2.4GHz接收机射频前端设计
摘要
频率资源日趋紧缺，2.4GHz ISM频段的接收机的设计和研究在无线通信领域具有十分重要的意义。本文详细深入的讨论了无线接收机的结构体系和射频接收前端中关键模块的原理、设计、测试工作。本文共分七章：
第一章说明了课题背景，指出了2.4GHz接收机设计的重要意义，表明了本课题的主要工作；第二章系统阐述了常见的射频接收机结构体系和基本知识，在此基础上提出了本设计中接收机的总体指标和各功能模块的具体指标，并对其增益、选择性和变频性能进行了系统级仿真；第三章讨论了低噪声放大器的工作机理和主要的性能指标，并用射频电路权威仿真软件ADS进行了设计仿真，并达到预期的设计指标。第四章首先介绍了混频器的基本知识，系统介绍了无源微带混频器的工作原理，并用ADS对电桥平衡混频器进行了设计仿真。此外还设计了带增益的有源混频器。第五章对2.4GHz圆极化微带天线进行了设计仿真，在设计好天线单元的基础上，对2×2的微带天线阵进行了仿真设计。第六章对设计仿真的低噪声放大器、混频器和微带天线进行了加工制作和测试。第七章对本文所做的工作进行了总结，并指出了需要继续完善的工作。
本文中的2.4GHz射频接收前端设计是基于教研室2.4GHz无线传输的预研项目，具有很好的应用前景。本文中的低噪声放大器由于采用了源极负反馈电路形式，所以在较宽的带宽内均有较好的噪声性能，本文中的圆极化微带天线采用按顺序旋转组阵技术来展宽带宽，采用侧馈的馈电形式，由于采用了阵列技术及宽频带技术使其在组阵后综合性能得到了极大的提升。
When the source of spectrum becoming more and more scarce, the design and research of the receiver working in 2. 4GHz ISM frequency range is very important in the field of wireless communication. This paper focuses on the the architecture of RF receiver and the key parts in the RF receive front-end, including the theory, design and test of this part, each all in details. There are seven chapters in this paper. In the first chapter, the author show the backgroud of this topic, point out the importance of the design of 2. 4GHz receiver, and say the main task of this paper; then the author systematacially elucidate the ABC of RF&common architectures of RF receiver in the second chapter, based this, the collectivity targets of the receiver and the performance features of every part are given, then the selectivity, gain and performance of the mixer of the receiver were all simulated;in the third chapter, the author discuss the working element and main performance features of the low noise amplifier(LNA),then design the LNA with the ADS—a authoritative electronic emulate software used in radio frequency, and make the LNA met all predesign features;in the fourth chapter, the commen sense of mixer first been introduce, then, the theory of how the mixer works was dissertated systemically, and then the hybird balance mixer was designed by using ADS;the design and simulation of the 2.4GHz circularly polarized microstrip antenna was done in the fifth chapter, after designing the unit microstrip antenna, the simulation of the 2X2 array was also done; in the sixth chapter the designed LNA, mixer and microstrip antenna were made and tested;in the last chapter, all work were concluded, and the follow task were brought forward.
The 2. 4GHz RF receive front-end in this paper is a part of the lab project of 2.4GHz wireless video transmission.it will have a very good application foreground. The LNA in this paper is designed in the way of source grouding, so it has a very good NF in a wideband;the CP microtrip antenna in the paper use the sequential rotated method to spread the band, its feed way is side feed, because array methods&broad bandwidth methods is used, it performaces well.
