沙漠蜥蜴体表的生物耦合特性研究
摘要
本文以新疆岩蜥和变色沙蜥这两种在沙漠中生存的沙漠蜥蜴作为研究对象。运用仿生学和生物耦合的思想,结合沙漠蜥蜴的生存习性与生存环境,从其表皮的表面形态,表皮的结构与材料等因素入手,对其具有的耐冲蚀磨损功能进行了生物耦合研究,并分析了其体表耐磨功能的实现方式。利用体视显微镜、扫描电子显微镜分别对沙漠蜥蜴的头部、背部、腹部、四肢和尾部的表面形态与皮肤组织切片进行了观察分析,阐述了这些典型部位的表面形态、组织结构和材料组成。采用逆向工程技术对新疆岩蜥蜴背部皮肤的表面形态进行重构,分析得出其背部皮肤的形态有利于减少冲蚀磨损的影响。
经过研究分析,发现沙漠蜥蜴的耐磨功能是多因素耦合作用的结果,对沙漠蜥蜴的生活习性分析表明,其背部是主要耐受磨损的部位。新疆岩蜥背部的耐冲蚀功能是由背部的表面形态,鳞片的结构与鳞片表面微米级的微饰结构相耦合实现的。变色沙蜥背部的耐冲蚀功能是由表面覆瓦状鳞片形态,鳞片表面微米级的微饰与鳞片的壳状复合结构相耦合实现的。
上述对沙漠蜥蜴的生物耦合研究,为减小冲蚀磨损的耦合仿生研究提供生物学基础。
The bionics is technological science to study the structures, characters, elements, behavior, and interaction of the biologic system, in order to provide the new design idea, working principle, and system structure for the engineering. Nowadays, the bionics research mainly classified as five aspects including configuration bionics, morphology bionics, structure bionics, biomaterials and functional bionics, respectively. As the development of bionic research, complex problems have been found difficult to solve under the condition of using bionics method include one or two kinds of field. More and more research have presented that a private function of one animal was achieved by the cooperation of surface morphology, tissue structure and component material factors. We can also call this cooperation of factors which are advantage to the function’s achievement as“biological coupling”. Bionics based on the mechanisms and principles of biological coupling is“coupling bionics”.
Wear is the main failure form and the initial failure causes of the mechanical equipments. About 80% invalidation of components is caused by abrasion for materials. Abrasion not only consumes the energy and materials and decreases the equipment efficiency, but also accelerates the equipments discard and causes the parts replacement frequently.
The friction and wear appears together with living body origin, and will always exist in all life activities. The bionic research results show that some of living body surface has unique function to reduce friction. The function improves wear resistance of the body surface. This function is the product of evolution for millions of years. Wear resistance of body surface was the synergetic effect of morphology, structure and materials respectively, namely the results of biological coupling. Desert lizard living in desert, the lizard body rubs against the sad frequently. To study on desert lizard, especially research the biology coupling characteristics of typical friction parts of desert lizard could provide fundamental information on further study of coupling bionics which about the development of anti friction technology. In this paper, the key factor of the living body function was found by using the idea of bionics and biological coupling. the function about adapting themselves to the environment have been studied in both entomology and bionics. The functions of every factors and the cooperation of factors were also considered.
Taking the Laudakin stoliczkana and Phrynocephalus versicolor as the research objects, and the stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were chosen to observe and analyses the modality, structure and the HE staining sections of body surface. By comparing the two kinds of lizard which both living in desert, the coupling mode and coupling characteristics of the function of anti-friction were studied. The backside cuticle of Laudakin stoliczkana was studied by using the reverse engineering technology. The point cloud data of cuticle was obtained by 3D SCANNER laser scanner, and the data was processed with Imageware software. Finally, the 3D geometry entity model of part of backside cuticle was got. The 3D geometry entity model shown on which the modality backside cuticle of Laudakin stoliczkana is uudee. The undee modality is a system which combined with various squama.
In this paper, the head, back, abdomen, leg and tail of the two kinds of desert lizard were chosen as typical parts with anti-friction function. After analysis behaviour of the desert lizard, found that the backside is the primary part of enduring wear. The form of wear is erosion which is the result of gas-sand two-phase flow impacting the cuticle. Therefore, we choose the backside cuticle of lizard as the research object and emphatically analyzed the biological coupling characteristics. There is a similarity of biological coupling characteristics between Laudakin stoliczkana and Phrynocephalus versicolor that is the component of two kinds of lizard squama both are gradient materials. From surface to interior, tissue are oberhautchen,β-keratin, mesos layer,α-keratin, stratum intermedium and stratum basale repectively, the property are becoming increasingly flexible. This kind of gradient materials could absorb the impact effectively, thus preventing erosion. In addition, the coupling characteristics between two kinds of desert lizard have different respectively.
