水产养殖废水的植物—微生物联合修复研究
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摘要
本文以富含氮、磷、有机物的水产养殖废水为研究对象,以广东省惠州市某淡水养殖基地为试验地,在华南地区亚热带气候条件下,从植物修复、微生物修复、植物-微生物联合修复三个方面,研究比较了凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻、香根草和蕹菜四种水生植物及6株由本实验室筛选并证明在实验室条件下有净化水质功能的菌株对废水的净化效果,给出实际鱼塘水体修复的植物搭配种植模式,初步了解了植物-微生物联合修复效果和机理,以期为治理珠三角地区水产养殖废水污染,构建有针对性的生物修复工程提供数据支持。研究结论如下:
(1)单种植物的净水效果:凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻、香根草和蕹菜均有良好的净化水产养殖废水的功能,其中凤眼莲的综合净化能力最强,一个月内TP平均去除率为95%,显著高于其他各组,TN、COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到84%、88%、94%、92%、85%。蕹菜对水质检测项目中氨氮的去除效果最好,且在夏季气候条件下,一个月内鲜重净增113%,去污的同时获得经济收入。此二者是夏季净化废水时的首选。
(2)植物组合体系的净水效果:植物搭配的总体净水效果为:凤眼莲+轮叶黑藻>凤眼莲+轮叶黑藻+蕹菜>凤眼莲+蕹菜、轮叶黑藻+蕹菜。凤眼莲和轮叶黑藻搭配对水产养殖废水的净化效果最好。氨氮去除93%,总氮81%,总磷83%,COD74%,总磷去除率显著高于其他各组。试验过程中凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻和蕹菜均生长良好,三种植物间没有表现出明显的抑制效果。
(3)微生物的净水效果:由本实验室筛选出的亚硝化菌A、氨化菌M、硝化菌G、反硝化菌R、聚磷菌C和降COD的菌F组成的复合微生物净水菌剂AMGR和AMGRCF,在实际应用中发挥较强的净水功能。和空白对照组相比,AMGR和AMGRCF对总磷和氨氮的去除效果显著,一个月内总磷平均去除率分别为32.76%、23.83%,氨氮去除率分别为74.54%、67.28%,总氮去除率AMGR(37.29%)显著高于AMGRCF(29.43%),COD的去除率AMGRCF最高(44.92%),AMGR次之(41.39%)。
(4)植物与微生物的联合净水效果:和单独植物、微生物菌剂的净化作用相比,植物-微生物联合修复体系的效果更强。凤眼莲-轮叶黑藻-AMGRCF的试验中氨氮的去除率,植微组(92.92%)显著高于微生物组(85.38%);TN、TP的去除率都是植微组(62.27%、71.82%)和植物组(67.02%、71.56%)显著高于微生物组(38.47%、20.74%)。通过植物、微生物、植物与微生物的组合净水效果的研究显示,凤眼莲和脱氮菌剂AMRG共同作用于水产养殖废水时对水体的除氮效果最好,其次是植物组,复合菌剂AMRG排第三。该组合TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到70.26%、81.46%和94.92%,TN去除率显著高于复合菌液AMRG。
(5)机理初探:凤眼莲-AMRG联合修复水体时,亚硝化菌A和氨化菌M能够大量稳定的存在于水产养殖废水中,通过自身降解代谢作用修复水体。A、M和硝化菌G附着在了凤眼莲的根部,成为根表优势菌,通过和凤眼莲根系的联合作用共同修复水体。凤眼莲对细菌的根际效应值的增长变化和水体氨氮去除率的变化相关,水体细菌数的变化与TN去除率相关。
(6)中试研究:秋季气候条件下,凤眼莲和轮叶黑藻搭配起来,通过分割区域、控制生长面积式的种植模式进行鱼塘原位修复,使有机质丰富、气味难闻的劣Ⅴ类鱼塘水质大大改善,TN由11.29mg/L降低到1.55mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),TP由6.22mg/L降低到0.29mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),COD由101.22mg/L降低到31.67mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),氨氮由7.21mg/L降低到0.98mg/L(地表Ⅲ类水),DO从1.96mg/L上升到4.99mg/L(地表Ⅲ类水),透明度从0.12m提高到0.38m,并且随着水质的改善,池内罗非鱼生长良好,35天内平均增重94.84g。该植物搭配种植模式在实际应用中起到了养水肥鱼的作用。
In this paper,wastewater aquaculture which rich in nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matter were restored by aquatic plants,microbes and their coalition in sub-tropical climatic conditions in south of China.Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata,Vetiveria zizanioides,Ipomoea aquatia and 6 microbes were compared on their removal efficiencies of waste water, a fish pond restoration mode with phytoremediation was given,meanwhile effect and mechanism of phyto-microbial restoration of aquacultural wastewater was preliminarily studied. The purpose of the article is to provide datas support of building biological restoration project to restore waste water pollution in Pearl River Delta.This is following conclusions:
