聚酰亚胺/氧化铝纳米复合薄膜制备与性能研究
摘要
聚酰亚胺(polyimide, PI)由于具有优异的热稳定性,机械性能和电气绝缘性能,广泛应用于航空航天及电气电子等领域。近年来,随着交流变频调速电机得到广泛应用,对绝缘材料的耐电晕性能的要求进一步提高。PI/Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜把纳米氧化物添加到传统的绝缘材料中,可以使材料性能明显提高,因而引起了人们广泛关注。Al_2O_3具有耐高温,绝缘性能好,化学稳定性好,导热系数高等优点,将其掺杂到PI薄膜中,可以明显提高材料的耐电晕性能。目前,已报道制备PI/Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜的方法主要是通过溶胶凝胶法将异丙醇铝水解,或者将Al_2O_3纳米粉体与偶联剂在溶剂中超声分散,采用共混法或原位生成法将异丙醇铝的水解产物或Al_2O_3纳米粉体与聚酰胺酸复合。然而,当掺杂量较高时,Al_2O_3纳米粒子易发生团聚而影响复合薄膜耐电晕性能进一步提高。
本论文采用水热工艺,以异丙醇铝为前驱体,分别制备了γ-Al_2O_3溶胶和AlOOH溶胶;并以均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚为原料,采用原位生成法制备了PI/γ-Al_2O_3和PI/AlOOH纳米复合薄膜,以提高聚酰亚胺的耐电晕性能。考察了两种体系中复合薄膜的形貌、耐电晕性能与氧化铝溶胶形貌结构之间的关系。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜具有新颖的网状结构及良好的分散性。γ-Al_2O_3掺杂量高达25wt%时,纳米粒子无团聚现象;掺杂量高于9wt%时,无机相在复合薄膜中形成网状结构。结合制备方法及表征结果,阐述了本文制备的PI/γ-Al_2O_3复合薄膜的结构模型及形成机理。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜的介电系数随着频率的增加而减小,随γ-Al_2O_3含量的增加而增加。在10~2Hz-10~4Hz频率范围,复合薄膜的介电损耗随频率的增加而降低,随掺杂量的增加而增加;在10~4Hz-10~5Hz频率范围,复合薄膜的介电损耗随频率的增加而增加,随着掺杂量的增加而降低。
采用不同的方法对PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜的表面性能进行了表征。静电力显微镜对复合薄膜表面电位测试结果表明,电晕前复合薄膜表面的无机相上具有更高的负电位。这有利于对电晕过程中到达材料表面的电子产生屏蔽及偏转作用。采用X射线光电子能谱对复合薄膜表征结果表明,γ-Al_2O_3在复合薄膜内部的含量高于在表面层的含量。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜具有优良的耐电晕性能,随着氧化铝含量的增加,复合薄膜的耐电晕性能增加。γ-Al_2O_3含量为25wt%时,耐电晕时间是纯PI薄膜的25.4倍,在绝缘领域可望具有广阔的应用前景。结合表征结果解释了复合薄膜耐电晕性能明显提高的原因。
聚酰亚胺/AlOOH纳米复合薄膜中,粒度为20-30nm的球形勃姆铝石粒子比较均匀地分布在聚酰亚胺基体中。在掺杂量不超过9wt%时,复合薄膜的热稳定和耐电晕性能性随着AlOOH掺杂量增加而增加,掺杂量为9wt%的复合薄膜的耐电晕时间是纯PI薄膜耐电晕时间的13倍。然而,在掺杂量较高时,复合薄膜中发生明显的团聚现象。
Polyimides (PIs) have been extensively applied in the aero-space, microelectronic and electrical industries for insulation owing to their outstanding combination of thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties over an extremely wide temperature range. In recent years, the trend in AC motors has been towards higher operating voltages, an unavoidable consequence of which is increased attack on the insulation system due to corona discharge. Therefore, it is necessary to develop high-voltage insulation materials that perform well in corona-discharge environments. PI composite materials have received considerable attention due to the significant improvements compared with the pristine PI that can be achieved by introducing inorganic additives. By virtue of its high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, higher thermal conductivity, and its wider application in electrical devices, Al_2O_3 is considered to be one of the most important inorganic components for enhancing the corona resistance of dielectric materials. PI/Al_2O_3 nanocomposite materials can generally be prepared by mixing the polyamic acid (PAA) with the hydrolysate of aluminum isopropoxide by sol–gel method or be prepared by dispersing nano Al_2O_3 powder and the coupling agent in the solvent by means of an ultrasonic device and then be mixed with PAA. However, higher doping content usually leads to aggregation which impedes the further improvement of corona resistance of the composite films.
