随钻电阻率测量技术研究
摘要
随着世界石油工业的不断发展,大斜度井、分支井和水平井等钻井技术越来越多地被用来开发规模更小、油层更薄、物性更差、非均质性强的油藏。随钻测井(LWD)由于自身的特点,更多地被用于这些油藏的评价和地质导向钻井应用工作中。其中,随钻测井中的电磁波测井是电法测井中的一种,在石油勘查中具有重要地位。本课题研究了随钻电磁波电阻率测量短节,这对随钻测量仪器的发展具有重要的意义。
本文利用解析方法中的并矢Green函数法对随钻电磁波传播电导率测井响应进行了具体研究,包括理论算法推导、测井响应规律及均质地层图板解释。推导出了层状各向异性介质中的并矢Green函数G ME( r , r ')和G MH( r , r '),介绍了如何利用递推算法来确定Sommerfeld积分待定系数的线性方程组。分析了随钻电磁波测井的纵向分辨率及探测深度的影响因素。利用并矢Green函数法,模拟得到了均匀介质地层中幅度比电导率σA、相位差电导率σφ和地层的关系图板。
本文给出了随钻电阻率天线壳体结构设计。详细的研究了电源电路、发射电路、接收电路、调制解调电路和主控电路,并做出了电路板。对电路板和电阻率短节进行了严格的地面检测。随钻电阻率短节结合MWD和伽玛组成了LWD,完钻了1口水平井。
With the development of worldwide petroleum industry, deviated holes, branch holes and horizontal wells are used to exploit oil reservoir which is smaller, thinner and worse. Logging while drilling (LWD) is used to evaluate and Geo-steering drill in this kind of reservoir because of its characters. Being an important method of electrical logging, electromagnetic wave logging is widely used in petroleum exploration. Researching on electromagnetic propagate resistivity while drilling has an important significance to development of LWD instrument.
In the paper, the response of electromagnetic propagate resistivity logging while drilling was researched using dyadic Green's function, including theoretical algorithm derivation, logging response and explaining isotropic formation plate. The dyadic Green's G ME( r , r ') and G MH( r , r ') in layered anisotropic formation was developed. How to determine the Sommerfeld integral determined coefficient of equation group by recursive algorithm was deduced particularly. The impact factors of vertical resolution and detection of electromagnetic wave logging while drilling was analyzed. Using dyadic Green's function, the relationship between phase difference conductivityσφ,amplitude ratio conductivityσA and anisotropic are simulated in homogeneous medium formation and the conductivity in layered formation are also explained.
Design of antenna’s structure was introduced in the paper. Power circuit, transmitter circuit, receiver circuit, modem circuit and master control circuit were particularly studied, and all relevant PCB were manufactured. All PCB and resistivity sub were strictly tested on ground. LWD composed of resistivity sub, MWD and gamma. A horizontal well was drilled with the LWD.
本文利用解析方法中的并矢Green函数法对随钻电磁波传播电导率测井响应进行了具体研究,包括理论算法推导、测井响应规律及均质地层图板解释。推导出了层状各向异性介质中的并矢Green函数G ME( r , r ')和G MH( r , r '),介绍了如何利用递推算法来确定Sommerfeld积分待定系数的线性方程组。分析了随钻电磁波测井的纵向分辨率及探测深度的影响因素。利用并矢Green函数法,模拟得到了均匀介质地层中幅度比电导率σA、相位差电导率σφ和地层的关系图板。
本文给出了随钻电阻率天线壳体结构设计。详细的研究了电源电路、发射电路、接收电路、调制解调电路和主控电路,并做出了电路板。对电路板和电阻率短节进行了严格的地面检测。随钻电阻率短节结合MWD和伽玛组成了LWD,完钻了1口水平井。
With the development of worldwide petroleum industry, deviated holes, branch holes and horizontal wells are used to exploit oil reservoir which is smaller, thinner and worse. Logging while drilling (LWD) is used to evaluate and Geo-steering drill in this kind of reservoir because of its characters. Being an important method of electrical logging, electromagnetic wave logging is widely used in petroleum exploration. Researching on electromagnetic propagate resistivity while drilling has an important significance to development of LWD instrument.
