办公环境隔板式工位空调气流组织数值模拟与送风系统的性能研究分析
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摘要
工位空调较传统空调而言,能够提供更好的热舒适性和更高的空气品质,并能在一定程度上降低建筑能耗。隔板工位空调是工位空调中的一种,它适用于开放式大办公空间,其风口置于不同工位之间的隔板上,距离使用者较近,因此对于隔板工位空调而言,其风口的形式将直接影响到工位空调系统的性能。而送风量、送风温度和背景空调送风参数的选择也会对隔板工位空调的舒适性、节能性产生很大的影响。
本文以典型办公建筑的工位空调为研究对象,以数值模拟与实验测量为主要研究手段,研究了办公建筑中工位空调系统的气流组织和微环境评价。利用CFD商业软件FLUENT,研究了工位空调单独运行和背景空调与工位空调联合运行下的人体舒适性、能量利用系数以及个人暴露率。在人工环境室内模拟实际的办公间,搭建一套隔板空调系统实验台进行送风性能的实验,研究了隔板系统的送风特性,并将实验结果与模拟结果做了对比分析,从而验证了模拟实验的可行性与准确性。
对现代办公建筑办公区域的布置形式及空调的分类形式做了调查,将变风量送风形式应用于工位送风系统中,详细研究了变风量形式在工位送风系统应用中各环节的控制方法及依据。按典型办公建筑建立数学模型,通过计算各部分耗电量,对工位送风系统与传统送风系统的运行能耗进行比较,得到了工位送风系统较传统定风量系统节能22～35%这一结论。
文中通过实验研究、数值模拟及模型分析,得出一些规律性的结论,为预测、分析、评价采用工位空调形式房间的气流分布奠定了基础。
Task-ambient air conditioning (TAC) system with the ability of reducing energy consumption to some extent can produce a better thermal environment and breathing air quality than traditional air conditioning. As one type of the TAC system, partition-type TAC applies to the open office space. As its nozzles located on the partitions among work units are close to the people, so there needs more discussion about the comfort of TAC system. The supply nozzles and the parameters of the supply air including temperature and volume will effect its thermal environment and energy consumption.
Based on the major means of numeric simulation and lab test, this paper studies the airflow distribution and microenvironment assessment of TAC system according to the typical TAC system in office building. Thermal comfort, energy utilization coefficient and personal exposure effectiveness under TAC system and also when running in company with background air conditioning are investigated by CFD commercial software FLUENT. A workstation simulating a typical office desk with partition-type TAC system is established in a controlled environment chamber to research the performance of TAC system. Results from tests are compared to those from numerical simulation which proves the feasibility and the veracity of simulation experiments.
The paper surveys the regional office layout and the air-condition classification in modern office buildings, applies VAV to TAC system, detailedly studies the control method and the basis of each tache when VAV system being used, establishes a mathematical model in accordance with typical office building, calculates the total power consumption, compares the energy consumption between TAC system and traditional CV system, and finally educes results that the former can be able to reduce energy consumption by 22～35%.
Conclusions obtained by test, numeric simulation and model analysis have established stable basis for predicting, analyzing and evaluating for air distribution of task-ambient air conditioning.
本文以典型办公建筑的工位空调为研究对象,以数值模拟与实验测量为主要研究手段,研究了办公建筑中工位空调系统的气流组织和微环境评价。利用CFD商业软件FLUENT,研究了工位空调单独运行和背景空调与工位空调联合运行下的人体舒适性、能量利用系数以及个人暴露率。在人工环境室内模拟实际的办公间,搭建一套隔板空调系统实验台进行送风性能的实验,研究了隔板系统的送风特性,并将实验结果与模拟结果做了对比分析,从而验证了模拟实验的可行性与准确性。
对现代办公建筑办公区域的布置形式及空调的分类形式做了调查,将变风量送风形式应用于工位送风系统中,详细研究了变风量形式在工位送风系统应用中各环节的控制方法及依据。按典型办公建筑建立数学模型,通过计算各部分耗电量,对工位送风系统与传统送风系统的运行能耗进行比较,得到了工位送风系统较传统定风量系统节能22～35%这一结论。
文中通过实验研究、数值模拟及模型分析,得出一些规律性的结论,为预测、分析、评价采用工位空调形式房间的气流分布奠定了基础。
Task-ambient air conditioning (TAC) system with the ability of reducing energy consumption to some extent can produce a better thermal environment and breathing air quality than traditional air conditioning. As one type of the TAC system, partition-type TAC applies to the open office space. As its nozzles located on the partitions among work units are close to the people, so there needs more discussion about the comfort of TAC system. The supply nozzles and the parameters of the supply air including temperature and volume will effect its thermal environment and energy consumption.