(1) The function of wear resistance of Laudakin stoliczkana’s backside was achieved by synergistic effects of morphology, squama structure and micron-size micro ornamentation.
The squamas on front backside of Laudakin stoliczkana arrange orderly with certain direction, thus forming some grooves with the direction of perpendicular to wind direction. These grooves could influence cuticle surface flow field, make airflow come into being overfall, thus alleviating the impact speed of sand. The middle backside of Laudakin stoliczkana covered with pentagonal or hexagonal squamas, and the squamas arrangement tight, are resulting in better mechanical conductivity. The system which composing of tight arranged squamas can transfer the impact force from one squama to another. As for the single squamas of backside, the surface layer is oberhautchen andβ-keratin which is more rigid then other layer. A crustiform composite structure was formed between surface layer and under layer. The surface layer mainly compose with oberhautchen andβ-keratin and the under layer which is flexibler then surface layer including mesos layer,α-keratina and stratum intermedium, et al. This kind of rustiform composite structure could enhance the impact resistance of single squama. From the microscopic level analysis, the surface of Laudakin stoliczkana’s backside squama lack of microornamentation, but the squama top surface exist a loose tissue layer with lots of crannies. When the sand impact the squama surface, this loose tissue could absorb energy producing by impact, and the crannies could guide the crack which produces by impact to landscape orientation.
(2) The scalelike morphology on surface in macro, microornamentation on squama and crustiform structure of squama cooperates to achieve the erosion wear function of the dorsum of Phrynocephalus versicolor.
The arrange manner of squama on the dorsum of Phrynocephalus versicolor is tile piling. The tip of squama is upwarping, with 15 degree to horizontal surface. This kind of morphology can increase angle of attack, when the sand blowing. As attack angle increase, tangential impact and the damage of horny layer decrease. Micro ornamentation exists on squama. Many pits with edge processes connect at the edge to form microornamentation morphology. In pit, there are corneous cell granules in submicron, which can lubricate the surface in the situation of friction. The Phrynocephalus versicolor connect tightly with surface without any gap. Two squamas connect at the bottom. This structure not only can protect water of skin from vaporizing, but also separate attack from one squama to others around it. The observing of squama section indicates that the squama also has crustiform structure.
The research found that the desert lizard’s function of anti-friction is the results of multi-factor coupling. The results of this paper provide fundamental information on further study of coupling bionics which about the development of anti friction technology.
经过研究分析,发现沙漠蜥蜴的耐磨功能是多因素耦合作用的结果,对沙漠蜥蜴的生活习性分析表明,其背部是主要耐受磨损的部位。新疆岩蜥背部的耐冲蚀功能是由背部的表面形态,鳞片的结构与鳞片表面微米级的微饰结构相耦合实现的。变色沙蜥背部的耐冲蚀功能是由表面覆瓦状鳞片形态,鳞片表面微米级的微饰与鳞片的壳状复合结构相耦合实现的。
上述对沙漠蜥蜴的生物耦合研究,为减小冲蚀磨损的耦合仿生研究提供生物学基础。
The bionics is technological science to study the structures, characters, elements, behavior, and interaction of the biologic system, in order to provide the new design idea, working principle, and system structure for the engineering. Nowadays, the bionics research mainly classified as five aspects including configuration bionics, morphology bionics, structure bionics, biomaterials and functional bionics, respectively. As the development of bionic research, complex problems have been found difficult to solve under the condition of using bionics method include one or two kinds of field. More and more research have presented that a private function of one animal was achieved by the cooperation of surface morphology, tissue structure and component material factors. We can also call this cooperation of factors which are advantage to the function’s achievement as“biological coupling”. Bionics based on the mechanisms and principles of biological coupling is“coupling bionics”.
Wear is the main failure form and the initial failure causes of the mechanical equipments. About 80% invalidation of components is caused by abrasion for materials. Abrasion not only consumes the energy and materials and decreases the equipment efficiency, but also accelerates the equipments discard and causes the parts replacement frequently.