(1)Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata,Vetiveria zizanioides and Ipomoea aquatia had good water purification function,especially the integrated effect of Eichhornia crassipes is the best,whose average removal rate of TP,TN,COD,NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N was 95%,84%,88%,94%,92% and 85%,TP removal rate significantly higher than other groups.Ipomoea aquatia was apt to remove ammonia nitrogen,as long as the appropriate season,it wound be able to grow fast,increase 113% fresh weight within one month,so these two plants were the first choice of purification in summer.
(2)The overall purification effect of plants combination is:Eichhornia crassipes+Hydrilla verticillata > Eichhornia crassipes+Hydrilla verticillata+Ipomoea aquatia > Eichhornia crassipes+Ipomoea aquatia,Hydrilla verticillata+Ipomoea aquatia.The integrated effect of the first group is the best,whose average removal rate of NH_4~+-N,TN, TP,COD was 93%,81%,83%,74%,TP removal rate significantly higher than other groups.No significant inhibitory effect is proved by good growing of these three plants.
(3)AMRG and AMRGCF was effectual in the practical application,given appropriate conditions could make sue their function.Compared with the control group,removal of AMRG and AMRGCF was significant.TP average removal were 32.76%,23.83%,ammonia nitrogen average removal were74.54%,67.28%,TN average removal of AMGR(37.29%)were significantly higher than AMRGCF(29.43%).AMGRCF was the best and AMRG was the second on COD average removal.
(4)Compared with phytoremediation and bioremediation,plants-microbial bioremediation system was more effective.When Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata and microbes AMGRCF were combined,ammonia nitrogen removal of plants- microbes group(92.92%)was significantly higher than microbes group(85.38 % );TN,TP removal of plants-microbes group(62.27%,71.82%)and plants group(67.02%,71.56%)was significantly higher than microbes group(38.47 % ,20.74 % ).When Eichhornia crassipes and AMGRCF were combined,water nitrogen removal achieved the best results(TN70.26%,NH_4~+-N 81.46%, NO_2~--N 94.92%) followed by plants group, microbes AMRGCF was the third.
(5)When Eichhornia crassipes and microbes AMRG were combined,AMRG made an important contribution to removal of TN and ammonia from fishery wastewater because of their exist in the warter and alliance with descending axis of Eichhornia crassipes,such as large nitrosobacteria A,ammonifiers M stabilitily exist in the aquaculture wastewater,large A,M and nitrobacteria G attached to the roots of Eichhornia crassipes.R/S of Eichhornia crassipes on the bacteria was related to ammonia nitrogen removal, changes in the number of bacteria in water was related to TN removal.
(6)When Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata was applied to fish pond in Autumn with partition and controlled growth area mode,inferior classⅤpond water,which was smelling and rich in organic matter was greatly improved,TN was decreased from 11.29 mg/L to 1.55 mg/L(Ⅳtype),TP was from 6.22 mg/L to 0.29 mg/L(Ⅳtype),COD was from 101.22 mg/L to 31.67mg /L(Ⅳtype),ammonia nitrogen was from 7.21mg /L to 0.98mg /L(Ⅲtype),DO increased from 1.96mg/L to 4.99mg/L(Ⅲtype),transparency increased from 0.12m to 0.38m.The average weight of Tilapia in this pond gained 94.84g with the improvement of water quality.