Based on the major means of numeric simulation and lab test, this paper studies the airflow distribution and microenvironment assessment of TAC system according to the typical TAC system in office building. Thermal comfort, energy utilization coefficient and personal exposure effectiveness under TAC system and also when running in company with background air conditioning are investigated by CFD commercial software FLUENT. A workstation simulating a typical office desk with partition-type TAC system is established in a controlled environment chamber to research the performance of TAC system. Results from tests are compared to those from numerical simulation which proves the feasibility and the veracity of simulation experiments.
The paper surveys the regional office layout and the air-condition classification in modern office buildings, applies VAV to TAC system, detailedly studies the control method and the basis of each tache when VAV system being used, establishes a mathematical model in accordance with typical office building, calculates the total power consumption, compares the energy consumption between TAC system and traditional CV system, and finally educes results that the former can be able to reduce energy consumption by 22～35%.
Conclusions obtained by test, numeric simulation and model analysis have established stable basis for predicting, analyzing and evaluating for air distribution of task-ambient air conditioning.
引文
[1]白玮,龙惟定.影响生产率的要素——室内环境品质[J].暖通空调,1999,29(2):34-37.
[2]沈晋明.现代空调的挑战——建筑病综合症[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.
[3]李俊,赵荣义.个体化微环境调节研究进展[J].暖通空调,2003,33(3):52-56.
[4]Zhao Rongyi,Xia Yizai,Li Jun.New conditioning strategies for improving the thermal environment[C].Proceedings of International Symposium on Building and Urban Environmental Engineering.Tianjin,1997.
[5]Bauman F.S.,Johnston L.P.,Zhang H.,etc..Performance testing of a floor based,occupant-controlled office ventilation system[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1991,97(1):553-565.
[6]Bauman F.S.,Arens E.A.,Tanabe S.,etc..Testing and optimizing the performance of a floor-based task conditioning system[J].Energy and Buildings,1995,22(3):173-186.
[7]Bauman F.S.,Webster T..Outlook for Underfloor Air Distribution[J].ASHRAE Journal,2001,43(6):18-27.
[8]Bauman F.S.,Arens E.A..Task/ambient conditioning systems:engineering and application guidelines.
[9]Melikov A.K.,Cermak Radim,Majer Milan.Personalized ventilation:evaluation of air terminal devices[J].Energy and Building,2002,(34):829-836.
[10]Zhou W,Tham KW,Sun W.Performance evaluation and comparison of two air terminal device for personalized ventilation[C].Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,2005:436-441.
[11]Chen Xiangyang,Ohori Aya.,Harada Masayuki.Study of 3V personal air-conditioning system[C].The 4th international symposium on HVAC, Beijing,2003,987-991.
[12]Knudsen G.L.,Melikov A.K..Human response to an individually controlled environment[C].Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate.2005:421-425.
[13]Hanzawa H.,Nagasawa Y..Thermal comfort with underfloor air-conditioning systems[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1990,96(2):696-698.
[14]Bauman F.S.,Zhang H.,Arens E.A.,Benton C.C..Localized comfort control with a desktop task conditioning systemlaboratory and field measurements[J].ASHRAE transactions.1993,99(2):733-749.
[15]Bauman F.S.,Carter T.G.,Baughman A.V.,Arms E.A…Field study of the impact of a desktop task/ambient conditioning system in an office building[J],ASHRAE Transactions,1998,104(1):1153-1171.
[16]Sodec F.,Craig R..The underfloor air supply system-the European experience[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1990,96(2):690-695.
[17]Arens E.A.,Xu T.,Miura K.,etc..A study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement[J],Energy and Buildings,1998:45-59.
