砌体结构抗震能力评估研究
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摘要
减轻既有建筑物的地震灾害的有效途径是对其进行合理的抗震评估且对不满足抗震要求的建筑物采取相应的加固措施。然而,对于既有砌体结构抗震表征指标的研究还比较少见,汶川地震中,大量砌体结构房屋建筑遭受了不同程度的破坏,这为检验砌体结构房屋抗震能力提供了大量的第一手实际震害资料。本文围绕国家科技支撑计划课题《特大地震下建筑工程抗倒塌关键技术研究》之子课题“特大地震下砖混学校建筑抗倒塌关键技术研究”,结合汶川地震中调查取得的实际震害资料,对砌体结构抗震能力的评估指标进行了系统深入的研究,主要研究工作和成果如下：
(1)通过对日本多层钢筋混凝土房屋三阶段抗震能力评估方法、中国砌体结构房屋抗震能力评估方法以及相应参数的取值等进行深入的分析,并对两者进行比较,研究了两者间的主要异同。
(2)对汶川地震中所调查的砌体结构房屋遭遇烈度和破坏程度进行界定。通过对震害数据的统计分析,并对砖砌体结构震害特征及规律进行归纳总结,分析了影响抗震能力的相关因素。
(3)通过分析了砌体结构与混凝土结构两者实现抗震能力途径的不同,针对砌体结构延性低、抗震能力主要取决于其承载力的特点,本文提出了以墙体数量即墙率等为主要参数的砌体结构抗震能力表征指标,它具有计算简单的特点,便于快评估。基于汶川地震砌体结构震害的数据,给出了所提出的抗震能力表征指标与震害之间的定量关系,分析了表征指标的优缺点。
(4)通过分析构造柱、圈梁和楼板对砌体结构抗震能力的影响,构造出了圈梁、构造柱和楼板对砌体结构抗震能力影响的参数,该参数能够较好地描述圈梁、构造柱和楼板类型对砌体结构抗震能力的贡献。基于汶川地震砌体结构震害的数据,建立了相应的结构抗震能力表征指标,并给出了表征指标与震害之间的定量关系,且分析了表征指标的优缺点。最后,从各个表征指标与震害之间的定量关系入手,对砌体结构在高烈度区的应用进行了探讨。
(5)提出了依据表征指标评估结构抗震能力的方法。结合实例,通过采用现行抗震鉴定标准评估方法、本文提出的表征指标评估方法对实例进行抗震能力评估结果的比较分析,以及评估结果与现场实际震害结果的对比分析,阐述了本文所提出的表征指标用于评估的有效性和合理性：表征指标评估的结果与规范方法评估的结果基本上是一致的,且与实际震害结果相吻合。
(6)介绍了我国历版抗震鉴定标准中关于抗震墙基准面积率取值的规定,对现行抗震鉴定标准中抗震墙基准面积率的取值进行了改进：综合考虑了墙体中构造柱数量和楼板类型对结构抗震能力的影响,依据构造柱数量和楼板类型的不同,给出了不同的修正系数,弥补了规范中由工程经验等得到的单一取值的不足。
(7)介绍了我国历版建筑抗震设计规范中关于高度、层数限值和构造柱设置的规定,分析其中的不足。对现行抗震设计规范中关于砌体结构层数限值和构造柱设置的规定提出了改进建议：综合考虑了单位楼层内墙体数量和楼板类型对结构抗震能力的影响,依据单位楼层内墙体数量和楼板类型的不同,给出了不同的取值,弥补了规范中单一取值的不足。
Rational seismic evaluation and reinforcement of masonry buildings are the important measures for reducing the earthquake disaster. However, researching on the method of seismic evaluation of existing masonry building was reported lightly. In Wenchuan earthquake, a large number of buildings designed by base on the different years'standards suffered varying degree of damage, which provided a lot of first-hand information for seismic evaluation of the buildings. The seismic evaluation methods of masonry buildings were studied based on the information of damage buildings from earthquake investigation, which was supported by the subject named "the key technology study of anti-collapse for masonry school building under severe earthquake". This subject was supported by the program fund of the ministry of science and technology. The main achievements of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The three stages evolution methods for seismic performance of multistory reinforced concrete buildings in Japan, the two stages evolution methods for seismic performance of multistory masonry buildings in China, and the relevant parameters of the above methods were introduced. The differences between Chinese and Japanese methods were studied, which provided lots of useful reference.
