变风量空调系统的建模与智能控制研究
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摘要
随着人们生活水平的提高和科技的发展,空调系统已成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分,但是与此同时带来的能源消耗问题也变得越来越引人注目。变风量(variable airvolume,VAV)空调系统作为目前最具节能潜力的空调系统已经逐渐成为大型中央空调系统应用发展的趋势。VAV空调系统中通常采用的是多个PID控制回路联合工作的方式。但由于空调系统本身的强耦合、非线性等特点,PID控制往往难以达到满意的控制效果。因此有必要研究VAV空调的控制技术以提高其系统性能。
本文在对VAV空调系统运行过程分析基础上,对VAV空调系统的建模和控制策略进行了研究,主要结果与创新点在于:
首先给出了空调房间对象模型以及VAV空调送风侧系统整体模型,为VAV空调系统控制策略的研究和分析建立了基础。
其次针对PID控制器在室温控制中应用中的不足,将模糊控制技术引入到室温控制器设计中,设计了模糊PID控制器,并对其在VAV系统中的应用效果及对其它控制环路的影响进行了仿真研究。结果表明,与传统的PID控制器相比,模糊室温控制器不仅在室温控制精度上获得了更好的控制效果,而且在系统的稳定性及节能性方面也更有优势。
最后基于送风侧系统的模型,将模糊控制思想引入到送风侧系统协调控制中,设计了模糊协调控制策略。仿真结果表明,模糊协调控制策略比传统协调控制策略在稳定性和节能性上都有更好的效果。
本文所研究的模糊智能控制方法,在VAV空调系统的室温控制以及系统协调控制中都获得了较好的控制性能和节能效果,对智能控制在VAV空调控制系统中的应用进行了有益的探索。
With the development of technology and improvement of living standard, air conditioning systems have become an important part of daily life, and their energy consumption drew more and more attention. Variable air volume (VAV) system gradually became the trend of large air conditioning system become of its great potential of energy conservation. Control system in VAV system is usually consisted by multiple PID control loops. But because the air conditioning system is a system of strong coupling and nonlinear, PID controller can hardly achieve satisfied performance. So it is necessary to study new control technologies to improve the performance of VAV system.
The modeling and control strategies of VAV system are studied based on analysis of its operation process in this thesis, the main achievements are as follows:
Firstly, conditioned zone model and VAV air side system model are proposed which establish the fundamentals of the study and analysis of VAV system control strategies.
Secondly, fuzzy control technology is introduced to zone air temperature controller design because of the deficiency of PID controller on this aspect; a fuzzy-PID is designed. Simulations are done to obtain its performance as well as its influences on other control loops. The results demonstrate that fuzzy-PID control unit not only improve the control precision when compared to the traditional PID control but also shows its advantages on system stability, energy conservation.
Finally, on the basis of VAV air side system model, fuzzy controller is applied to coordinated control of air side system. The simulation results show that fuzzy coordinated control strategy can achieve better performance as well as saving energy compared to traditional coordinated control strategy.
Fuzzy intelligent control method investigated in this thesis achieve good control performance when applied in zone air temperature control and coordinated control in VAV system, which is a benefiting explore in applying intelligent control to VAV system.
本文在对VAV空调系统运行过程分析基础上,对VAV空调系统的建模和控制策略进行了研究,主要结果与创新点在于:
首先给出了空调房间对象模型以及VAV空调送风侧系统整体模型,为VAV空调系统控制策略的研究和分析建立了基础。
其次针对PID控制器在室温控制中应用中的不足,将模糊控制技术引入到室温控制器设计中,设计了模糊PID控制器,并对其在VAV系统中的应用效果及对其它控制环路的影响进行了仿真研究。结果表明,与传统的PID控制器相比,模糊室温控制器不仅在室温控制精度上获得了更好的控制效果,而且在系统的稳定性及节能性方面也更有优势。
最后基于送风侧系统的模型,将模糊控制思想引入到送风侧系统协调控制中,设计了模糊协调控制策略。仿真结果表明,模糊协调控制策略比传统协调控制策略在稳定性和节能性上都有更好的效果。
本文所研究的模糊智能控制方法,在VAV空调系统的室温控制以及系统协调控制中都获得了较好的控制性能和节能效果,对智能控制在VAV空调控制系统中的应用进行了有益的探索。
With the development of technology and improvement of living standard, air conditioning systems have become an important part of daily life, and their energy consumption drew more and more attention. Variable air volume (VAV) system gradually became the trend of large air conditioning system become of its great potential of energy conservation. Control system in VAV system is usually consisted by multiple PID control loops. But because the air conditioning system is a system of strong coupling and nonlinear, PID controller can hardly achieve satisfied performance. So it is necessary to study new control technologies to improve the performance of VAV system.
