我国智能建筑中HVAC控制实用算法研究
摘要
本课题的研究主要包括以下六个部分：
1．背景研究
立足国际前沿技术，进行了大量的工程调查和资料研究，对国内智能建筑中空调设备
及其自控设计中的情况，特别是在实际工程应用中在楼宇控制的核心——HVAC控制上出
现的问题作了分析，并在智能建筑、楼宇控制系统和HVAC系统的发展趋势上提出了自己
的见解。
2．楼控系统方案选择研究
HVAC的控制是集暖通空调、控制和计算机网络知识为一体，多学科交叉的领域。首
先要解决的问题是控制系统的方案选择，它关系到控制策略的实施和控制系统集成、扩展
的能力、随着DDC（Direct Digital Control）控制和网络技术的发展，HVAC的控制不再只
局限于阻碍其发展的专有通信协议，开放式协议和系统成为主流和发展方向。本课题选取
了对楼控领域产生深远影响、代表发展方向的BACnet和LonWorks技术，剖析了它们的
基本思路、协议要点、以及它们的应用和典型产品——BACnet/ALC系统和
LonWorks/Seachange系统，揭示了两种典型技术的特点以及二者相互竞争/依存的关系，对
楼控系统方案选择有实际参考价值。
3．实验台模拟运行研究
本课题利用BACnet/ALC系统的软件、硬件搭建了实验台，实践了包括HVAC控制系
统的设计、组态、安装及每一个I/O点、传感器和执行器调试的全过程。通过对BACnet/ALC
系统的节能软件的分析，考察了BACnet/ALC系统的实际应用。利用实验台和仿真软件，
探索了针对不同HVAC设备特点编制的控制算法，为实际工程应用打下了基础。
4．HVAC控制实用算法研究
结合我国目前HVAC系统的控制现状，通过对典型空调系统的控制要求的分析，提出
了适合工程实施的实用算法，并采用EIKON图形化编程工具分别对新风机组、一次回风
空调系统、二次回风空调系统、VAV BOX和VAV AHU的控制，具体编制了实用可行的
控制程序。对常规冷源系统的整体控制也提出了符合工程实施的实用算法，针对冰蓄冷系
统的控制特点设计了易于实施的负荷动态分配简易模型。
5．工程实践
经过一年多的工程实践，特别是在实施上海科技城（上海市政府重点项目）的楼宇控
制系统的过程中，我作为技术骨干参与了从投标、答辩、考察、准深化设计、施工图设计
到控制程序设计的全过程。将前面对楼控系统方案选择和HVAC控制算法的研究，应用于
科技城项目的控制点表、控制原理、系统选择、控制设备选型等方面，受到了业主的好评
和设计院的认可。
6．HVAC控制算法发展趋势的研究
通过对典型控制回路，分别采用热平衡方程式和简化的控制算法进行分析，比较两种
算法的优缺点，探讨HVAC控制算法的发展方向。
1.The Study of Background
This thesis is based on the international forward of science and technology. And a large
amount of engineering investigation and reference studying is made. I investigated and analyzed
the conditions and problems of HVAC equipment and its automatic control systems in
Intelligence buildings in our country, especially the problems in HVAC control, the center of
Building Automation System, in projects. Furthermore, I put forth my opinions in the trends of the
development of Intelligence buildings, Building Automation System and HVAC system.
2. The Study of the Selection of Building Automation System Design
HVAC control is the field of mixing several knowledge, the knowledge of HVAC, the
knowledge of control, the knowledge of computer science and network. The first problem to solve
is the selection of Building Automation System design, which is related to the completion of
control strategies and the capability of system integration and expansion. I-IVAC control is not
limited in the proprietary communication protocol with the development of Direct Digital Control
and Distributed System. So the open protocols and systems become the developmental orientation.
I selected BACnet and LonWorks technique, which have far-reaching effects on Building
Automation field and represent the developmental orientation. The competed yet dependent
relationship of BACnet and LonWorks and their technical characters are unveiled by analyzing
their train of thoughts and methods, the main points of the protocols, the application and the
applied productsACnet /ALC system and LonWorks/Seachange system. It worthy to refer
on the selection of Building Automation System design in projects.
3. The Study of the Simulative Running of Experimental Set
The experimental set was founded with the hardware and software of BACnet /ALC
system. I practised the whole process of system design, configuration, installation and adjustment
of I/Os, sensors and actuators. I research the application of BACnetIALC system by analyzing the
energy saving software of BACnet /ALC system. I tested the algorithm according to different
I-IVAC equipment by using the experimental set and simulation software, which built a
substructure for the application in projects.
4. The Study of the Applied HVAC Control Algorithm
I try to put forth a set of applied algorithm by combining the situation of HVAC control
systems in our country and analyzing the control requests of typical HVAC systems. I designed
the control programs for the control of FAU, AHU, AHU with secondary return air, VAV BOX
and VAV AHU with the graphic programming tool, EIKON.I also set forth the applied algorithm
for the whole control of typical chiller plant system and design the simple model for dynamic
distribution of loading according to the characteristic of the thermal storage system control.