The friction and wear appears together with living body origin, and will always exist in all life activities. The bionic research results show that some of living body surface has unique function to reduce friction. The function improves wear resistance of the body surface. This function is the product of evolution for millions of years. Wear resistance of body surface was the synergetic effect of morphology, structure and materials respectively, namely the results of biological coupling. Desert lizard living in desert, the lizard body rubs against the sad frequently. To study on desert lizard, especially research the biology coupling characteristics of typical friction parts of desert lizard could provide fundamental information on further study of coupling bionics which about the development of anti friction technology. In this paper, the key factor of the living body function was found by using the idea of bionics and biological coupling. the function about adapting themselves to the environment have been studied in both entomology and bionics. The functions of every factors and the cooperation of factors were also considered.
Taking the Laudakin stoliczkana and Phrynocephalus versicolor as the research objects, and the stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were chosen to observe and analyses the modality, structure and the HE staining sections of body surface. By comparing the two kinds of lizard which both living in desert, the coupling mode and coupling characteristics of the function of anti-friction were studied. The backside cuticle of Laudakin stoliczkana was studied by using the reverse engineering technology. The point cloud data of cuticle was obtained by 3D SCANNER laser scanner, and the data was processed with Imageware software. Finally, the 3D geometry entity model of part of backside cuticle was got. The 3D geometry entity model shown on which the modality backside cuticle of Laudakin stoliczkana is uudee. The undee modality is a system which combined with various squama.
In this paper, the head, back, abdomen, leg and tail of the two kinds of desert lizard were chosen as typical parts with anti-friction function. After analysis behaviour of the desert lizard, found that the backside is the primary part of enduring wear. The form of wear is erosion which is the result of gas-sand two-phase flow impacting the cuticle. Therefore, we choose the backside cuticle of lizard as the research object and emphatically analyzed the biological coupling characteristics. There is a similarity of biological coupling characteristics between Laudakin stoliczkana and Phrynocephalus versicolor that is the component of two kinds of lizard squama both are gradient materials. From surface to interior, tissue are oberhautchen,β-keratin, mesos layer,α-keratin, stratum intermedium and stratum basale repectively, the property are becoming increasingly flexible. This kind of gradient materials could absorb the impact effectively, thus preventing erosion. In addition, the coupling characteristics between two kinds of desert lizard have different respectively.
(1) The function of wear resistance of Laudakin stoliczkana’s backside was achieved by synergistic effects of morphology, squama structure and micron-size micro ornamentation.
The squamas on front backside of Laudakin stoliczkana arrange orderly with certain direction, thus forming some grooves with the direction of perpendicular to wind direction. These grooves could influence cuticle surface flow field, make airflow come into being overfall, thus alleviating the impact speed of sand. The middle backside of Laudakin stoliczkana covered with pentagonal or hexagonal squamas, and the squamas arrangement tight, are resulting in better mechanical conductivity. The system which composing of tight arranged squamas can transfer the impact force from one squama to another. As for the single squamas of backside, the surface layer is oberhautchen andβ-keratin which is more rigid then other layer. A crustiform composite structure was formed between surface layer and under layer. The surface layer mainly compose with oberhautchen andβ-keratin and the under layer which is flexibler then surface layer including mesos layer,α-keratina and stratum intermedium, et al. This kind of rustiform composite structure could enhance the impact resistance of single squama. From the microscopic level analysis, the surface of Laudakin stoliczkana’s backside squama lack of microornamentation, but the squama top surface exist a loose tissue layer with lots of crannies. When the sand impact the squama surface, this loose tissue could absorb energy producing by impact, and the crannies could guide the crack which produces by impact to landscape orientation.
(2) The scalelike morphology on surface in macro, microornamentation on squama and crustiform structure of squama cooperates to achieve the erosion wear function of the dorsum of Phrynocephalus versicolor.
The arrange manner of squama on the dorsum of Phrynocephalus versicolor is tile piling. The tip of squama is upwarping, with 15 degree to horizontal surface. This kind of morphology can increase angle of attack, when the sand blowing. As attack angle increase, tangential impact and the damage of horny layer decrease. Micro ornamentation exists on squama. Many pits with edge processes connect at the edge to form microornamentation morphology. In pit, there are corneous cell granules in submicron, which can lubricate the surface in the situation of friction. The Phrynocephalus versicolor connect tightly with surface without any gap. Two squamas connect at the bottom. This structure not only can protect water of skin from vaporizing, but also separate attack from one squama to others around it. The observing of squama section indicates that the squama also has crustiform structure.
The research found that the desert lizard’s function of anti-friction is the results of multi-factor coupling. The results of this paper provide fundamental information on further study of coupling bionics which about the development of anti friction technology.