(2) The earthquake intensity and degree of damage buildings were defined. Moreover, the characteristics and regularity of damaged masonry buildings were summarized, the relative factors of the seismic capacity were analyzed.
(3) By analyzing the different anti-seismic process of masonry building and reinforced concrete building, and according to the anti-seismic capacity of masonry structure primarily depends on its bearing capacity because of the low ductility, the indice for evaluating masonry building were proposed which taken the wall number index named'wall ratio'as the main parameters, it can be applied to assess the anti-seismic performance quickly due to its easily caculated characteristic. In addition, the quantitative relationship between damage degree and the indice was established based on the data from Wenchuan earthquake investigation,and the advantages and disadvantages of the indice were analyzed.
(4) By analyzing the effect of structural column, beam and floor slab impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building, the parameter of the effect was obtained, the parameter can be used to describe the contribution of structural column, floor slab and beam impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building. In additon, the index for evaluating masonry building was proposed which considered the contribution of structural column, floor slab and beam impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building, and the quantitative relationship between damage degree and the index was established based on the data from Wenchuan earthquake investigation, and the advantages and disadvantages of the index were analyzed. Finally, the applicability of masonry building in high intensity area were researched by analyzing the quantitative relationship between evaluation indice and earthquake damage degree.
(5) The seismic evaluation method of masonry building was provided. By analyzing the differences in the damage degree evaluated between by using the seismic evaluation method and the current seismic appraisal standards with some same examples, and the differences in the damage degree between ctual earthquake damage degree on scene and evaluated by using the seismic evaluation method a with the same examples, the efficiency and rationality of the seismic evaluation method for evaluating anti-seismic capacity of the masonry building were researched:the evaluation results by using the seismic evaluation method were consistent with the current seismic appraisal standards, and the damage degree obtained by using the seismic evaluation method was consistent with actual earthquake damage degree on scene.
(6) The anti-seismic wall area ratio regulations of seismic design codes in different years in China were introduced. The shortage of previous codes was studied, and some reasonable suggestion for improvement was provided:the different values of the anti-seismic wall area ratio were provided by considering effect of the structural column number and the types of floors impact on anti-seismic capacity, which made up for the deficiency of previous codes.
(7) The limited value of height, layers and the structural column regulation of seismic design codes in different years in China were introduced. The shortage of previous codes was studied, and some reasonable suggestion for improvement was provided:the different values of limited value of height, layers and t the structural column regulation were provided by considering effect of the wall number and the types of floors impact on anti-seismic capacity, which made up for the deficiency of previous codes.
(1)通过对日本多层钢筋混凝土房屋三阶段抗震能力评估方法、中国砌体结构房屋抗震能力评估方法以及相应参数的取值等进行深入的分析,并对两者进行比较,研究了两者间的主要异同。
(2)对汶川地震中所调查的砌体结构房屋遭遇烈度和破坏程度进行界定。通过对震害数据的统计分析,并对砖砌体结构震害特征及规律进行归纳总结,分析了影响抗震能力的相关因素。
(3)通过分析了砌体结构与混凝土结构两者实现抗震能力途径的不同,针对砌体结构延性低、抗震能力主要取决于其承载力的特点,本文提出了以墙体数量即墙率等为主要参数的砌体结构抗震能力表征指标,它具有计算简单的特点,便于快评估。基于汶川地震砌体结构震害的数据,给出了所提出的抗震能力表征指标与震害之间的定量关系,分析了表征指标的优缺点。
(4)通过分析构造柱、圈梁和楼板对砌体结构抗震能力的影响,构造出了圈梁、构造柱和楼板对砌体结构抗震能力影响的参数,该参数能够较好地描述圈梁、构造柱和楼板类型对砌体结构抗震能力的贡献。基于汶川地震砌体结构震害的数据,建立了相应的结构抗震能力表征指标,并给出了表征指标与震害之间的定量关系,且分析了表征指标的优缺点。最后,从各个表征指标与震害之间的定量关系入手,对砌体结构在高烈度区的应用进行了探讨。
(5)提出了依据表征指标评估结构抗震能力的方法。结合实例,通过采用现行抗震鉴定标准评估方法、本文提出的表征指标评估方法对实例进行抗震能力评估结果的比较分析,以及评估结果与现场实际震害结果的对比分析,阐述了本文所提出的表征指标用于评估的有效性和合理性：表征指标评估的结果与规范方法评估的结果基本上是一致的,且与实际震害结果相吻合。
(6)介绍了我国历版抗震鉴定标准中关于抗震墙基准面积率取值的规定,对现行抗震鉴定标准中抗震墙基准面积率的取值进行了改进：综合考虑了墙体中构造柱数量和楼板类型对结构抗震能力的影响,依据构造柱数量和楼板类型的不同,给出了不同的修正系数,弥补了规范中由工程经验等得到的单一取值的不足。
(7)介绍了我国历版建筑抗震设计规范中关于高度、层数限值和构造柱设置的规定,分析其中的不足。对现行抗震设计规范中关于砌体结构层数限值和构造柱设置的规定提出了改进建议：综合考虑了单位楼层内墙体数量和楼板类型对结构抗震能力的影响,依据单位楼层内墙体数量和楼板类型的不同,给出了不同的取值,弥补了规范中单一取值的不足。