5. The Practice in Projects
After more than one year practice in projects, especially in the process of executing the
Shanghai ScienceLand project, I did the work of bidding, answering the owner questions,
studing, the drawing for arrangement and for construct and design of control programs, as the
main technician. I practise the study of the selection of Building Automation System design and
HVAC control algorithm in completing the design of control points, the theory of control, the
selection of control system and equipment of the Shanghai ScienceLand project. The work what I
did has been praised by the owner and recognized by the Shanghai Institute of
1．背景研究
立足国际前沿技术，进行了大量的工程调查和资料研究，对国内智能建筑中空调设备
及其自控设计中的情况，特别是在实际工程应用中在楼宇控制的核心——HVAC控制上出
现的问题作了分析，并在智能建筑、楼宇控制系统和HVAC系统的发展趋势上提出了自己
的见解。
2．楼控系统方案选择研究
HVAC的控制是集暖通空调、控制和计算机网络知识为一体，多学科交叉的领域。首
先要解决的问题是控制系统的方案选择，它关系到控制策略的实施和控制系统集成、扩展
的能力、随着DDC（Direct Digital Control）控制和网络技术的发展，HVAC的控制不再只
局限于阻碍其发展的专有通信协议，开放式协议和系统成为主流和发展方向。本课题选取
了对楼控领域产生深远影响、代表发展方向的BACnet和LonWorks技术，剖析了它们的
基本思路、协议要点、以及它们的应用和典型产品——BACnet/ALC系统和
LonWorks/Seachange系统，揭示了两种典型技术的特点以及二者相互竞争/依存的关系，对
楼控系统方案选择有实际参考价值。
3．实验台模拟运行研究
本课题利用BACnet/ALC系统的软件、硬件搭建了实验台，实践了包括HVAC控制系
统的设计、组态、安装及每一个I/O点、传感器和执行器调试的全过程。通过对BACnet/ALC
系统的节能软件的分析，考察了BACnet/ALC系统的实际应用。利用实验台和仿真软件，
探索了针对不同HVAC设备特点编制的控制算法，为实际工程应用打下了基础。
4．HVAC控制实用算法研究
结合我国目前HVAC系统的控制现状，通过对典型空调系统的控制要求的分析，提出
了适合工程实施的实用算法，并采用EIKON图形化编程工具分别对新风机组、一次回风
空调系统、二次回风空调系统、VAV BOX和VAV AHU的控制，具体编制了实用可行的
控制程序。对常规冷源系统的整体控制也提出了符合工程实施的实用算法，针对冰蓄冷系
统的控制特点设计了易于实施的负荷动态分配简易模型。
5．工程实践
经过一年多的工程实践，特别是在实施上海科技城（上海市政府重点项目）的楼宇控
制系统的过程中，我作为技术骨干参与了从投标、答辩、考察、准深化设计、施工图设计
到控制程序设计的全过程。将前面对楼控系统方案选择和HVAC控制算法的研究，应用于
科技城项目的控制点表、控制原理、系统选择、控制设备选型等方面，受到了业主的好评
和设计院的认可。
6．HVAC控制算法发展趋势的研究
通过对典型控制回路，分别采用热平衡方程式和简化的控制算法进行分析，比较两种
算法的优缺点，探讨HVAC控制算法的发展方向。
1.The Study of Background
This thesis is based on the international forward of science and technology. And a large
amount of engineering investigation and reference studying is made. I investigated and analyzed
the conditions and problems of HVAC equipment and its automatic control systems in
Intelligence buildings in our country, especially the problems in HVAC control, the center of
Building Automation System, in projects. Furthermore, I put forth my opinions in the trends of the
development of Intelligence buildings, Building Automation System and HVAC system.
2. The Study of the Selection of Building Automation System Design
HVAC control is the field of mixing several knowledge, the knowledge of HVAC, the
knowledge of control, the knowledge of computer science and network. The first problem to solve
is the selection of Building Automation System design, which is related to the completion of
control strategies and the capability of system integration and expansion. I-IVAC control is not
limited in the proprietary communication protocol with the development of Direct Digital Control
and Distributed System. So the open protocols and systems become the developmental orientation.
I selected BACnet and LonWorks technique, which have far-reaching effects on Building
Automation field and represent the developmental orientation. The competed yet dependent
relationship of BACnet and LonWorks and their technical characters are unveiled by analyzing
their train of thoughts and methods, the main points of the protocols, the application and the
applied productsACnet /ALC system and LonWorks/Seachange system. It worthy to refer
on the selection of Building Automation System design in projects.
3. The Study of the Simulative Running of Experimental Set
The experimental set was founded with the hardware and software of BACnet /ALC
system. I practised the whole process of system design, configuration, installation and adjustment
of I/Os, sensors and actuators. I research the application of BACnetIALC system by analyzing the
energy saving software of BACnet /ALC system. I tested the algorithm according to different
I-IVAC equipment by using the experimental set and simulation software, which built a
substructure for the application in projects.