引文
[1] Lu Y X. Significance and progress of bionics[J]. Journal of Bionics Engineering, 2004, 1(1): 1–3.
[2] 孙久荣,戴振东.仿生学的现状和未来[J]. 生物物理学报, 2007,23(3):110–115.
[3] 高科. 孕镶金刚石仿生钻头的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学建设工程学院, 2006, 15–18.
[4] 郭志军, 周志立, 任露泉. 达乌尔黄鼠爪趾几何特征分析. 河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J], 2003, 24(1):1–4.
[5] 郭志军, 周志立, 徐东, 等. 高效节能仿生深松部件的试验. 河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J], 2003, 24(3): 1–3.
[6] Ren L, Tong J, Cong Q. Unsmooth cuticles of soil animals and their characteristics of reducing adhesion and resistance[J]. Sciences Bulletin, 1998, 43:166–169.
[7] 陈秉聪, 任露泉, 徐晓波. 典型土壤动物体表形态减粘脱土的初步研究. 农业工程学报[J], 1990,6(2):1–6.
[8] 陈秉聪,任露泉,徐晓波等.典型土壤动物体表形态及减粘脱土初步研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,2: 1–6.
[9] 李建桥, 任露泉, 刘朝宗, 陈秉聪. 减粘降阻仿生犁壁的研究[J].农业机械学报. 1996, 27(2): 1–4.
[10] 丛茜, 王连成, 任露泉. 波纹非光滑仿生推土板减粘降阻的试验研究. 建筑机械. 1996(3): 28–30.
[11] Walsh M J. Drag reduction of V-groove and transverse curvature riblets. In: Hough G R(ed) Viscous Flow Drag Reduction[M]. Progress in astronautics and aeronautics, AIAA, New York, 1980, 72: 168–184.
[12] Reif W. E., Dinkelacher A. Hydrodynamics of the Squamation in Fast Swimming Sharks[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologieund Palaeontologie Abhandlungen, 1982,164: 184–187.
[13] Bechert D W, Bartenwerfer M, Hoppe G, Reif W-E. Drag Reduction Mechanisms Derived from Shark Skin[C]. Presented at the 15th ICAS Congress, 1986, 1044–1068.
[14] Berchert, D.W. Hoppe G, On the drags reduction of the shark skin[J]. AIAA paper 1985.
[15] Bechert D W, Bruse M, Hage W. Experiments with three-dimensional riblets as a idealized model of shark skin[J]. Experiments in fluids, 2000, 28: 403–412.
[16] 丛茜 李安珙. 几何非光滑生物体表形态的分类学研究 [J].农业工程学报,1992,8(2):7–12.
[17] Li H D, Feng Q L, Cui F Z, Ma C L, Li W Z, Mao C B. Biomimetic reasearch base on the study of the nature structure. Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci and Tech)[J], 2001, 41(4): 62–65.
[18] Curry Fatigue. Fracture of mother-of-peal and its significance for predatory techniques[K]. Nature, 2001, 204: 541.
[19] Wise S W. Microarchitecture and Deposition of Gastropod Nacre [J].Science.1970, 167(13): 1486–1487.
[20] Kev Judge. The definition of coupling. http://www.sharpy.dircon.co.uk/index_files/DefinitionOfCoupling.htm
[21] Zum Gahr K H, Blattner R R, Hwang D H,et al. Micro-and macro-tribological properties of SiC ceramics in sliding contact[J]. Wear, 2001, 250: 299–310.
[22] Stachowiak G W, Podsiadlo P. Surface characterization of wear particles[J]. Wear, 1999, 225–229: 1171–1185.
[23] Zhang X M, Man HC, Li HD. Wear and friction properties of laser surface hardened En31 steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 69: 162–166.
[24] 张绪寿,余来贵,陈建敏.表面工程摩擦学研究进展[J].摩擦学学报,2000,20(2): 156–160.
[25] 温诗铸. 我国摩擦学研究的现状与发展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2004, 40(11), 1–6.
[26] 屈晓斌,陈建敏,周惠娣.材料的磨损失效及其预防研究现状与发展趋势[J].摩擦学学报,1999,19(2):187–192.
[27] Antler M. Sliding wear and friction of electroplated and clad connector contact materials: effect of surface roughness[J].Wear, 1998, 214:1–9.
[28] Rechenberg I. Tribological characteristics of sandfish[C]. Nature as Engineer and Teacher: Learning for Technology from Biological Systems, Shanghai, 2003.