Rational seismic evaluation and reinforcement of masonry buildings are the important measures for reducing the earthquake disaster. However, researching on the method of seismic evaluation of existing masonry building was reported lightly. In Wenchuan earthquake, a large number of buildings designed by base on the different years'standards suffered varying degree of damage, which provided a lot of first-hand information for seismic evaluation of the buildings. The seismic evaluation methods of masonry buildings were studied based on the information of damage buildings from earthquake investigation, which was supported by the subject named "the key technology study of anti-collapse for masonry school building under severe earthquake". This subject was supported by the program fund of the ministry of science and technology. The main achievements of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The three stages evolution methods for seismic performance of multistory reinforced concrete buildings in Japan, the two stages evolution methods for seismic performance of multistory masonry buildings in China, and the relevant parameters of the above methods were introduced. The differences between Chinese and Japanese methods were studied, which provided lots of useful reference.
(2) The earthquake intensity and degree of damage buildings were defined. Moreover, the characteristics and regularity of damaged masonry buildings were summarized, the relative factors of the seismic capacity were analyzed.
(3) By analyzing the different anti-seismic process of masonry building and reinforced concrete building, and according to the anti-seismic capacity of masonry structure primarily depends on its bearing capacity because of the low ductility, the indice for evaluating masonry building were proposed which taken the wall number index named'wall ratio'as the main parameters, it can be applied to assess the anti-seismic performance quickly due to its easily caculated characteristic. In addition, the quantitative relationship between damage degree and the indice was established based on the data from Wenchuan earthquake investigation,and the advantages and disadvantages of the indice were analyzed.
(4) By analyzing the effect of structural column, beam and floor slab impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building, the parameter of the effect was obtained, the parameter can be used to describe the contribution of structural column, floor slab and beam impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building. In additon, the index for evaluating masonry building was proposed which considered the contribution of structural column, floor slab and beam impact on anti-seismic capacity of masonry building, and the quantitative relationship between damage degree and the index was established based on the data from Wenchuan earthquake investigation, and the advantages and disadvantages of the index were analyzed. Finally, the applicability of masonry building in high intensity area were researched by analyzing the quantitative relationship between evaluation indice and earthquake damage degree.
(5) The seismic evaluation method of masonry building was provided. By analyzing the differences in the damage degree evaluated between by using the seismic evaluation method and the current seismic appraisal standards with some same examples, and the differences in the damage degree between ctual earthquake damage degree on scene and evaluated by using the seismic evaluation method a with the same examples, the efficiency and rationality of the seismic evaluation method for evaluating anti-seismic capacity of the masonry building were researched:the evaluation results by using the seismic evaluation method were consistent with the current seismic appraisal standards, and the damage degree obtained by using the seismic evaluation method was consistent with actual earthquake damage degree on scene.
(6) The anti-seismic wall area ratio regulations of seismic design codes in different years in China were introduced. The shortage of previous codes was studied, and some reasonable suggestion for improvement was provided:the different values of the anti-seismic wall area ratio were provided by considering effect of the structural column number and the types of floors impact on anti-seismic capacity, which made up for the deficiency of previous codes.
(7) The limited value of height, layers and the structural column regulation of seismic design codes in different years in China were introduced. The shortage of previous codes was studied, and some reasonable suggestion for improvement was provided:the different values of limited value of height, layers and t the structural column regulation were provided by considering effect of the wall number and the types of floors impact on anti-seismic capacity, which made up for the deficiency of previous codes.
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