第一章说明了课题背景，指出了2.4GHz接收机设计的重要意义，表明了本课题的主要工作；第二章系统阐述了常见的射频接收机结构体系和基本知识，在此基础上提出了本设计中接收机的总体指标和各功能模块的具体指标，并对其增益、选择性和变频性能进行了系统级仿真；第三章讨论了低噪声放大器的工作机理和主要的性能指标，并用射频电路权威仿真软件ADS进行了设计仿真，并达到预期的设计指标。第四章首先介绍了混频器的基本知识，系统介绍了无源微带混频器的工作原理，并用ADS对电桥平衡混频器进行了设计仿真。此外还设计了带增益的有源混频器。第五章对2.4GHz圆极化微带天线进行了设计仿真，在设计好天线单元的基础上，对2×2的微带天线阵进行了仿真设计。第六章对设计仿真的低噪声放大器、混频器和微带天线进行了加工制作和测试。第七章对本文所做的工作进行了总结，并指出了需要继续完善的工作。
本文中的2.4GHz射频接收前端设计是基于教研室2.4GHz无线传输的预研项目，具有很好的应用前景。本文中的低噪声放大器由于采用了源极负反馈电路形式，所以在较宽的带宽内均有较好的噪声性能，本文中的圆极化微带天线采用按顺序旋转组阵技术来展宽带宽，采用侧馈的馈电形式，由于采用了阵列技术及宽频带技术使其在组阵后综合性能得到了极大的提升。
When the source of spectrum becoming more and more scarce, the design and research of the receiver working in 2. 4GHz ISM frequency range is very important in the field of wireless communication. This paper focuses on the the architecture of RF receiver and the key parts in the RF receive front-end, including the theory, design and test of this part, each all in details. There are seven chapters in this paper. In the first chapter, the author show the backgroud of this topic, point out the importance of the design of 2. 4GHz receiver, and say the main task of this paper; then the author systematacially elucidate the ABC of RF&common architectures of RF receiver in the second chapter, based this, the collectivity targets of the receiver and the performance features of every part are given, then the selectivity, gain and performance of the mixer of the receiver were all simulated;in the third chapter, the author discuss the working element and main performance features of the low noise amplifier(LNA),then design the LNA with the ADS—a authoritative electronic emulate software used in radio frequency, and make the LNA met all predesign features;in the fourth chapter, the commen sense of mixer first been introduce, then, the theory of how the mixer works was dissertated systemically, and then the hybird balance mixer was designed by using ADS;the design and simulation of the 2.4GHz circularly polarized microstrip antenna was done in the fifth chapter, after designing the unit microstrip antenna, the simulation of the 2X2 array was also done; in the sixth chapter the designed LNA, mixer and microstrip antenna were made and tested;in the last chapter, all work were concluded, and the follow task were brought forward.
The 2. 4GHz RF receive front-end in this paper is a part of the lab project of 2.4GHz wireless video transmission.it will have a very good application foreground. The LNA in this paper is designed in the way of source grouding, so it has a very good NF in a wideband;the CP microtrip antenna in the paper use the sequential rotated method to spread the band, its feed way is side feed, because array methods&broad bandwidth methods is used, it performaces well.
引文
1 Stroet P M, Mohindra R,Hahn S,etc. A zero-IF single-chip transceiver for up to 22 Mb/s QPSK 802. 11b wireless LAN. IEEE Solid-State Circuit Conference. 2001:204-205
2 Kang-Yoon Lee, Seung-Wook Lee,Yido Koo,etc. Full-CMOS 2-GHz WCDMA direct conversion transmitter and receiver. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.2003,38(1):43-53
3 MacEachem L,Manku T. Novel indirect-conversion transceiver architectures using phantom oscillators. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2000:223-226
4 Nimmagadda K,Rebeiz G.M. A 1.9GHz double-balanced subharmonic mixer for direct conversion receivers. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium. 2001:253-253
5 Razavi B. A 5.2GHz CMOS receiver with 62-dB image rejection. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.2001,36(5):810-815
6 Eunseok Song, Soo-lk Chae, Wonchan Kim. A 2 GHz CMOS double conversion downcenverter with robust image rejection performance against the process and temperature variations. Symposium on VLSI Circuits.Digest of Technical Paper. 2000:38-41
7 Jian Xu,Jin Chen,Jiang Zheng. Design of Weaver topology.Electronics Letters.2001,37(18): 1133-1135
8 Der L, Razavi B. A 2-GHz CMOS image-reject receiver with LMS calibration. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2003,38(2):167-175
9 Abidi A A. Direct-conversion radio transceivers for digital communications. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 1995,30(12): 1399-1410