In the paper, the response of electromagnetic propagate resistivity logging while drilling was researched using dyadic Green's function, including theoretical algorithm derivation, logging response and explaining isotropic formation plate. The dyadic Green's G ME( r , r ') and G MH( r , r ') in layered anisotropic formation was developed. How to determine the Sommerfeld integral determined coefficient of equation group by recursive algorithm was deduced particularly. The impact factors of vertical resolution and detection of electromagnetic wave logging while drilling was analyzed. Using dyadic Green's function, the relationship between phase difference conductivityσφ,amplitude ratio conductivityσA and anisotropic are simulated in homogeneous medium formation and the conductivity in layered formation are also explained.
Design of antenna’s structure was introduced in the paper. Power circuit, transmitter circuit, receiver circuit, modem circuit and master control circuit were particularly studied, and all relevant PCB were manufactured. All PCB and resistivity sub were strictly tested on ground. LWD composed of resistivity sub, MWD and gamma. A horizontal well was drilled with the LWD.
引文
[1]《测井学》编写组.测井学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998,11~34.
[2]张庚骥.电法测井[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1996, 1~22.
[3]中国石油天然气集团公司重点实验室编著.测井新技术培训教材[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004,186~194.
[4]谭廷栋.现代石油测井论文集[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997,4-9.
[5]王若.随钻测井技术发展史[J].石油仪器,2001,15(2):5~7.
[6]石油测井情报组.测井新技术及应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998,18~21.
[7]徐显广等.地质导向钻井技术的现场应用[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24 (2):53~55.
[8]时鹏程,许磊.地质导向钻井技术综述[J].断块油气田,1998,5 (2):58~66.
[9]时鹏程等.面向地质导向应用的前导模拟技术研究[J].测井技术,2000,24 (6):415~419.
[10]时鹏程.MWDLWD实践与操作指南[J].录井技术,2000,11(2):63~68.
[11]陆黄生.地质导向:预测钻头前的地层[J].世界石油工业,1999, 6(6): 35~40.
[12]江国法.地质导向[J].测井技术信息,2000,13 (1):14~23.
[13]张建国.地质导向法在井下地质预测中的应用[J].石油勘探开发情,1998,3 (5):39~45.
[14]岳登进,冯明.过去10年国外钻井技术的重要进步[J].钻采工艺, 2001,24 (4):10~13
[15]张绍槐等.石油钻井信息技术的智能化研究[J].石油学报,1996, 17 (4):114~119.
[16]张绍槐,张洁等.关于21世纪中国钻井技术发展对策的研究[J].石油钻探技术,2000, 28 (1):4~7
[17] Cooper, Liang C., Frank S.C., et al. The Theory of 2MHz Resistivity Tool and its Application to Measurement-While-Drilling[J]. The Log Analyst, 1984, 25(3):35~46.
[18] Clark B., Allen D., Best D., et al. Electromagnetic Propagation Logging While Drilling Theory and Experiment. SPE,1988,18117.
[19] Clark B., Lining M.G., Jundt J. A Dual Depth Resistivity Measurement for FEWD. SPWLA 29th Annual Logging Symposium, June 5-8, 1988, paper A.
[20] Fredeticks P.D., Heam F.P., Wisler M.N. Formation Evaluation While Drilling with a Dual Propagation Resistivity Tool. SPE, 1989, 19622.
[21] Zhang Y.M., Liu C. The Performance Evaluation of MWD Logging Tools UsingMagnetic and Electric Dipoles by Numerical Simulations[J]. IEEE TRANSACTION ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 1996, 34(7):4~6.
[22] Bittar M.S., Rodney P.F. The Effects of Rock Anisotropy on MWD Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity Sensors. The Log Analyst, January-February 1996.
[23]时鹏程.随钻测井技术在我国石油勘探开发中的应用[J].测井技术,2002,26 (4):441~445
[24] Brooks A.G., H. E. Calculation of MWD Electromagnetic Resistivity Tool Response by a Finite-Element Method[C]. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE, 1989,19623.
[25] Howard Allen Q. Petro-physics of Magnetic Dipole Fields in an Anisotropic Earth[J].IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation., 2000,48:1376~1383.
[26] C.E.Jackson. Using pay zone steering in high-angle and horizontal wells[J]. SPE37819,1997: 487~500.
[27] D.N. Meehan. Geological steering of horizontal wells. SPE 29242,1994:848~852.