The modeling and control strategies of VAV system are studied based on analysis of its operation process in this thesis, the main achievements are as follows:
Firstly, conditioned zone model and VAV air side system model are proposed which establish the fundamentals of the study and analysis of VAV system control strategies.
Secondly, fuzzy control technology is introduced to zone air temperature controller design because of the deficiency of PID controller on this aspect; a fuzzy-PID is designed. Simulations are done to obtain its performance as well as its influences on other control loops. The results demonstrate that fuzzy-PID control unit not only improve the control precision when compared to the traditional PID control but also shows its advantages on system stability, energy conservation.
Finally, on the basis of VAV air side system model, fuzzy controller is applied to coordinated control of air side system. The simulation results show that fuzzy coordinated control strategy can achieve better performance as well as saving energy compared to traditional coordinated control strategy.
Fuzzy intelligent control method investigated in this thesis achieve good control performance when applied in zone air temperature control and coordinated control in VAV system, which is a benefiting explore in applying intelligent control to VAV system.
引文
[1]龙惟定,范存养.高层建筑空调的发展动态[J].暖通空调,2001,31(1):51-53
[2]周志平,裴清清.变风量空调系统的控制及应用[J].制冷空调与电力机械,2005,102(26):71-74
[3]单维莉,李克欣,陈汝东.VAV空调系统设计应用现状的调查[J].能源研究与信息,1998,14(3):24-27
[4]马素贞,刘传聚.变风量空调系统发展状况[J].暖通空调,2007,37(1):33-37
[5]罗涛.变风量空调技术分析[J].智能建筑与城市信息,2006,2:103-106
[6]李克欣,叶大法,杨国荣等.VAV空调系统初探[J].暖通空调,1997,27(3):8-14
[7]吴明,连之伟.变风量空调系统模拟及能耗研究[J].节能,2003,8:10-13
[8]Dean R H,Ratzenberger J.Stability of VAV terminal unit controls[J].Heating,Piping & Air Conditioning,1985,57(10):79-90
[9]Khoo I,Levermore G J,Letherman K M.Variable-air-votume terminal units Ⅰ:Steady-state models[A].Proc CIBSE A:Building Serv Eng Res Technol,1998,19(3):155-162
[10]Khoo I,Levermore G J,Letherman K M.Variable-air-volume terminal units Ⅱ:dynamic model[A].Proc CIBSEA:Building Serv Eng Res Technol,1998,19(3):163-169
[11]李克欣,叶大法,杨国荣等.变风量空调系统的VPT控制法及其应用[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):7-10
[12]梅晓海,余国和.变风量空调系统控制方法的探讨[J].制冷技术,2003,4:31-35
[13]张雅,任庆昌,向虎,等.变风量空调机组送风温度系统建模与控制研究[J].暖通空调.2007,37(12):125-128
[14]霍小平.VAV系统包含哪些控制环节(4)—系统送风温度控制[J].暖通空调,2007,37(B11):24
[15]赵歆治,刘俊杰.变风量情况下房间压差控制方法[J].流体机械,2006,34(5):62-65
[16]Nabil Nassif,Mohammed Zaheer-uddin.Simulated Performance Analysis of a Multizone VAV System under Different Ventilation Control Strategies[J].ASHRAE Transactions,2007,67:617-629
[17]曾艺,龙惟定.变风量空调系统的新风[J].暖通空调,2001,31(6):35-38
[18]宋宏光.变风量系统最小新风量控制方法的讨论[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):36-38
[19]Q Song,W J Hu.Robust Neural Network Controller for Variable Airflow Volume System[A].Proceedings of the American Control Conference,2002,1:418-423
[20]S Shahnawaz Ahmed,Md Shah Majid,Hendri Novia,et al.Fuzzy logic based energy saving technique for a central air conditioning system[J].Energy,2007,32:1222-1234
[21]P S curtiss,M J Brandemuehl,J E Kreider.Energy management in central HVAC plants using neural networks[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1994,100:476-493