10 Won Namgoong,Meng T H. Direct-conversion RF receiver design. IEEE Transactions on Communications.2001,49(3):518-529
11 Held I,Klein O,Chen A. Receiver architecture and performance of WLAN/cellular multi-mode and multistandard mobile terminals. IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference.2004(3):2248-2253
12 Olssib J. WLAN-WCDMA dual-mode receiver architecture design trade-offs, Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Circuits and Systems Symposium on Emerging Technologies. 2004:725-728
13 Aiello G R. Challenges for ultra-wideband(UWB) CMOS integration. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 2003:497-500
14 Mukherjee D, Bhattacharjee J, Chakraborty S. A 5-6GHz fully-integrated CMOS LNA for a dual-band WLAN receiver. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2002:213-215
15 Kuo-Hua Cheng,Jou C F. A novel 2.4GHz LNA with digital gain control using 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS. Microwave Conference Proceedings. Asia-Pacific Conference Proceedings. 2005(2):4-7
16 Roa E, Soares J N,Van Noije W. A methodology for CMOS low noise amplifier design. SBCCI. 16th Symposium on Intergrated Circuits and Systems Design. 2003:14-19
17 Point R,Mendes M,Foley W. A differential 2.4GHz switched-gain CMOS LNA for 802.11b and Bluetooth. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2002:221-224
18 Feng H,Jelodin G, Gong K. Super compact RFIC inductors in 0.18 um CMOS with copper interconnects. IEEE Radio Frequency integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 2002:443-446
19 Yao-Huang Kao,Chao-His Chuang,Tser-YU Lin. The effects of gate resistance on the performances of CMOS RF circuits. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference. 2000:169-172
20 Chert T H,Chang K W, Bui S B T, etc. Broadband single and double-balanced resistive HEMT monolithic mixers. IEEE Transctions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1995,43(3):477-484
21 Kobayashi K W, Gutierrez-Aitken A,Cowles J,etc. 15dB gain,DC-20GHz lnP HBT balanced analog mixer and variable gain amplifier with 27dB of dynamic range. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 1999:105-108
22 Kin-Lu Wong, Fu-Ren Hsiao,China-Lun Tang. A low-profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna for WLAN access point. IEEE Antennas and Propaqation Society International Symposium. 2004(3):2580-2583
23 Strassner B,Kai Chang. Highly efficient C-band circularly polarized rectifying antenna array for wireless microwave power transmission. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaqation. 2003,51(6):1347-1356
24 David M Pozar. Microwave Engineering. University of Masshchusetts at Amherst,2005
25 Joy Laskar, Babak Matinpour, Sudipto Chakraborty. Modern receiver front-ends, published by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2004
26 Leno W Couch．数字与模拟通信系统．第6版．电子工业出版社，2002
27 Bernard Sklar．数字通信——基本与应用．第2版．电了工业出版社，2002
28 Ulrich L Rohde,David P Newkick．无线应用射频微波电路设计．电子工业出版社，2004
29 Matthew M Radmanesh．射频与微波电子学．电子工业出版社，2002
30 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安电子科技大学出版社，1991
31 黄智伟．无线发射与接收电路设计．北京航空航天大学出版社，2004
32 Maria Gabriella．超宽带无线电基础．电子工业出版社，2005
33 王志强．无线接收机结构设计．微电子学．2004，34(4)：455-459
34 唐学锋．CMOS蓝牙接收机前端的设计．微电子学．2006，36(2)：237-240
35 Reinhold Ludwig, Pavel Bretchko．射频电路设计——理论与应用．电子工业出版社，2002
36 Mihai Albulet. RF Power Amplifiers. Noble Publishing Corporation,2001
37 I J 鲍尔，P 布哈蒂亚．微带天线．电子工业出版社，1984
38 张伟，吴红杰，徐海鹰．Protel DXP高级应用．人民邮电出版社，2004
39 吴建辉，茅洁．射频电路PCB设计．电子工艺技术．2003，24(1)：19-21转26
40 蓝庆华，姜福广，陈曦等．5.8GHz微波接收机电路设计．电子技术应用．2004(5)：53-55
41 《中国集成电路大全》编委会．微波集成电路．国防工业出版社，2004
2 Kang-Yoon Lee, Seung-Wook Lee,Yido Koo,etc. Full-CMOS 2-GHz WCDMA direct conversion transmitter and receiver. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.2003,38(1):43-53
3 MacEachem L,Manku T. Novel indirect-conversion transceiver architectures using phantom oscillators. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2000:223-226
4 Nimmagadda K,Rebeiz G.M. A 1.9GHz double-balanced subharmonic mixer for direct conversion receivers. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RFIC) Symposium. 2001:253-253
5 Razavi B. A 5.2GHz CMOS receiver with 62-dB image rejection. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.2001,36(5):810-815