[28] W.H.Meyer, et al. Brief: Geosteering with near-bit formation evaluation sensors[J]. SPE 30142, 1995:117~118.
[29] M.R.Coutinho.Geosteering horizontal wells using resistivity anisotropy obtained in an offset vertical well[J]. SPE 81137, 2003:1~8.
[30] A. Barry, et al. Geosteering horizontal wells in a thin oil column[J]. SPE 50072,1998: 221~233.
[31] J.D.Prilliman,D.F. Allen,and L.R. Lehtonen. Horizontal well placement and petrophysical evaluation using LWD[J]. SPE 30549, 1995:173~185.
[32] T.Schroeder, et al. Geosteering methods:Predicting the geology ahead of the bit[J]. The Log Analyst,1998:44~50.
[33] J.Wu, M.M.Wisler. Method for drilling directional wells[J].U.S.Patent No.S,230,386,1993.
[34]张学工.关于统计学习理论与支持向量机.自动化学报[J],2000, 26 (1):32~42.
[35]史清江,王延江.用于非线性回归估计的支持向量机[C],第19届中国自动化学会青年学术会议,2004.
[36]刘宜平.浅谈钻时在录井及钻井中得应用[J].江汉石油大学职工学报, 2004.
[37]夏宏泉等.随钻测井曲线的模拟生成及其地质导向应用研究[J].天然气工业,2003,23 (3):51~55.
[38]苏义脑著.水平井井眼轨道控制[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.
[39]白家祉,苏义脑著.井斜控制理论与实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 1990.
[36] Ho H-S. Prediction of drilling trajectory in directional wells via a new rock-bit interaction model. SPE 16685,1987
[40]苏义脑,张海.水平井钻具组合大变形有限元分析[J].石油钻探技术,1995, 23 (1):1~4.
[41]帅健,蔡强康,吕英民.弯曲井眼中下部钻具组合有限元分析.石油学报,1990,11(4):95~105.
[42]于长官著.现代控制理论[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1997.
[43]张洪钱,陈新海著.最佳估计理论[M].北京:北京航空学院出版社,1987.
[44]熊金志,胡金莲.卡尔曼滤波在某深控系统中的应用[M].华东交通大学学报,1996, 13 (3):57~63.
[45]陈爱新,聂在平,钟兴水.卡尔曼滤波在钻井地层电阻率测量中的应用.电波科学学报,1998,13(3):270~274
[46]李象霖,温志勇等.卡尔曼滤波方法用于估计物体运动参数.电子学报,1995,23
[2]张庚骥.电法测井[M].东营:石油大学出版社,1996, 1~22.
[3]中国石油天然气集团公司重点实验室编著.测井新技术培训教材[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2004,186~194.
[4]谭廷栋.现代石油测井论文集[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997,4-9.
[5]王若.随钻测井技术发展史[J].石油仪器,2001,15(2):5~7.
[6]石油测井情报组.测井新技术及应用[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1998,18~21.
[7]徐显广等.地质导向钻井技术的现场应用[J].西南石油学院学报,2002,24 (2):53~55.
[8]时鹏程,许磊.地质导向钻井技术综述[J].断块油气田,1998,5 (2):58~66.
[9]时鹏程等.面向地质导向应用的前导模拟技术研究[J].测井技术,2000,24 (6):415~419.
[10]时鹏程.MWDLWD实践与操作指南[J].录井技术,2000,11(2):63~68.
[11]陆黄生.地质导向:预测钻头前的地层[J].世界石油工业,1999, 6(6): 35~40.
[12]江国法.地质导向[J].测井技术信息,2000,13 (1):14~23.
[13]张建国.地质导向法在井下地质预测中的应用[J].石油勘探开发情,1998,3 (5):39~45.
[14]岳登进,冯明.过去10年国外钻井技术的重要进步[J].钻采工艺, 2001,24 (4):10~13
[15]张绍槐等.石油钻井信息技术的智能化研究[J].石油学报,1996, 17 (4):114~119.
[16]张绍槐,张洁等.关于21世纪中国钻井技术发展对策的研究[J].石油钻探技术,2000, 28 (1):4~7
[17] Cooper, Liang C., Frank S.C., et al. The Theory of 2MHz Resistivity Tool and its Application to Measurement-While-Drilling[J]. The Log Analyst, 1984, 25(3):35~46.