[22]庞国仲.多变量控制系统实践[J].中国科学技术大学出版社,1990,2
[23]吴薇,顾洲.变参数PIED混合控制算法在变频空调中的仿真研究[J].流体机械,2007,35(12):76-79
[24]Hu Qinhua,Albert T P,Dong A'ni.Use of adaline PID control for a real MVAC system[A].Proc Int Conf Wireless Commun Netw Mobile Comput,2005,2:1374-1378
[25]MacArthur J W,E W Grald.An effective approach for dynamically compensated adaptive control[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95:415-423
[26]Dexter A L,P Haves.A robust self-turning predictive controller for HVAC applications[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95:431-438
[27]李绍勇,崔旭春,王刚,等.空调房间室温广义预测控制的仿真研究[J].建筑热能通风空调,2003,22(6):23-26
[28]Jun Wang,Yan Wang,Huihe Shao.Performance improvement of indoor air temperature through state feedback decoupling,genetic algorithm;A study with LonWorks~(TM)field bus[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2005,44:1098-1105
[29]吴爱国,高德云.VAV空调系统的智能控制[J].制冷学报,1999,1:11-16
[30]李峰,李萍,赵虎,等.变风量空调系统的模糊控制[J].仪器仪表学报,2004,25(4):261-263
[31]陈艳平,安世奇,孙明.变风量空调系统中的室温模糊自适应控制[J].微计算机信息(测控自动化),2005,21(7-1):73-75
[32]J N Lygouras,P N Botsaris,J Vourvoulakis,et al.Fuzzy logic controller implementation for a solar air-conditioning system[J].Applied Energy,2007,84:1305-1318
[33]胡玉玲,曹建国,陈志新,等.模糊神经网络用于变风量空调系统末端的控制[J].控制工程,2007,14(增刊):20-22
[34]戴斌文,狄洪发,江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制法[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):1-6
[35]A'ni Dong,Qinhua Hu,Qingchang Ren.Variable Static Pressure-Coordinating Control for Variable Air Volume Air-conditioning System[A].Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation,2006:8809-8813
[36]张宏伟,吴爱国,盛涛.多智能体分布式智能控制在VAV空调系统中的应用[J].中 国工程科学,2006,8(7):58-62
[37]Jianying Qin,Shengwei Wang.A fault detection and diagnosis strategy of VAV air-conditioning systems for improved energy and control performances[J].Energy and Buildings,2005,37:1035-1048
[38]Zhimin Du,Xinqiao Jin,Lizhou Wu.Fault detection and diagnosis based on improved PCA with JAA method in VAV systems[J].Building and Environment,2007,42:3221-3232
[39]Zaheer-uddin M,Zheng G R.A dynamic model of a multi-zone VAV system for control analysis[J].ASHRAE Trans,I994,100(1):219-229
[40]Jin Wen,Theodore F Smith.Development and validation of online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with VAV system[J].Energy and Buildings,2007,39:13-22
[41]P Riederer,D Marchio,J C Visier,et al.Room thermal modeling adapted to the test of HVAC control systems[J].Building and Environment,2002,37:777-790
[42]王建明,李训铭.变风量系统空调房间建模与特性参数估算[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(4):69-72
[43]夏清.变风量空调系统的仿真和特性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2000.1
[44]N Nassif,S Moujaes.A new operating strategy for economizer dampers of VAV system[J].Energy and Buildings,2008,40(3):289-299
[45]赵荣义.简明空调设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[46]施俏春.从空调温度控制看PID的实现[J].装备制造技术,2007,3:89-91
[47]Jialiang Lu,Guanrong Chen,Hao Ying.Predictive fuzzy PID control theory design and simulation[J].Information Sciences,2001,137:157-187
[48]B M Mohan,Arpita Sinha.Analytical structure and stability analysis of a fuzzy PID controller[J].Applied Soft Computing,2008,8:749-758