(1)单种植物的净水效果:凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻、香根草和蕹菜均有良好的净化水产养殖废水的功能,其中凤眼莲的综合净化能力最强,一个月内TP平均去除率为95%,显著高于其他各组,TN、COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到84%、88%、94%、92%、85%。蕹菜对水质检测项目中氨氮的去除效果最好,且在夏季气候条件下,一个月内鲜重净增113%,去污的同时获得经济收入。此二者是夏季净化废水时的首选。
(2)植物组合体系的净水效果:植物搭配的总体净水效果为:凤眼莲+轮叶黑藻>凤眼莲+轮叶黑藻+蕹菜>凤眼莲+蕹菜、轮叶黑藻+蕹菜。凤眼莲和轮叶黑藻搭配对水产养殖废水的净化效果最好。氨氮去除93%,总氮81%,总磷83%,COD74%,总磷去除率显著高于其他各组。试验过程中凤眼莲、轮叶黑藻和蕹菜均生长良好,三种植物间没有表现出明显的抑制效果。
(3)微生物的净水效果:由本实验室筛选出的亚硝化菌A、氨化菌M、硝化菌G、反硝化菌R、聚磷菌C和降COD的菌F组成的复合微生物净水菌剂AMGR和AMGRCF,在实际应用中发挥较强的净水功能。和空白对照组相比,AMGR和AMGRCF对总磷和氨氮的去除效果显著,一个月内总磷平均去除率分别为32.76%、23.83%,氨氮去除率分别为74.54%、67.28%,总氮去除率AMGR(37.29%)显著高于AMGRCF(29.43%),COD的去除率AMGRCF最高(44.92%),AMGR次之(41.39%)。
(4)植物与微生物的联合净水效果:和单独植物、微生物菌剂的净化作用相比,植物-微生物联合修复体系的效果更强。凤眼莲-轮叶黑藻-AMGRCF的试验中氨氮的去除率,植微组(92.92%)显著高于微生物组(85.38%);TN、TP的去除率都是植微组(62.27%、71.82%)和植物组(67.02%、71.56%)显著高于微生物组(38.47%、20.74%)。通过植物、微生物、植物与微生物的组合净水效果的研究显示,凤眼莲和脱氮菌剂AMRG共同作用于水产养殖废水时对水体的除氮效果最好,其次是植物组,复合菌剂AMRG排第三。该组合TN、氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的去除率分别达到70.26%、81.46%和94.92%,TN去除率显著高于复合菌液AMRG。
(5)机理初探:凤眼莲-AMRG联合修复水体时,亚硝化菌A和氨化菌M能够大量稳定的存在于水产养殖废水中,通过自身降解代谢作用修复水体。A、M和硝化菌G附着在了凤眼莲的根部,成为根表优势菌,通过和凤眼莲根系的联合作用共同修复水体。凤眼莲对细菌的根际效应值的增长变化和水体氨氮去除率的变化相关,水体细菌数的变化与TN去除率相关。
(6)中试研究:秋季气候条件下,凤眼莲和轮叶黑藻搭配起来,通过分割区域、控制生长面积式的种植模式进行鱼塘原位修复,使有机质丰富、气味难闻的劣Ⅴ类鱼塘水质大大改善,TN由11.29mg/L降低到1.55mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),TP由6.22mg/L降低到0.29mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),COD由101.22mg/L降低到31.67mg/L(地表Ⅳ类水),氨氮由7.21mg/L降低到0.98mg/L(地表Ⅲ类水),DO从1.96mg/L上升到4.99mg/L(地表Ⅲ类水),透明度从0.12m提高到0.38m,并且随着水质的改善,池内罗非鱼生长良好,35天内平均增重94.84g。该植物搭配种植模式在实际应用中起到了养水肥鱼的作用。
In this paper,wastewater aquaculture which rich in nitrogen,phosphorus,and organic matter were restored by aquatic plants,microbes and their coalition in sub-tropical climatic conditions in south of China.Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata,Vetiveria zizanioides,Ipomoea aquatia and 6 microbes were compared on their removal efficiencies of waste water, a fish pond restoration mode with phytoremediation was given,meanwhile effect and mechanism of phyto-microbial restoration of aquacultural wastewater was preliminarily studied. The purpose of the article is to provide datas support of building biological restoration project to restore waste water pollution in Pearl River Delta.This is following conclusions:
(1)Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata,Vetiveria zizanioides and Ipomoea aquatia had good water purification function,especially the integrated effect of Eichhornia crassipes is the best,whose average removal rate of TP,TN,COD,NH_4~+-N,NO_2~--N and NO_3~--N was 95%,84%,88%,94%,92% and 85%,TP removal rate significantly higher than other groups.Ipomoea aquatia was apt to remove ammonia nitrogen,as long as the appropriate season,it wound be able to grow fast,increase 113% fresh weight within one month,so these two plants were the first choice of purification in summer.