[18]Cho S.H.,Kim W.T.,Zaheer-uddin M..Thermal characteristics of a personal environmental module task air conditioning system:an experimental study[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42:1023-1031.
[19]张宇峰,赵荣义.局部热暴露对人体全身热反映的影响[J].暖通空调,2005,35(2):25-29.
[20]Zhang H.Human thermal sensation and comfort in transient and non-uniform thermal environments[D].Berkeley:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[21]Shute R.W..Integrated access floor HVAC:lessons learened[J],ASHRAE Transactions,1995,101(2):877-886.
[22]Spoormaker H.J..Low-pressure underfloor HVAC system[J],ASHRAE Transact ions.1990,96(2):670-677.
[23]Faulkner D.,Fisk W.J..Indoor airflow and pollutant removal in a room with desktop ventilation[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1993,99(2):750-758.
[24]Seem J.E.,Braun J..The impact of a personal environmental control on building energy use[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1992,98(1):901-909.
[25]Bauman F.S.,Brager G,Arens E.A.,etc..Localized thermal distribution for office buildings,final report-phaseⅡ[R].Center for Environmental Design Research,University of California,Berkeley,1992.
[26]薛殿华.空气调节[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1991.
[27]范存养.大空间建筑空调设计及工程实录[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[28]Shilkrot E.O..Determination of design loads on room heating& ventilation systems using the method of zone by zone balance[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1993,90:987-991.
[29]Gao Naiping,Niu Jianlei.CFD study on micro-environment around human body and personalized ventilation[J].Building and Environment,2004,39:795-805.
[30]端木琳,舒海文,杜国付.工位空调送风气流微环境评价[J].暖通空调,2003,34(12):7-9.
[31]Pan Chung-Shu,Chiang Hsu-Cheng,Yen Ming-Chih,etc..Thermal comfort and energy saving of a personalized PFCU air-conditioning system[J].Energy and Buildings,2005,37:443-449.
[32]ISO7730-1994.Moderate thermal environments-Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort[S].
[33]赵荣义等.空气调节[M].北京:中国建筑上业出版社,1994.
[34]赵震.置换空调室内空气品质的数值模拟研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2002.
[35]寿荣中,方贤德,何慧姗.空气调节技术[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1992
[36]GB50019-2003.采暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2003.
[37]贾庆贤,赵荣义.吹风对舒适性影响的主观调查与客观评价[J].暖通空调,2000,30(3):15-18.
[38]陶文铨.数值传热学(第二版)[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[39]Sandberg M.,Blomqvist C..Dispacement Ventilation Systems in Office Rooms[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95(2):1018-1027.
[40]赵彬,林波荣,李先庭,等.室内空气分布的预测方法及比较[J].暖通空调,2001,31(4):82-86.
[41]荆有印,齐晓唯,周春丽,等.空调羽毛球馆内三维湍流流动的数值模拟与研究[J].制冷与空调,2005,5(3):41-43.
[42]张也影.流体力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[43]Wargochi P.,Wyon D.P.,Baik Y.K.,etc..Perceived air quality,sick building syndrome(SBS),symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads[J].Indoor Air,1999,9(3):1615-179.
[44]吴春燕.室内流场和温度场的数值模拟[D].上海:东华大学,2003.
[45]杜国付,端木琳,舒海文.工位空调送风气流数值模拟风口模型的比较[J].热科学与技术,2003,2(2):162-167.
[46]Xing H.etc..A study of the air quality in the breathing zone in a room with displacement ventilation[J].Building and Environment,2001,36(7):809-820.
[47]秦绪思,江亿.供热空调水系统的稳定性分析[J].暖通空调,2002,32(1):12-16.
[48]麦岚.架空地板送风系统在办公楼中的应用[J].制冷空调与电力机械,2003,24(3):32-34.
[49]晋欣桥,任海刚.多区域变风量空调系统及其分配控制研究[J].暖通空调,2001,31(6):12-16.
[50]马跃田.某电子科技大厦变风量空调系统设计介绍[J].工程建设与设计:1999,3,14-19.
[51]Chen Q.,Moser A..Simulation of a multiple-nozzle diffuser[A].Proceedings of the 12th AIVC conference of air movement and ventilation control within buildings(2)[C],Ottwa,Canada,1991:1-13.