[49]Francesco Calvino,Mafia La Germusa,Gianfranco Rizzo,et al.The control of indoor thermal comfort conditions:introducing a fuzzy adaptive controller[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36:97-102
[50]Sni-Zhong,Duan Fuhai.Fuzzy Self-turning of PID Controller[J].Fuzzy Sets and System,1993,56:29-35
[51]晋欣桥,夏清,王盛卫.采用自适应模型的在线AHU送风温度控制[J].流体机械,1999,27(5):45-48
[52]Wang SW.Dynamic simulation of building VAV air-conditioning system and evaluation of EMCS on-line control strategies[J].Building and environment,1998,34:681-705
[53]邱少陵.变风量空调系统中的控制技术[J].制冷与空调,1999,3:37-42
[54]Fredrik Engdahl,Anders Svensson.Pressure controlled variable air volume system[J].Energy and Buildings,2003,35:1161-1172
[2]周志平,裴清清.变风量空调系统的控制及应用[J].制冷空调与电力机械,2005,102(26):71-74
[3]单维莉,李克欣,陈汝东.VAV空调系统设计应用现状的调查[J].能源研究与信息,1998,14(3):24-27
[4]马素贞,刘传聚.变风量空调系统发展状况[J].暖通空调,2007,37(1):33-37
[5]罗涛.变风量空调技术分析[J].智能建筑与城市信息,2006,2:103-106
[6]李克欣,叶大法,杨国荣等.VAV空调系统初探[J].暖通空调,1997,27(3):8-14
[7]吴明,连之伟.变风量空调系统模拟及能耗研究[J].节能,2003,8:10-13
[8]Dean R H,Ratzenberger J.Stability of VAV terminal unit controls[J].Heating,Piping & Air Conditioning,1985,57(10):79-90
[9]Khoo I,Levermore G J,Letherman K M.Variable-air-votume terminal units Ⅰ:Steady-state models[A].Proc CIBSE A:Building Serv Eng Res Technol,1998,19(3):155-162
[10]Khoo I,Levermore G J,Letherman K M.Variable-air-volume terminal units Ⅱ:dynamic model[A].Proc CIBSEA:Building Serv Eng Res Technol,1998,19(3):163-169
[11]李克欣,叶大法,杨国荣等.变风量空调系统的VPT控制法及其应用[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):7-10
[12]梅晓海,余国和.变风量空调系统控制方法的探讨[J].制冷技术,2003,4:31-35
[13]张雅,任庆昌,向虎,等.变风量空调机组送风温度系统建模与控制研究[J].暖通空调.2007,37(12):125-128
[14]霍小平.VAV系统包含哪些控制环节(4)—系统送风温度控制[J].暖通空调,2007,37(B11):24
[15]赵歆治,刘俊杰.变风量情况下房间压差控制方法[J].流体机械,2006,34(5):62-65
[16]Nabil Nassif,Mohammed Zaheer-uddin.Simulated Performance Analysis of a Multizone VAV System under Different Ventilation Control Strategies[J].ASHRAE Transactions,2007,67:617-629
[17]曾艺,龙惟定.变风量空调系统的新风[J].暖通空调,2001,31(6):35-38
[18]宋宏光.变风量系统最小新风量控制方法的讨论[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):36-38
[19]Q Song,W J Hu.Robust Neural Network Controller for Variable Airflow Volume System[A].Proceedings of the American Control Conference,2002,1:418-423
[20]S Shahnawaz Ahmed,Md Shah Majid,Hendri Novia,et al.Fuzzy logic based energy saving technique for a central air conditioning system[J].Energy,2007,32:1222-1234
[21]P S curtiss,M J Brandemuehl,J E Kreider.Energy management in central HVAC plants using neural networks[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1994,100:476-493
[22]庞国仲.多变量控制系统实践[J].中国科学技术大学出版社,1990,2
[23]吴薇,顾洲.变参数PIED混合控制算法在变频空调中的仿真研究[J].流体机械,2007,35(12):76-79
[24]Hu Qinhua,Albert T P,Dong A'ni.Use of adaline PID control for a real MVAC system[A].Proc Int Conf Wireless Commun Netw Mobile Comput,2005,2:1374-1378
[25]MacArthur J W,E W Grald.An effective approach for dynamically compensated adaptive control[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95:415-423
[26]Dexter A L,P Haves.A robust self-turning predictive controller for HVAC applications[J].ASHRAE Transactions,1989,95:431-438