[29] Eyre T S. Treatise on Materials Science and Technology[J]. Wear, 1979, 13, 363–374.
[30] Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Boil D. The lotus-effect: Non-adhesive biological and biomimetic technical surfaces[C]. Bionik 2004, 2004: 211–214.
[31] 李安琪, 任露泉, 陈秉聪, 崔相旭. 蚯蚓体表液的组成及其减粘脱土机理分析[J]. 农业工程学报. 1990,6(3):8–14.
[32] Zua Y Q, Yan Y Y. Numerical Simulation of Electroosmotic Flow near Earthworm Surface[J]. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2006, 3(4):179–186.
[33] 程红,陈茂生,孙久荣.臭蜣螂体壁的组织结构[J].昆虫学报. 2003,46(4): 429–435.
[34] 时磊. 变色沙蜥鳞片显微皮纹结构和功能[J]. 新疆农业大学学报,2006,29(3): 10–12.
[35] 常城,王子仁.荒漠沙蜥皮肤感受器的形态学研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(1):92–97.
[36] Lorenzo Alibardi.Formation of the corneous layer in the epidermis of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus, Sphenodontida, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)[J]. Zoology, 2004, 107, 275–287.
[37] Walter Mosauer. Adaptive convergence in the sand reptiles of the sahara and of california: A study in structure and behavior[J]. Copeia, 1932, 1932, 72–78.
[38] Attum O, Eason P, Cobbs G. Morphology, niche segregation, and escape tactics ina sand dune lizard community[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, 68, 564–573.
[39] Pough F H. The burrowing ecology of the sand lizard, Uma notata[J]. Copeia, 1970, 1970, 145–157.
[40] Baumgartner W, Saxe F, Weth A, Hajas D, Sigumonrong D, Emmerlich J, Singheiser M, B?hme W, Schneider J M. The Sandfish’s Skin: Morphology, Chemistry and Reconstruction[J]. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2007, 4, 1–9.
[41] Ingo Rechenberg, Abdullah Regabi El Khyari. The Sandskink of the Sahara–A Model for Friction and Wear Reduction[C]. Proceedings of the International Conference of Bionic Engineering - ICBE’06, 2006, Changchun, China, 213–216.
[42] Rodolfo Ruibal. The Ultrastructure of the Surface of Lizard Scales[J]. Copeia, 1968, 4, 698–703.
[43] 张成春. 旋成体仿生非光滑表面流场控制减阻研究[D]. 吉林大学, 2007.
[44] 何济之.鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)皮肤的组织学和组织化学[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1984,3(1):9–13.
[45] Landman L. Keratin formation and battier mechanisms in the epidermis of Natrix natrix (reptilia: serpenctes): ultrastructural study[J]. J Morph, 1979, 162:93-126.
[46] Dhouailly D, Maderson P F A. Ultrastructural observations on the embeyonic development of the integument of Lacerta murals (Lacertilia, reptilia)[J]. J Morph, 1984,179:203–228.
[47] 戴振东,佟金,任露泉. 仿生摩擦学的研究进展及其发展[J]. 科学通报, 2006, 51(1): 2353–2359.
[48] Sherbrooke W C. Rain-Harvesting in the Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum: Behavior and Integumental Morphology[J]. Journal of Herpetology, 1990, 24(3): 302-308
[49] 李世武,佟 金,张书军,陈秉聪. 逆向工程技术与工程仿生[J]. 农业机械学报, 2004, 20(2): 156–160.
[50] Moring I, Heikknen T, Myllyla R. Acquisition of three-dimensional image data by a scanning laser range finder[J]. Journal of Optical Engineering, 1989, 28 (8) :897–902.
[51] Wang Y F, Aggrwal J K. 3D object description from stripe coding and multiple views[C]. Proceeding of the 5th Scandinavian Conference on Image analysis, 1987, 60(6): 669–680.
[52] 金涛,童水光. 逆向工程技术[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[53] Motavalli S, Bidanda B. A apart image reconstruction system for reverse engineering of design modification[J]. Journal of Manufacturing System, 1999, 10(5): 383–395.
[54] Modjarrad. A non-contact measurement using a laser scanning probe, SPIE[J]. Process Optical Measurements, 1998, 10 (12) : 229–239.
[55] 季劲松.逆向工程中三坐标测量数据处理的研究及系统开发[M].杭州:浙江大学,2002.
[56] Karimi A, Schmid R K. Ripple formation in solid-liquid erosion[J].Wear, 1992,156: 33–47.