In this dissertation, in order to improve the corona resistance of PI film, the sol ofγ-Al_2O_3 and AlOOH (boehmite) were synthesized from aluminum isopropoxide by hydrothermal process, and then PI/γ-Al_2O_3 and PI/AlOOH nanocomposite films were prepared using pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline(ODA) as monomers by in situ process. The relationships among morphology of the alumina gel, structure of the nanocomposite films and the corona resistance time in the two systems were investigated.
The results indicated thatγ-Al_2O_3 nanoparticles were well dispersed in the PI matrix even when the doping content was as high as 25wt%. A novel interpenetrated structure was clearly observed when the doping content exceeded 9wt%. Combing the preparation method and characterization results, we put forward the structure model and the formation mechanism of PI/γ-Al_2O_3nanocomposite films.
Study on dielectric property of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 films revealed that dielectric coefficient decreased with increasing frequency and increased with increasing 2doping content. New phenomena were observed in the dielectric spectra of the films: dielectric loss decreased in the frequency region 10~2-10~4Hz, but increased in the frequency region 10~4-10~5Hz. With increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content, the magnitude of dielectric loss increased in the frequency region 10~2-10~4Hz, but decreased in the frequency region 10~4-10~5Hz.
PI/γ-Al_2O_3 films were characterized by Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that the surface potential on the inorganic phase was higher than that on the PI matrix, and this was beneficial to shield and deflect the electrons arrived to the film surface in the corona process. Furthermore, theγ-Al_2O_3 content of the composite film in the inner part was higher than that on the surface.
The corona resistance time of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite films was increased with increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content. It was found to be 25.4 times longer than that of a pure PI film whenγ-Al_2O_3 content was 25wt%. The reasons of enhanced corona resistance property were proposed combined with characterization results.
The results revealed that 20–30nm sized spherical boehmite particles were homogenously dispersed in PI/AlOOH nanocomposite films without agglomeration. Thermal stabilities and corona resistance time of PI/AlOOH films were increased when the Al_2O_3 contents were less than 9wt%. The corona resistance time of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite films was increased with increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content, and it was found to be 13 times longer than that of the pure PI films when AlOOH content was 9wt%. However, obvious aggregation was observed in PI/AlOOH films containing higher content of AlOOH.
本论文采用水热工艺,以异丙醇铝为前驱体,分别制备了γ-Al_2O_3溶胶和AlOOH溶胶;并以均苯四甲酸二酐和4,4’-二氨基二苯醚为原料,采用原位生成法制备了PI/γ-Al_2O_3和PI/AlOOH纳米复合薄膜,以提高聚酰亚胺的耐电晕性能。考察了两种体系中复合薄膜的形貌、耐电晕性能与氧化铝溶胶形貌结构之间的关系。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜具有新颖的网状结构及良好的分散性。γ-Al_2O_3掺杂量高达25wt%时,纳米粒子无团聚现象;掺杂量高于9wt%时,无机相在复合薄膜中形成网状结构。结合制备方法及表征结果,阐述了本文制备的PI/γ-Al_2O_3复合薄膜的结构模型及形成机理。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜的介电系数随着频率的增加而减小,随γ-Al_2O_3含量的增加而增加。在10~2Hz-10~4Hz频率范围,复合薄膜的介电损耗随频率的增加而降低,随掺杂量的增加而增加;在10~4Hz-10~5Hz频率范围,复合薄膜的介电损耗随频率的增加而增加,随着掺杂量的增加而降低。
采用不同的方法对PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜的表面性能进行了表征。静电力显微镜对复合薄膜表面电位测试结果表明,电晕前复合薄膜表面的无机相上具有更高的负电位。这有利于对电晕过程中到达材料表面的电子产生屏蔽及偏转作用。采用X射线光电子能谱对复合薄膜表征结果表明,γ-Al_2O_3在复合薄膜内部的含量高于在表面层的含量。
PI/γ-Al_2O_3纳米复合薄膜具有优良的耐电晕性能,随着氧化铝含量的增加,复合薄膜的耐电晕性能增加。γ-Al_2O_3含量为25wt%时,耐电晕时间是纯PI薄膜的25.4倍,在绝缘领域可望具有广阔的应用前景。结合表征结果解释了复合薄膜耐电晕性能明显提高的原因。
聚酰亚胺/AlOOH纳米复合薄膜中,粒度为20-30nm的球形勃姆铝石粒子比较均匀地分布在聚酰亚胺基体中。在掺杂量不超过9wt%时,复合薄膜的热稳定和耐电晕性能性随着AlOOH掺杂量增加而增加,掺杂量为9wt%的复合薄膜的耐电晕时间是纯PI薄膜耐电晕时间的13倍。然而,在掺杂量较高时,复合薄膜中发生明显的团聚现象。