6 Eunseok Song, Soo-lk Chae, Wonchan Kim. A 2 GHz CMOS double conversion downcenverter with robust image rejection performance against the process and temperature variations. Symposium on VLSI Circuits.Digest of Technical Paper. 2000:38-41
7 Jian Xu,Jin Chen,Jiang Zheng. Design of Weaver topology.Electronics Letters.2001,37(18): 1133-1135
8 Der L, Razavi B. A 2-GHz CMOS image-reject receiver with LMS calibration. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 2003,38(2):167-175
9 Abidi A A. Direct-conversion radio transceivers for digital communications. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits. 1995,30(12): 1399-1410
10 Won Namgoong,Meng T H. Direct-conversion RF receiver design. IEEE Transactions on Communications.2001,49(3):518-529
11 Held I,Klein O,Chen A. Receiver architecture and performance of WLAN/cellular multi-mode and multistandard mobile terminals. IEEE 60th Vehicular Technology Conference.2004(3):2248-2253
12 Olssib J. WLAN-WCDMA dual-mode receiver architecture design trade-offs, Proceedings of the IEEE 6th Circuits and Systems Symposium on Emerging Technologies. 2004:725-728
13 Aiello G R. Challenges for ultra-wideband(UWB) CMOS integration. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 2003:497-500
14 Mukherjee D, Bhattacharjee J, Chakraborty S. A 5-6GHz fully-integrated CMOS LNA for a dual-band WLAN receiver. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2002:213-215
15 Kuo-Hua Cheng,Jou C F. A novel 2.4GHz LNA with digital gain control using 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS. Microwave Conference Proceedings. Asia-Pacific Conference Proceedings. 2005(2):4-7
16 Roa E, Soares J N,Van Noije W. A methodology for CMOS low noise amplifier design. SBCCI. 16th Symposium on Intergrated Circuits and Systems Design. 2003:14-19
17 Point R,Mendes M,Foley W. A differential 2.4GHz switched-gain CMOS LNA for 802.11b and Bluetooth. IEEE Radio and Wireless Conference. 2002:221-224
18 Feng H,Jelodin G, Gong K. Super compact RFIC inductors in 0.18 um CMOS with copper interconnects. IEEE Radio Frequency integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 2002:443-446
19 Yao-Huang Kao,Chao-His Chuang,Tser-YU Lin. The effects of gate resistance on the performances of CMOS RF circuits. Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference. 2000:169-172
20 Chert T H,Chang K W, Bui S B T, etc. Broadband single and double-balanced resistive HEMT monolithic mixers. IEEE Transctions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1995,43(3):477-484
21 Kobayashi K W, Gutierrez-Aitken A,Cowles J,etc. 15dB gain,DC-20GHz lnP HBT balanced analog mixer and variable gain amplifier with 27dB of dynamic range. IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits(RFIC) Symposium. 1999:105-108
22 Kin-Lu Wong, Fu-Ren Hsiao,China-Lun Tang. A low-profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna for WLAN access point. IEEE Antennas and Propaqation Society International Symposium. 2004(3):2580-2583
23 Strassner B,Kai Chang. Highly efficient C-band circularly polarized rectifying antenna array for wireless microwave power transmission. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propaqation. 2003,51(6):1347-1356
24 David M Pozar. Microwave Engineering. University of Masshchusetts at Amherst,2005
25 Joy Laskar, Babak Matinpour, Sudipto Chakraborty. Modern receiver front-ends, published by John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2004
26 Leno W Couch．数字与模拟通信系统．第6版．电子工业出版社，2002
27 Bernard Sklar．数字通信——基本与应用．第2版．电了工业出版社，2002
28 Ulrich L Rohde,David P Newkick．无线应用射频微波电路设计．电子工业出版社，2004
29 Matthew M Radmanesh．射频与微波电子学．电子工业出版社，2002
30 钟顺时．微带天线理论与应用．西安电子科技大学出版社，1991
31 黄智伟．无线发射与接收电路设计．北京航空航天大学出版社，2004
32 Maria Gabriella．超宽带无线电基础．电子工业出版社，2005
33 王志强．无线接收机结构设计．微电子学．2004，34(4)：455-459
34 唐学锋．CMOS蓝牙接收机前端的设计．微电子学．2006，36(2)：237-240
35 Reinhold Ludwig, Pavel Bretchko．射频电路设计——理论与应用．电子工业出版社，2002
36 Mihai Albulet. RF Power Amplifiers. Noble Publishing Corporation,2001
37 I J 鲍尔，P 布哈蒂亚．微带天线．电子工业出版社，1984
38 张伟，吴红杰，徐海鹰．Protel DXP高级应用．人民邮电出版社，2004
39 吴建辉，茅洁．射频电路PCB设计．电子工艺技术．2003，24(1)：19-21转26
40 蓝庆华，姜福广，陈曦等．5.8GHz微波接收机电路设计．电子技术应用．2004(5)：53-55
41 《中国集成电路大全》编委会．微波集成电路．国防工业出版社，2004