifying method for main contradictions’ selection.
(6) To explore the conceptual design process model based on situated design, and theflow chart of conceptual design is established based on U-FES model, which is supported byhuman-computer cooperation process. The proposal conceptual design process is verified bythe evolution of electro-haulage shearer screw drum.
本文主要研究内容包括六个方面：
1.研究驱动技术系统进化的概念设计求解过程。以提高技术系统理想度为目标，总结影响技术系统进化的关键因素，将进化问题归类问功能求解和技术系统与环境关系改良问题，抽象出技术系统进化的驱动知识，对可供性概念进行扩展，将其用于驱动知识的描述，形成功能、行为、结构、可供性四种驱动知识，提出以驱动知识集成TRIZ理论多种求解工具的目标；针对TRIZ理论知识抽象这一特征，研究通过驱动知识之间的映射关系实现抽象知识向具体知识转化的的支持技术，通过对情景设计过程中创新驱动力的来源进行分析，提出以FBS-A (Function Behaviour Structure Affordance)知识表示法来支持情景设计的未预见发现过程。在此工作的基础上，提炼出能够集成应用TRIZ理论知识库和求解工具的概念设计求解过程U-FES (Unexpected Discovery FunctionEffect’s Example Structure)过程模型。
2.研究以U-FES过程为基础的功能问题求解实现技术。讨论了模型中设计任务抽象、功能分解、映射过程的具体实现技术。采用动名词+流的形式来支持U-FES模型上述操作过程中的功能表达；对TRIZ理论功能效应目录的结构进行扩展，以TRIZ理论功能词汇为基础建立了功能语义本体结构，使其满足功能求解过程中功能语义的一致理解的要求，并建立效应库和效应实例库结构，来支持功能到效应实例的映射关系。在此基础上讨论了功能至效应实例映射的实现技术。
3.研究情景类比方法来支持功能元求解和功能元解的诊断。针对来自于不同专业领域的效应实例与目标设计不存在明显相似，以至于给类比带来困难这一问题，提出采用情景FBS (Situated Function Behaviour Structure)模型支持的未预见发现UXD(UnexpectedDiscovery)驱动的创新过程，利用未预见发现的认知特点来支持抽象的效应实例向具体专业领域的功能元解转化。建立可供性表示法，提出以可供性表示为基础的UXD驱动创新的情景类比方法，通过这一情景类比方法，在设计的早期对效应实例分析发现目标设计中存在的、需要改良的问题。
4.研究技术系统总体理想度提高的方法。针对由功能元解组合而成的技术系统设计方案的理想度提高问题，研究基于可供性表示的理想度定义方法，通过可供性分析来发现对技术系统理想度提高阻碍较大的因素，从而将技术系统与环境关系与技术系统进化目标结合起来，为技术系统进化目标的确定提供依据。
5.研究技术系统中存在多冲突时，主要冲突问题选择的方法。针对概念解改良过程中会存在多个阻碍进化的冲突，而这些冲突对技术系统的阻碍程度不同且难以完全消除这一问题，提出了重要度和广泛度的概念及计算方法，以此为基础建立了主要冲突的选择提供量化方法。
6.在前述研究的基础上，讨论了人与计算机交互的U-FES实现过程，建立了基于U-FES模型的概念设计求解设计流程。通过驱动采煤机螺旋滚筒进化的概念设计过程验证了设计流程中所建立的信息模型的准确与完整性、以及基于可供性表示的UXD驱动设计的正确性和有效性。
In recent years, more and more research has been focused on how to use TRIZmethodology to generate new ideas at the stage of conceptual design. There are two reasons.Firstly, TRIZ contains abundant problem solving tools, including knowledge base, effect base,contradiction matrix,40principles and so on, which is capability of dealing with themultiform, complex conceptual design problems. Secondly, the knowledge recommended byTRIZ to solve the problem is not lean to any science or industrial field, which is propitious togenerate new ideas due to the avoidance of thinking set. However, it is complex and abstrusefor TRIZ beginner to learn. My job is focused on conceptual design process and the keytechnique, including function design, diagnose of solutions and solution’s evolution. The aimis to integrate TRIZ tools to support the process of conceptual design mentioned above. Themain jobs are as follows:
(1) In order to create conceptual design process which is capabililty of supportingtechnical system’s evolution, the key problems affecting the technical system’s evolution arefound, they are functional problem and the relationship problem between technical systemand environment. Therefore, affordance is extended to express the knowledge structure ofconceptual design companying with function, behavior and structure. Situated design processis studied to find the driving force for innovation under the supporting of knowledge frommulti-field. Based on jobs above, a conceptual design process model which supportedintegrating application the kinds of TRIZ tools is formed. The model is U-FES (Unexpecteddiscovery function effect structure).
(2) To explore the techniques supporting the key steps of U-FES model, we studied thekey techniques including function formulization, function decomposed and mapping ofanalogy. And use the expression of verb-noun-flow to formulize function semantic expression.Furthermore, the structure of TRIZ’s function-effect catalog is modified, and explored thefunction ontology structure based on the TRIZ’s function vocabulary to support the techniquementioned above. The structure of effect database and effect example database are established.Based on the jobs above, the technique which support the mapping from function semantemeto effect’s example is built.
(3) Situational analogy is introduced to support functional problem solving andsolution’s diagnosing. And UXD process based on the situated FBS representation is appliedto drive the new idea generating, which overcome the difficult of analogy between the objectsfrom different domain. Furthermore, A-representation is putted forward to support the UXDprocess to aid the diagnosing process, which is helpful to find the problem at the early stage of conceptual design.
(4) To study the concept ideality, and introduce a new expression of ideality based onaffordance, which is helpful when designer aims to find the main factors exactly whichprevent the evolution of artifact. The proposal expression of ideality links the environmentfactors to the ideality of artifact.
(5) To select the main contradictions from contradictions’ set which are composed of thedesign contradictions preventing the evolution of artifact seriously, the concept importanceand influence is introduced, and the equation of importance and influence is established,which provide a quantifying method for main contradictions’ selection.
(6) To explore the conceptual design process model based on situated design, and theflow chart of conceptual design is established based on U-FES model, which is supported byhuman-computer cooperation process. The proposal conceptual design process is verified bythe evolution of electro-haulage shearer screw drum.
引文
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