(2)The overall purification effect of plants combination is:Eichhornia crassipes+Hydrilla verticillata > Eichhornia crassipes+Hydrilla verticillata+Ipomoea aquatia > Eichhornia crassipes+Ipomoea aquatia,Hydrilla verticillata+Ipomoea aquatia.The integrated effect of the first group is the best,whose average removal rate of NH_4~+-N,TN, TP,COD was 93%,81%,83%,74%,TP removal rate significantly higher than other groups.No significant inhibitory effect is proved by good growing of these three plants.
(3)AMRG and AMRGCF was effectual in the practical application,given appropriate conditions could make sue their function.Compared with the control group,removal of AMRG and AMRGCF was significant.TP average removal were 32.76%,23.83%,ammonia nitrogen average removal were74.54%,67.28%,TN average removal of AMGR(37.29%)were significantly higher than AMRGCF(29.43%).AMGRCF was the best and AMRG was the second on COD average removal.
(4)Compared with phytoremediation and bioremediation,plants-microbial bioremediation system was more effective.When Eichhornia crassipes,Hydrilla verticillata and microbes AMGRCF were combined,ammonia nitrogen removal of plants- microbes group(92.92%)was significantly higher than microbes group(85.38 % );TN,TP removal of plants-microbes group(62.27%,71.82%)and plants group(67.02%,71.56%)was significantly higher than microbes group(38.47 % ,20.74 % ).When Eichhornia crassipes and AMGRCF were combined,water nitrogen removal achieved the best results(TN70.26%,NH_4~+-N 81.46%, NO_2~--N 94.92%) followed by plants group, microbes AMRGCF was the third.
(5)When Eichhornia crassipes and microbes AMRG were combined,AMRG made an important contribution to removal of TN and ammonia from fishery wastewater because of their exist in the warter and alliance with descending axis of Eichhornia crassipes,such as large nitrosobacteria A,ammonifiers M stabilitily exist in the aquaculture wastewater,large A,M and nitrobacteria G attached to the roots of Eichhornia crassipes.R/S of Eichhornia crassipes on the bacteria was related to ammonia nitrogen removal, changes in the number of bacteria in water was related to TN removal.
(6)When Eichhornia crassipes and Hydrilla verticillata was applied to fish pond in Autumn with partition and controlled growth area mode,inferior classⅤpond water,which was smelling and rich in organic matter was greatly improved,TN was decreased from 11.29 mg/L to 1.55 mg/L(Ⅳtype),TP was from 6.22 mg/L to 0.29 mg/L(Ⅳtype),COD was from 101.22 mg/L to 31.67mg /L(Ⅳtype),ammonia nitrogen was from 7.21mg /L to 0.98mg /L(Ⅲtype),DO increased from 1.96mg/L to 4.99mg/L(Ⅲtype),transparency increased from 0.12m to 0.38m.The average weight of Tilapia in this pond gained 94.84g with the improvement of water quality.
引文
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