[57] Talia J E, Ballout Y A, Scattergood R O. Erosion ripple formation mechanism in aluminum and aluminum alloys[J].Wear, 1996,196: 285–294.
[58] Ballout Y A, Mathis J A, Talia J E. Effect of particle tangential velocity on erosion ripple formation[J].Wear,1995,184: 17–21.
[59] Griffin M J, Macmillan N H. Longitudinal and transverse ripple formation during the solid particle erosion of lead [J].Mater Sci Engng, 1986,80: L1–L4
[60] 王琳.丽纹龙蜥皮肤与皮肤感受器的形态学研究[D].甘肃:兰州大学, 2007.
[61] 石少卿,黄翔宇,刘颖芳,康建功.多边形钢管混凝土短构件在防护工程中的应用[J].混凝土,2005, 184(2):95–98.
[62] 刘培生. 多孔固体结构与性能[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[63] 沈天耀,赵建福,李银平.湍流边界层内穿越固体粒运动性态的研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,1993,8(2):184–189
[64] 林建忠,林江,李玉麟,等.耐磨气固两相流离心风机的理论研究与开发.中国机械工程,2003,14(1): 12–15.
[65] Lin Jian-zhong, ShenTian-yao. Discussion on relation between boundary layer and wall erosion by striking of particles. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 1991, 3(1):72–76.
[66] 石磊.有鳞目动物显微皮纹学研究进展[J].两栖爬行动物研究,2005,10:369–374.
[67] 石磊.东方沙蟒显微皮纹结构与功能[J].四川动物,2007, 26(2):258–262.
[68] 石磊.有鳞目动物显微皮纹学[J].生物学通报,2005,40(3):15–16.
[69] 王 义 权 , 周 开 亚 .16 种 蛇 鳞 的 微 皮 纹 分 析 [J]. 应 用 与 环 境 生 物 学报,1998,4(2):152–158.
[70] 韩志武,许小侠,任露泉. 凹坑形非光滑表面微观摩擦磨损试验回归分析[J]. 摩擦学学报,2005,25(6):578–582.
[2] 孙久荣,戴振东.仿生学的现状和未来[J]. 生物物理学报, 2007,23(3):110–115.
[3] 高科. 孕镶金刚石仿生钻头的研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学建设工程学院, 2006, 15–18.
[4] 郭志军, 周志立, 任露泉. 达乌尔黄鼠爪趾几何特征分析. 河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J], 2003, 24(1):1–4.
[5] 郭志军, 周志立, 徐东, 等. 高效节能仿生深松部件的试验. 河南科技大学学报(自然科学版)[J], 2003, 24(3): 1–3.
[6] Ren L, Tong J, Cong Q. Unsmooth cuticles of soil animals and their characteristics of reducing adhesion and resistance[J]. Sciences Bulletin, 1998, 43:166–169.
[7] 陈秉聪, 任露泉, 徐晓波. 典型土壤动物体表形态减粘脱土的初步研究. 农业工程学报[J], 1990,6(2):1–6.
[8] 陈秉聪,任露泉,徐晓波等.典型土壤动物体表形态及减粘脱土初步研究[J].农业工程学报,1990,2: 1–6.
[9] 李建桥, 任露泉, 刘朝宗, 陈秉聪. 减粘降阻仿生犁壁的研究[J].农业机械学报. 1996, 27(2): 1–4.
[10] 丛茜, 王连成, 任露泉. 波纹非光滑仿生推土板减粘降阻的试验研究. 建筑机械. 1996(3): 28–30.
[11] Walsh M J. Drag reduction of V-groove and transverse curvature riblets. In: Hough G R(ed) Viscous Flow Drag Reduction[M]. Progress in astronautics and aeronautics, AIAA, New York, 1980, 72: 168–184.
[12] Reif W. E., Dinkelacher A. Hydrodynamics of the Squamation in Fast Swimming Sharks[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologieund Palaeontologie Abhandlungen, 1982,164: 184–187.
[13] Bechert D W, Bartenwerfer M, Hoppe G, Reif W-E. Drag Reduction Mechanisms Derived from Shark Skin[C]. Presented at the 15th ICAS Congress, 1986, 1044–1068.
[14] Berchert, D.W. Hoppe G, On the drags reduction of the shark skin[J]. AIAA paper 1985.
[15] Bechert D W, Bruse M, Hage W. Experiments with three-dimensional riblets as a idealized model of shark skin[J]. Experiments in fluids, 2000, 28: 403–412.