[52]Chen Q.,Moser A.,Suter P..A numerical study of indoor air quality and thermal comfort under six kinds of air diffusion[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1992,98:203-217.
[53]Glicksman L.R.,Taub Steven.Thermal and behavioral modeling of occupant-controlled heating,ventilating and air conditioning systems[J].Energy and Buildings,1997,25:243-249.
[54]金招芬,朱颖心.建筑环境学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[55]Engdahl Fredrik,Johansson Dennis.Optimal supply air temperature with respect to energy use in a variable air volume system[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36:205-218.
[56]陈剑波,王永红,翁文兵,林欣,王金锋.变风量系统风机节能分析[J].制冷与空调,2005,5(4):53-59.
[57]Sekhar S.C..A critical evaluation of variable air volume system in hot and humid climates[J].Energy and Buildings,1997,26:223-232.
[2]沈晋明.现代空调的挑战——建筑病综合症[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.
[3]李俊,赵荣义.个体化微环境调节研究进展[J].暖通空调,2003,33(3):52-56.
[4]Zhao Rongyi,Xia Yizai,Li Jun.New conditioning strategies for improving the thermal environment[C].Proceedings of International Symposium on Building and Urban Environmental Engineering.Tianjin,1997.
[5]Bauman F.S.,Johnston L.P.,Zhang H.,etc..Performance testing of a floor based,occupant-controlled office ventilation system[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1991,97(1):553-565.
[6]Bauman F.S.,Arens E.A.,Tanabe S.,etc..Testing and optimizing the performance of a floor-based task conditioning system[J].Energy and Buildings,1995,22(3):173-186.
[7]Bauman F.S.,Webster T..Outlook for Underfloor Air Distribution[J].ASHRAE Journal,2001,43(6):18-27.
[8]Bauman F.S.,Arens E.A..Task/ambient conditioning systems:engineering and application guidelines.
[9]Melikov A.K.,Cermak Radim,Majer Milan.Personalized ventilation:evaluation of air terminal devices[J].Energy and Building,2002,(34):829-836.
[10]Zhou W,Tham KW,Sun W.Performance evaluation and comparison of two air terminal device for personalized ventilation[C].Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate,2005:436-441.
[11]Chen Xiangyang,Ohori Aya.,Harada Masayuki.Study of 3V personal air-conditioning system[C].The 4th international symposium on HVAC, Beijing,2003,987-991.
[12]Knudsen G.L.,Melikov A.K..Human response to an individually controlled environment[C].Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate.2005:421-425.
[13]Hanzawa H.,Nagasawa Y..Thermal comfort with underfloor air-conditioning systems[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1990,96(2):696-698.
[14]Bauman F.S.,Zhang H.,Arens E.A.,Benton C.C..Localized comfort control with a desktop task conditioning systemlaboratory and field measurements[J].ASHRAE transactions.1993,99(2):733-749.
[15]Bauman F.S.,Carter T.G.,Baughman A.V.,Arms E.A…Field study of the impact of a desktop task/ambient conditioning system in an office building[J],ASHRAE Transactions,1998,104(1):1153-1171.
[16]Sodec F.,Craig R..The underfloor air supply system-the European experience[J].ASHRAE Transactions.1990,96(2):690-695.
[17]Arens E.A.,Xu T.,Miura K.,etc..A study of occupant cooling by personally controlled air movement[J],Energy and Buildings,1998:45-59.
[18]Cho S.H.,Kim W.T.,Zaheer-uddin M..Thermal characteristics of a personal environmental module task air conditioning system:an experimental study[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2001,42:1023-1031.
[19]张宇峰,赵荣义.局部热暴露对人体全身热反映的影响[J].暖通空调,2005,35(2):25-29.
[20]Zhang H.Human thermal sensation and comfort in transient and non-uniform thermal environments[D].Berkeley:University of California at Berkeley,2003.
[21]Shute R.W..Integrated access floor HVAC:lessons learened[J],ASHRAE Transactions,1995,101(2):877-886.
[22]Spoormaker H.J..Low-pressure underfloor HVAC system[J],ASHRAE Transact ions.1990,96(2):670-677.
