双层堤基渗透破坏发展机理研究
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摘要
双层堤基广泛存在于江河中下游地区，渗透破坏是该类堤基中出险率最高的破坏形式，多年来针对堤后渗透破坏产生条件的研究已经取得了一定的成果，但是对于渗流出口（工程中也称管涌口）形成后，集中渗流通道（工程中也称管涌通道）的断面扩展和上溯仍然缺乏深刻的认识，而该通道的发展直接关系到渗流出口形成后渗透破坏危险性的大小，因而本文针对双层堤基中管涌口产生以后，在强弱透水层之间产生的管涌通道进行研究，其发展包含通道断面扩展和尖端上溯两个方面，本文主要针对这两个方面开展工作，具体内容为：
1.管涌通道发展的机理性研究，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，以通道边壁砂颗粒作为研究对象，通过颗粒的稳定状态来判定通道扩展的最终形态，砂颗粒的稳定性由其受力状态所决定，在颗粒受力平衡的分析中，引用河流动力学中的相关概念与公式，考虑了不同粒径砂颗粒之间的相互作用和起动标准，通过计算得到了作用在砂颗粒上的临界起动速度，考虑通道内流速的紊动、非均匀分布和通道内的水流特性，采用通道断面平均流速来作为通道扩展的判定标准，该标准具有方便测量和简单易用等特点；在通道上溯方面，提出了以尖端坡降作为通道是否上溯的评判标准，通道上溯后，尖端坡降由于通道各处断面形状的变化，其变化趋势分为稳定和增长两种，如果尖端坡降稳定，则通道能够保持稳定，如果尖端坡降增加，则通道无法稳定会持续上溯，直至贯穿堤基。
2.管涌通道发展的试验研究，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，采用两种模型尺寸进行了多组试验，试验结果显示在远端和通道内水头差较小时，渗透力对通道的扩展作用较明显，但是当水头差增大时，渗透力对通道扩展的作用减弱，此时通道内水流冲刷对通道扩展的影响则较为明显；在通道上溯方面，采用两种覆盖层模拟方法研究了通道上溯时平面和剖面的发展形态，试验结果证实了机理分析中尖端坡降的相关内容。
3.管涌通道发展的数值模拟计算，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，以二维有限元渗流程序为基础，以通道断面平均流速、自然休止角和形状附加条件三条标准为断面的扩展的判定条件，以远端、通道内水头差和通道内水流流量为边界条件，模拟了通道的扩展过程，给出了通道的稳定状态；在通道上溯方面，采用多层透水地层准三维有限元程序进行通道发展的计算，兼顾计算量和计算精度，提出了一种等效代换方法，在研究通道各处断面扩展判定时采用通道实际断面形式，在三维渗流场计算时采用等效矩形断面形式，等效前后，通道内水流和通道外渗流均保持一致，计算结果给出了渗流场以及通道尖端坡降，可用于判定通道上溯的稳定性。
4.通过程序计算结果与试验结果进行对比，验证了机理分析与程序编制的正确性，基于程序分析，对典型双层堤基管涌通道的发展进行了相关探讨。
Double-layer dike foundation widely distributed in the middle and lower reaches ofrivers. Seepage failure is the most common failure modes in the dike foundation. In recentyears, many scholars have done a lot of research on the seepage failure generation condition.But few research on how the piping channel developing after the seepage exit generating. Thedevelopment of the piping channel is related to the degree of risk. For this problem, this paperstudies the characteristics of the piping channel. After the seepage exit appears, thedevelopment of the piping channel contains two parts: the radial expansion and the axialexpansion. This paper do the flowing jobs in the problem.
1. Research on the mechanism of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, take the particles on the side wall as theresearch object. The final form of the channel radial expansion is determined by state of theseparticles. River Dynamics concepts and formulas introduced in the mechanical analysis.Incipient velocity of particles was deduced by the particles stress analysis. Interactionsbetween particles of different size and incipient standard were considered in the analysis.Considering the impact of turbulent flow, non-uniform velocity distribution and flowcharacteristics in the channel, channel average velocity were used as channel radial expansioncriteria.
2. Research on the experiment of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, took multi-group experiments by using twomodel box. Experimental results demonstrate the impact of the hydraulic gradient to the radialexpansion is great when the head difference between the channel and the remote is low. Andwhen the head difference is high, the impact becomes not so clear. At this time, the impact ofthe scour in the channel is clear. About the axial expansion, took multi-group experiments byusing two typeset of material to simulate the aquitard. The shape changes of the channel werestudied in plan and section. Experimental results confirmed the thesis of the tip hydraulicgradient trend.
3. Research on the numerical of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, prepared a two-dimensional finite elementprogram. The program simulated the channel radial expansion process. The channel averagevelocity, natural angle of repose and additional shape conditions is the determinationcondition of the radial expansion. The head difference between the channel and the remoteand the flow in the channel is the boundary conditions. About the axial expansion, proposed a method of equivalent substitution based on the Multi-layer High permeableThree-dimensional finite element program. This method can achieve accuracy and reduce theamount of computation. When it came to judge the channel radial expansion, the actual formof the channel cross-section was used. When it came to calculate of seepage field, theequivalent rectangular cross-section was used. The flow in the channel and the seepage fieldout the channel is consistent with both before and after the change. The seepage field and thehydraulic gradient in channel tip can be get from the program. They can used to judgewhether the channel will occur axial expansion.4. Verify the correctness of the mechanismand the program by comparing the results of the calculation and experiment. Discussing thedevelopment of the piping channel in the typical double-layer dike foundation based on thefinite element program.