[16] 丛茜 李安珙. 几何非光滑生物体表形态的分类学研究 [J].农业工程学报,1992,8(2):7–12.
[17] Li H D, Feng Q L, Cui F Z, Ma C L, Li W Z, Mao C B. Biomimetic reasearch base on the study of the nature structure. Journal of Tsinghua University (Sci and Tech)[J], 2001, 41(4): 62–65.
[18] Curry Fatigue. Fracture of mother-of-peal and its significance for predatory techniques[K]. Nature, 2001, 204: 541.
[19] Wise S W. Microarchitecture and Deposition of Gastropod Nacre [J].Science.1970, 167(13): 1486–1487.
[20] Kev Judge. The definition of coupling. http://www.sharpy.dircon.co.uk/index_files/DefinitionOfCoupling.htm
[21] Zum Gahr K H, Blattner R R, Hwang D H,et al. Micro-and macro-tribological properties of SiC ceramics in sliding contact[J]. Wear, 2001, 250: 299–310.
[22] Stachowiak G W, Podsiadlo P. Surface characterization of wear particles[J]. Wear, 1999, 225–229: 1171–1185.
[23] Zhang X M, Man HC, Li HD. Wear and friction properties of laser surface hardened En31 steel[J]. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1997, 69: 162–166.
[24] 张绪寿,余来贵,陈建敏.表面工程摩擦学研究进展[J].摩擦学学报,2000,20(2): 156–160.
[25] 温诗铸. 我国摩擦学研究的现状与发展[J]. 机械工程学报, 2004, 40(11), 1–6.
[26] 屈晓斌,陈建敏,周惠娣.材料的磨损失效及其预防研究现状与发展趋势[J].摩擦学学报,1999,19(2):187–192.
[27] Antler M. Sliding wear and friction of electroplated and clad connector contact materials: effect of surface roughness[J].Wear, 1998, 214:1–9.
[28] Rechenberg I. Tribological characteristics of sandfish[C]. Nature as Engineer and Teacher: Learning for Technology from Biological Systems, Shanghai, 2003.
[29] Eyre T S. Treatise on Materials Science and Technology[J]. Wear, 1979, 13, 363–374.
[30] Barthlott W, Neinhuis C, Boil D. The lotus-effect: Non-adhesive biological and biomimetic technical surfaces[C]. Bionik 2004, 2004: 211–214.
[31] 李安琪, 任露泉, 陈秉聪, 崔相旭. 蚯蚓体表液的组成及其减粘脱土机理分析[J]. 农业工程学报. 1990,6(3):8–14.
[32] Zua Y Q, Yan Y Y. Numerical Simulation of Electroosmotic Flow near Earthworm Surface[J]. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2006, 3(4):179–186.
[33] 程红,陈茂生,孙久荣.臭蜣螂体壁的组织结构[J].昆虫学报. 2003,46(4): 429–435.
[34] 时磊. 变色沙蜥鳞片显微皮纹结构和功能[J]. 新疆农业大学学报,2006,29(3): 10–12.
[35] 常城,王子仁.荒漠沙蜥皮肤感受器的形态学研究[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),1996,32(1):92–97.
[36] Lorenzo Alibardi.Formation of the corneous layer in the epidermis of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus, Sphenodontida, Lepidosauria, Reptilia)[J]. Zoology, 2004, 107, 275–287.
[37] Walter Mosauer. Adaptive convergence in the sand reptiles of the sahara and of california: A study in structure and behavior[J]. Copeia, 1932, 1932, 72–78.
[38] Attum O, Eason P, Cobbs G. Morphology, niche segregation, and escape tactics ina sand dune lizard community[J]. Journal of Arid Environments, 2007, 68, 564–573.
[39] Pough F H. The burrowing ecology of the sand lizard, Uma notata[J]. Copeia, 1970, 1970, 145–157.
[40] Baumgartner W, Saxe F, Weth A, Hajas D, Sigumonrong D, Emmerlich J, Singheiser M, B?hme W, Schneider J M. The Sandfish’s Skin: Morphology, Chemistry and Reconstruction[J]. Journal of Bionic Engineering, 2007, 4, 1–9.
[41] Ingo Rechenberg, Abdullah Regabi El Khyari. The Sandskink of the Sahara–A Model for Friction and Wear Reduction[C]. Proceedings of the International Conference of Bionic Engineering - ICBE’06, 2006, Changchun, China, 213–216.