[23]Faulkner D.,Fisk W.J..Indoor airflow and pollutant removal in a room with desktop ventilation[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1993,99(2):750-758.
[24]Seem J.E.,Braun J..The impact of a personal environmental control on building energy use[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1992,98(1):901-909.
[25]Bauman F.S.,Brager G,Arens E.A.,etc..Localized thermal distribution for office buildings,final report-phaseⅡ[R].Center for Environmental Design Research,University of California,Berkeley,1992.
[26]薛殿华.空气调节[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1991.
[27]范存养.大空间建筑空调设计及工程实录[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.
[28]Shilkrot E.O..Determination of design loads on room heating& ventilation systems using the method of zone by zone balance[J].ASHRAE Transaction,1993,90:987-991.
[29]Gao Naiping,Niu Jianlei.CFD study on micro-environment around human body and personalized ventilation[J].Building and Environment,2004,39:795-805.
[30]端木琳,舒海文,杜国付.工位空调送风气流微环境评价[J].暖通空调,2003,34(12):7-9.
[31]Pan Chung-Shu,Chiang Hsu-Cheng,Yen Ming-Chih,etc..Thermal comfort and energy saving of a personalized PFCU air-conditioning system[J].Energy and Buildings,2005,37:443-449.
[32]ISO7730-1994.Moderate thermal environments-Determination of the PMV and PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort[S].
[33]赵荣义等.空气调节[M].北京:中国建筑上业出版社,1994.
[34]赵震.置换空调室内空气品质的数值模拟研究[D].西安:西安交通大学,2002.
[35]寿荣中,方贤德,何慧姗.空气调节技术[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版社,1992
[36]GB50019-2003.采暖通风与空气调节设计规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2003.
[37]贾庆贤,赵荣义.吹风对舒适性影响的主观调查与客观评价[J].暖通空调,2000,30(3):15-18.
[38]陶文铨.数值传热学(第二版)[M].西安:西安交通大学出版社,2001.
[39]Sandberg M.,Blomqvist C..Dispacement Ventilation Systems in Office Rooms[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95(2):1018-1027.
[40]赵彬,林波荣,李先庭,等.室内空气分布的预测方法及比较[J].暖通空调,2001,31(4):82-86.
[41]荆有印,齐晓唯,周春丽,等.空调羽毛球馆内三维湍流流动的数值模拟与研究[J].制冷与空调,2005,5(3):41-43.
[42]张也影.流体力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1999.
[43]Wargochi P.,Wyon D.P.,Baik Y.K.,etc..Perceived air quality,sick building syndrome(SBS),symptoms and productivity in an office with two different pollution loads[J].Indoor Air,1999,9(3):1615-179.
[44]吴春燕.室内流场和温度场的数值模拟[D].上海:东华大学,2003.
[45]杜国付,端木琳,舒海文.工位空调送风气流数值模拟风口模型的比较[J].热科学与技术,2003,2(2):162-167.
[46]Xing H.etc..A study of the air quality in the breathing zone in a room with displacement ventilation[J].Building and Environment,2001,36(7):809-820.
[47]秦绪思,江亿.供热空调水系统的稳定性分析[J].暖通空调,2002,32(1):12-16.
[48]麦岚.架空地板送风系统在办公楼中的应用[J].制冷空调与电力机械,2003,24(3):32-34.
[49]晋欣桥,任海刚.多区域变风量空调系统及其分配控制研究[J].暖通空调,2001,31(6):12-16.
[50]马跃田.某电子科技大厦变风量空调系统设计介绍[J].工程建设与设计:1999,3,14-19.
[51]Chen Q.,Moser A..Simulation of a multiple-nozzle diffuser[A].Proceedings of the 12th AIVC conference of air movement and ventilation control within buildings(2)[C],Ottwa,Canada,1991:1-13.
[52]Chen Q.,Moser A.,Suter P..A numerical study of indoor air quality and thermal comfort under six kinds of air diffusion[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1992,98:203-217.
[53]Glicksman L.R.,Taub Steven.Thermal and behavioral modeling of occupant-controlled heating,ventilating and air conditioning systems[J].Energy and Buildings,1997,25:243-249.
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