1.管涌通道发展的机理性研究，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，以通道边壁砂颗粒作为研究对象，通过颗粒的稳定状态来判定通道扩展的最终形态，砂颗粒的稳定性由其受力状态所决定，在颗粒受力平衡的分析中，引用河流动力学中的相关概念与公式，考虑了不同粒径砂颗粒之间的相互作用和起动标准，通过计算得到了作用在砂颗粒上的临界起动速度，考虑通道内流速的紊动、非均匀分布和通道内的水流特性，采用通道断面平均流速来作为通道扩展的判定标准，该标准具有方便测量和简单易用等特点；在通道上溯方面，提出了以尖端坡降作为通道是否上溯的评判标准，通道上溯后，尖端坡降由于通道各处断面形状的变化，其变化趋势分为稳定和增长两种，如果尖端坡降稳定，则通道能够保持稳定，如果尖端坡降增加，则通道无法稳定会持续上溯，直至贯穿堤基。
2.管涌通道发展的试验研究，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，采用两种模型尺寸进行了多组试验，试验结果显示在远端和通道内水头差较小时，渗透力对通道的扩展作用较明显，但是当水头差增大时，渗透力对通道扩展的作用减弱，此时通道内水流冲刷对通道扩展的影响则较为明显；在通道上溯方面，采用两种覆盖层模拟方法研究了通道上溯时平面和剖面的发展形态，试验结果证实了机理分析中尖端坡降的相关内容。
3.管涌通道发展的数值模拟计算，包含通道扩展和上溯两个部分。在通道扩展方面，以二维有限元渗流程序为基础，以通道断面平均流速、自然休止角和形状附加条件三条标准为断面的扩展的判定条件，以远端、通道内水头差和通道内水流流量为边界条件，模拟了通道的扩展过程，给出了通道的稳定状态；在通道上溯方面，采用多层透水地层准三维有限元程序进行通道发展的计算，兼顾计算量和计算精度，提出了一种等效代换方法，在研究通道各处断面扩展判定时采用通道实际断面形式，在三维渗流场计算时采用等效矩形断面形式，等效前后，通道内水流和通道外渗流均保持一致，计算结果给出了渗流场以及通道尖端坡降，可用于判定通道上溯的稳定性。
4.通过程序计算结果与试验结果进行对比，验证了机理分析与程序编制的正确性，基于程序分析，对典型双层堤基管涌通道的发展进行了相关探讨。
Double-layer dike foundation widely distributed in the middle and lower reaches ofrivers. Seepage failure is the most common failure modes in the dike foundation. In recentyears, many scholars have done a lot of research on the seepage failure generation condition.But few research on how the piping channel developing after the seepage exit generating. Thedevelopment of the piping channel is related to the degree of risk. For this problem, this paperstudies the characteristics of the piping channel. After the seepage exit appears, thedevelopment of the piping channel contains two parts: the radial expansion and the axialexpansion. This paper do the flowing jobs in the problem.
1. Research on the mechanism of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, take the particles on the side wall as theresearch object. The final form of the channel radial expansion is determined by state of theseparticles. River Dynamics concepts and formulas introduced in the mechanical analysis.Incipient velocity of particles was deduced by the particles stress analysis. Interactionsbetween particles of different size and incipient standard were considered in the analysis.Considering the impact of turbulent flow, non-uniform velocity distribution and flowcharacteristics in the channel, channel average velocity were used as channel radial expansioncriteria.
2. Research on the experiment of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, took multi-group experiments by using twomodel box. Experimental results demonstrate the impact of the hydraulic gradient to the radialexpansion is great when the head difference between the channel and the remote is low. Andwhen the head difference is high, the impact becomes not so clear. At this time, the impact ofthe scour in the channel is clear. About the axial expansion, took multi-group experiments byusing two typeset of material to simulate the aquitard. The shape changes of the channel werestudied in plan and section. Experimental results confirmed the thesis of the tip hydraulicgradient trend.
3. Research on the numerical of piping channel development, contains radial expansionand axial expansion. About the radial expansion, prepared a two-dimensional finite elementprogram. The program simulated the channel radial expansion process. The channel averagevelocity, natural angle of repose and additional shape conditions is the determinationcondition of the radial expansion. The head difference between the channel and the remoteand the flow in the channel is the boundary conditions. About the axial expansion, proposed a method of equivalent substitution based on the Multi-layer High permeableThree-dimensional finite element program. This method can achieve accuracy and reduce theamount of computation. When it came to judge the channel radial expansion, the actual formof the channel cross-section was used. When it came to calculate of seepage field, theequivalent rectangular cross-section was used. The flow in the channel and the seepage fieldout the channel is consistent with both before and after the change. The seepage field and thehydraulic gradient in channel tip can be get from the program. They can used to judgewhether the channel will occur axial expansion.4. Verify the correctness of the mechanismand the program by comparing the results of the calculation and experiment. Discussing thedevelopment of the piping channel in the typical double-layer dike foundation based on thefinite element program.
引文
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