Polyimides (PIs) have been extensively applied in the aero-space, microelectronic and electrical industries for insulation owing to their outstanding combination of thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties over an extremely wide temperature range. In recent years, the trend in AC motors has been towards higher operating voltages, an unavoidable consequence of which is increased attack on the insulation system due to corona discharge. Therefore, it is necessary to develop high-voltage insulation materials that perform well in corona-discharge environments. PI composite materials have received considerable attention due to the significant improvements compared with the pristine PI that can be achieved by introducing inorganic additives. By virtue of its high temperature resistance, good chemical stability, higher thermal conductivity, and its wider application in electrical devices, Al_2O_3 is considered to be one of the most important inorganic components for enhancing the corona resistance of dielectric materials. PI/Al_2O_3 nanocomposite materials can generally be prepared by mixing the polyamic acid (PAA) with the hydrolysate of aluminum isopropoxide by sol–gel method or be prepared by dispersing nano Al_2O_3 powder and the coupling agent in the solvent by means of an ultrasonic device and then be mixed with PAA. However, higher doping content usually leads to aggregation which impedes the further improvement of corona resistance of the composite films.
In this dissertation, in order to improve the corona resistance of PI film, the sol ofγ-Al_2O_3 and AlOOH (boehmite) were synthesized from aluminum isopropoxide by hydrothermal process, and then PI/γ-Al_2O_3 and PI/AlOOH nanocomposite films were prepared using pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4'-oxydianiline(ODA) as monomers by in situ process. The relationships among morphology of the alumina gel, structure of the nanocomposite films and the corona resistance time in the two systems were investigated.
The results indicated thatγ-Al_2O_3 nanoparticles were well dispersed in the PI matrix even when the doping content was as high as 25wt%. A novel interpenetrated structure was clearly observed when the doping content exceeded 9wt%. Combing the preparation method and characterization results, we put forward the structure model and the formation mechanism of PI/γ-Al_2O_3nanocomposite films.
Study on dielectric property of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 films revealed that dielectric coefficient decreased with increasing frequency and increased with increasing 2doping content. New phenomena were observed in the dielectric spectra of the films: dielectric loss decreased in the frequency region 10~2-10~4Hz, but increased in the frequency region 10~4-10~5Hz. With increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content, the magnitude of dielectric loss increased in the frequency region 10~2-10~4Hz, but decreased in the frequency region 10~4-10~5Hz.
PI/γ-Al_2O_3 films were characterized by Electrostatic Force Microscope (EFM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results revealed that the surface potential on the inorganic phase was higher than that on the PI matrix, and this was beneficial to shield and deflect the electrons arrived to the film surface in the corona process. Furthermore, theγ-Al_2O_3 content of the composite film in the inner part was higher than that on the surface.
The corona resistance time of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite films was increased with increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content. It was found to be 25.4 times longer than that of a pure PI film whenγ-Al_2O_3 content was 25wt%. The reasons of enhanced corona resistance property were proposed combined with characterization results.
The results revealed that 20–30nm sized spherical boehmite particles were homogenously dispersed in PI/AlOOH nanocomposite films without agglomeration. Thermal stabilities and corona resistance time of PI/AlOOH films were increased when the Al_2O_3 contents were less than 9wt%. The corona resistance time of PI/γ-Al_2O_3 nanocomposite films was increased with increasingγ-Al_2O_3 content, and it was found to be 13 times longer than that of the pure PI films when AlOOH content was 9wt%. However, obvious aggregation was observed in PI/AlOOH films containing higher content of AlOOH.
引文
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