[18] Clark B., Allen D., Best D., et al. Electromagnetic Propagation Logging While Drilling Theory and Experiment. SPE,1988,18117.
[19] Clark B., Lining M.G., Jundt J. A Dual Depth Resistivity Measurement for FEWD. SPWLA 29th Annual Logging Symposium, June 5-8, 1988, paper A.
[20] Fredeticks P.D., Heam F.P., Wisler M.N. Formation Evaluation While Drilling with a Dual Propagation Resistivity Tool. SPE, 1989, 19622.
[21] Zhang Y.M., Liu C. The Performance Evaluation of MWD Logging Tools UsingMagnetic and Electric Dipoles by Numerical Simulations[J]. IEEE TRANSACTION ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, 1996, 34(7):4~6.
[22] Bittar M.S., Rodney P.F. The Effects of Rock Anisotropy on MWD Electromagnetic Wave Resistivity Sensors. The Log Analyst, January-February 1996.
[23]时鹏程.随钻测井技术在我国石油勘探开发中的应用[J].测井技术,2002,26 (4):441~445
[24] Brooks A.G., H. E. Calculation of MWD Electromagnetic Resistivity Tool Response by a Finite-Element Method[C]. SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, SPE, 1989,19623.
[25] Howard Allen Q. Petro-physics of Magnetic Dipole Fields in an Anisotropic Earth[J].IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagation., 2000,48:1376~1383.
[26] C.E.Jackson. Using pay zone steering in high-angle and horizontal wells[J]. SPE37819,1997: 487~500.
[27] D.N. Meehan. Geological steering of horizontal wells. SPE 29242,1994:848~852.
[28] W.H.Meyer, et al. Brief: Geosteering with near-bit formation evaluation sensors[J]. SPE 30142, 1995:117~118.
[29] M.R.Coutinho.Geosteering horizontal wells using resistivity anisotropy obtained in an offset vertical well[J]. SPE 81137, 2003:1~8.
[30] A. Barry, et al. Geosteering horizontal wells in a thin oil column[J]. SPE 50072,1998: 221~233.
[31] J.D.Prilliman,D.F. Allen,and L.R. Lehtonen. Horizontal well placement and petrophysical evaluation using LWD[J]. SPE 30549, 1995:173~185.
[32] T.Schroeder, et al. Geosteering methods:Predicting the geology ahead of the bit[J]. The Log Analyst,1998:44~50.
[33] J.Wu, M.M.Wisler. Method for drilling directional wells[J].U.S.Patent No.S,230,386,1993.
[34]张学工.关于统计学习理论与支持向量机.自动化学报[J],2000, 26 (1):32~42.
[35]史清江,王延江.用于非线性回归估计的支持向量机[C],第19届中国自动化学会青年学术会议,2004.
[36]刘宜平.浅谈钻时在录井及钻井中得应用[J].江汉石油大学职工学报, 2004.
[37]夏宏泉等.随钻测井曲线的模拟生成及其地质导向应用研究[J].天然气工业,2003,23 (3):51~55.
[38]苏义脑著.水平井井眼轨道控制[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2000.
[39]白家祉,苏义脑著.井斜控制理论与实践[M].北京:石油工业出版社, 1990.
[36] Ho H-S. Prediction of drilling trajectory in directional wells via a new rock-bit interaction model. SPE 16685,1987
[40]苏义脑,张海.水平井钻具组合大变形有限元分析[J].石油钻探技术,1995, 23 (1):1~4.
[41]帅健,蔡强康,吕英民.弯曲井眼中下部钻具组合有限元分析.石油学报,1990,11(4):95~105.
[42]于长官著.现代控制理论[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,1997.
[43]张洪钱,陈新海著.最佳估计理论[M].北京:北京航空学院出版社,1987.
[44]熊金志,胡金莲.卡尔曼滤波在某深控系统中的应用[M].华东交通大学学报,1996, 13 (3):57~63.
[45]陈爱新,聂在平,钟兴水.卡尔曼滤波在钻井地层电阻率测量中的应用.电波科学学报,1998,13(3):270~274
[46]李象霖,温志勇等.卡尔曼滤波方法用于估计物体运动参数.电子学报,1995,23