[42] Rodolfo Ruibal. The Ultrastructure of the Surface of Lizard Scales[J]. Copeia, 1968, 4, 698–703.
[43] 张成春. 旋成体仿生非光滑表面流场控制减阻研究[D]. 吉林大学, 2007.
[44] 何济之.鳄蜥(Shinisaurus crocodilurus)皮肤的组织学和组织化学[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1984,3(1):9–13.
[45] Landman L. Keratin formation and battier mechanisms in the epidermis of Natrix natrix (reptilia: serpenctes): ultrastructural study[J]. J Morph, 1979, 162:93-126.
[46] Dhouailly D, Maderson P F A. Ultrastructural observations on the embeyonic development of the integument of Lacerta murals (Lacertilia, reptilia)[J]. J Morph, 1984,179:203–228.
[47] 戴振东,佟金,任露泉. 仿生摩擦学的研究进展及其发展[J]. 科学通报, 2006, 51(1): 2353–2359.
[48] Sherbrooke W C. Rain-Harvesting in the Lizard, Phrynosoma cornutum: Behavior and Integumental Morphology[J]. Journal of Herpetology, 1990, 24(3): 302-308
[49] 李世武,佟 金,张书军,陈秉聪. 逆向工程技术与工程仿生[J]. 农业机械学报, 2004, 20(2): 156–160.
[50] Moring I, Heikknen T, Myllyla R. Acquisition of three-dimensional image data by a scanning laser range finder[J]. Journal of Optical Engineering, 1989, 28 (8) :897–902.
[51] Wang Y F, Aggrwal J K. 3D object description from stripe coding and multiple views[C]. Proceeding of the 5th Scandinavian Conference on Image analysis, 1987, 60(6): 669–680.
[52] 金涛,童水光. 逆向工程技术[M]. 北京:机械工业出版社,2003.
[53] Motavalli S, Bidanda B. A apart image reconstruction system for reverse engineering of design modification[J]. Journal of Manufacturing System, 1999, 10(5): 383–395.
[54] Modjarrad. A non-contact measurement using a laser scanning probe, SPIE[J]. Process Optical Measurements, 1998, 10 (12) : 229–239.
[55] 季劲松.逆向工程中三坐标测量数据处理的研究及系统开发[M].杭州:浙江大学,2002.
[56] Karimi A, Schmid R K. Ripple formation in solid-liquid erosion[J].Wear, 1992,156: 33–47.
[57] Talia J E, Ballout Y A, Scattergood R O. Erosion ripple formation mechanism in aluminum and aluminum alloys[J].Wear, 1996,196: 285–294.
[58] Ballout Y A, Mathis J A, Talia J E. Effect of particle tangential velocity on erosion ripple formation[J].Wear,1995,184: 17–21.
[59] Griffin M J, Macmillan N H. Longitudinal and transverse ripple formation during the solid particle erosion of lead [J].Mater Sci Engng, 1986,80: L1–L4
[60] 王琳.丽纹龙蜥皮肤与皮肤感受器的形态学研究[D].甘肃:兰州大学, 2007.
[61] 石少卿,黄翔宇,刘颖芳,康建功.多边形钢管混凝土短构件在防护工程中的应用[J].混凝土,2005, 184(2):95–98.
[62] 刘培生. 多孔固体结构与性能[M]. 北京:清华大学出版社, 2003.
[63] 沈天耀,赵建福,李银平.湍流边界层内穿越固体粒运动性态的研究[J].水动力学研究与进展,1993,8(2):184–189
[64] 林建忠,林江,李玉麟,等.耐磨气固两相流离心风机的理论研究与开发.中国机械工程,2003,14(1): 12–15.
[65] Lin Jian-zhong, ShenTian-yao. Discussion on relation between boundary layer and wall erosion by striking of particles. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 1991, 3(1):72–76.
[66] 石磊.有鳞目动物显微皮纹学研究进展[J].两栖爬行动物研究,2005,10:369–374.
[67] 石磊.东方沙蟒显微皮纹结构与功能[J].四川动物,2007, 26(2):258–262.
[68] 石磊.有鳞目动物显微皮纹学[J].生物学通报,2005,40(3):15–16.
[69] 王 义 权 , 周 开 亚 .16 种 蛇 鳞 的 微 皮 纹 分 析 [J]. 应 用 与 环 境 生 物 学报,1998,4(2):152–158.
[70] 韩志武,许小侠,任露泉. 凹坑形非光滑表面微观摩擦磨损试验回归分析[J]. 摩擦学学报,2005,25(6):578–582.