[27]李绍勇,崔旭春,王刚,等.空调房间室温广义预测控制的仿真研究[J].建筑热能通风空调,2003,22(6):23-26
[28]Jun Wang,Yan Wang,Huihe Shao.Performance improvement of indoor air temperature through state feedback decoupling,genetic algorithm;A study with LonWorks~(TM)field bus[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2005,44:1098-1105
[29]吴爱国,高德云.VAV空调系统的智能控制[J].制冷学报,1999,1:11-16
[30]李峰,李萍,赵虎,等.变风量空调系统的模糊控制[J].仪器仪表学报,2004,25(4):261-263
[31]陈艳平,安世奇,孙明.变风量空调系统中的室温模糊自适应控制[J].微计算机信息(测控自动化),2005,21(7-1):73-75
[32]J N Lygouras,P N Botsaris,J Vourvoulakis,et al.Fuzzy logic controller implementation for a solar air-conditioning system[J].Applied Energy,2007,84:1305-1318
[33]胡玉玲,曹建国,陈志新,等.模糊神经网络用于变风量空调系统末端的控制[J].控制工程,2007,14(增刊):20-22
[34]戴斌文,狄洪发,江亿.变风量空调系统风机总风量控制法[J].暖通空调,1999,29(3):1-6
[35]A'ni Dong,Qinhua Hu,Qingchang Ren.Variable Static Pressure-Coordinating Control for Variable Air Volume Air-conditioning System[A].Proceedings of the 6th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation,2006:8809-8813
[36]张宏伟,吴爱国,盛涛.多智能体分布式智能控制在VAV空调系统中的应用[J].中 国工程科学,2006,8(7):58-62
[37]Jianying Qin,Shengwei Wang.A fault detection and diagnosis strategy of VAV air-conditioning systems for improved energy and control performances[J].Energy and Buildings,2005,37:1035-1048
[38]Zhimin Du,Xinqiao Jin,Lizhou Wu.Fault detection and diagnosis based on improved PCA with JAA method in VAV systems[J].Building and Environment,2007,42:3221-3232
[39]Zaheer-uddin M,Zheng G R.A dynamic model of a multi-zone VAV system for control analysis[J].ASHRAE Trans,I994,100(1):219-229
[40]Jin Wen,Theodore F Smith.Development and validation of online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with VAV system[J].Energy and Buildings,2007,39:13-22
[41]P Riederer,D Marchio,J C Visier,et al.Room thermal modeling adapted to the test of HVAC control systems[J].Building and Environment,2002,37:777-790
[42]王建明,李训铭.变风量系统空调房间建模与特性参数估算[J].计算机仿真,2002,19(4):69-72
[43]夏清.变风量空调系统的仿真和特性研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2000.1
[44]N Nassif,S Moujaes.A new operating strategy for economizer dampers of VAV system[J].Energy and Buildings,2008,40(3):289-299
[45]赵荣义.简明空调设计手册[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998
[46]施俏春.从空调温度控制看PID的实现[J].装备制造技术,2007,3:89-91
[47]Jialiang Lu,Guanrong Chen,Hao Ying.Predictive fuzzy PID control theory design and simulation[J].Information Sciences,2001,137:157-187
[48]B M Mohan,Arpita Sinha.Analytical structure and stability analysis of a fuzzy PID controller[J].Applied Soft Computing,2008,8:749-758
[49]Francesco Calvino,Mafia La Germusa,Gianfranco Rizzo,et al.The control of indoor thermal comfort conditions:introducing a fuzzy adaptive controller[J].Energy and Buildings,2004,36:97-102
[50]Sni-Zhong,Duan Fuhai.Fuzzy Self-turning of PID Controller[J].Fuzzy Sets and System,1993,56:29-35
[51]晋欣桥,夏清,王盛卫.采用自适应模型的在线AHU送风温度控制[J].流体机械,1999,27(5):45-48
[52]Wang SW.Dynamic simulation of building VAV air-conditioning system and evaluation of EMCS on-line control strategies[J].Building and environment,1998,34:681-705
[53]邱少陵.变风量空调系统中的控制技术[J].制冷与空调,1999,3:37-42
[54]Fredrik Engdahl,Anders Svensson.Pressure controlled variable air volume system[J].Energy and Buildings,2003,35:1161-1172