4. The Study of the Applied HVAC Control Algorithm
I try to put forth a set of applied algorithm by combining the situation of HVAC control
systems in our country and analyzing the control requests of typical HVAC systems. I designed
the control programs for the control of FAU, AHU, AHU with secondary return air, VAV BOX
and VAV AHU with the graphic programming tool, EIKON.I also set forth the applied algorithm
for the whole control of typical chiller plant system and design the simple model for dynamic
distribution of loading according to the characteristic of the thermal storage system control.
5. The Practice in Projects
After more than one year practice in projects, especially in the process of executing the
Shanghai ScienceLand project, I did the work of bidding, answering the owner questions,
studing, the drawing for arrangement and for construct and design of control programs, as the
main technician. I practise the study of the selection of Building Automation System design and
HVAC control algorithm in completing the design of control points, the theory of control, the
selection of control system and equipment of the Shanghai ScienceLand project. The work what I
did has been praised by the owner and recognized by the Shanghai Institute of
引文
[1] 李忐浩，‘98暖通年会专题讨论概要，“暖通空调”，1999№1；
[2] 李国洋，推进我国智能建筑产业的发展，’98全国智能建筑技术的研讨会主题报告，1998年12月；
[3] 施鉴诺、方海云，LonWorks和SeaChange智能建筑楼控方案，“智能建筑”1999．12；
[4] 智能建筑软课题研究组，智能建筑软课题研究报告，1997年6月，北京市科协。
[5] G. T. Lezermore, Building Energy Management Systems, An application to heating and control, E & FN spon, 1992.
[6] 施鉴诺，智能建筑空调节能任重道远，“智能建筑”1998．10；
[7] 汪善国，新风量、新风和新回风系统及控制，“暖通空调”，1997年1月。
[8] Frank Capuano & Mahmoud Saleh, An HVAC Example using Visual Control, LonUsers International Spring 1997 Conference, May 20～21, 1997.
[9] 施鉴诺，智能建筑的建筑设备自动化，北京工业大学；
[10] Honeywell公司杨守权，建筑自动化系统与网络时代，工程设计及自动化，1998年6月；
[11] 龙惟定、程大章，智能化大楼的建筑设备，中国建筑工业出版社。
[12] 严德隆、张维君，空调蓄冷应用技术，中国建筑工业出版社。
[13] 施鉴诺，智能建筑中VAV空调系统的控制和运行，“信息与控制”，1998．2；
[14] 施鉴诺、方海云，BACnet和ALC——智能建筑楼控选择方案，“智能建筑”1999．10；
[15] Chuck Ross, Just How Open Are Today's Protocols? Consulting Specifying Engineer, Jan. 1997
[16] M. A. Applebaum and S.T. Bushby, BACnet's First Large-Scale Test: 450 Golden Gate Project, ASHRAE Journal Qnline, July 1998
[17] Jim Butler, An Object-Oriented Network Protocol for Monitoring and Distributed Control, ASHRAE Journal Feb. 1997
[18] G.G. Hull, BACnet: Miracle or Mirage? Automated Logic Corporation
[19] Automated Logic Corporation, BACnet
[20] M. Mc ENTEE, 'ARCNET' in HVAC Systems, Engineered Systems, Jan. 1997
[21] Bill Swan, Internetworking With 'BACnet', Jan. 1997
[22] Automated Logic Corporation, Manual's
[23] G. G. Hull, Myths of LonWorks and BACnet, Automated Logic Corporation
[24] Honeywell, Excel 5000 Open 技术资料汇编, 1998.3
[25] Echelon，开启楼宇自控世界之门，1998．12
[26] ASHRAE, Protocal Roundup, www.ashrae.org
[27] ASHRAE NEWS RELEASE, BACnet Formolizes Connection to Internet, Jan. 29, 1999
[28l Echelon公司北京代表处，LonWorks全分布式互操作性的控制网络。
[29] Echolon, The LonWorks Network Serzices(LNS) Arehitechture.
[30] 北京北黄自动化设备安装有限公司，美国BACnet/ALC楼控产品技术手册，1999．9
[31] 陈崇光、王人敏等，浅论建设银行总行营业大楼VAV空调系统的自动控制，98’中国智能建筑技术研讨会论文
[32] 江亿，冷热源及水系统的监测控制，暖通空调 1997№4；
[33] 江亿，计算机监测控制系统，“暖通空凋”，1997№1；
[34] 江亿，空调系统的监测控制，“暖通空调”，1997№3；
[35] 江亿，建筑设备自动化系统，“暖通空调”，1997增刊；
[36] ASHRAE Application Handbook;
[37] T B Hartman, Direct Digital Controls for HVAC Systems, McGraw—Hill,inc. 1993;
[38] 高玲，智能建筑的设备节能研究，[硕士论文]，北京工业大学空调教研室；
[39] 郭维钧等，新一代计算机控制技术及应用，北京工业大学；
[40] Echelon Corporation, Interoperable Control Networks Using LONWORKS Technology;
[41] 汪善国，美国的空调程控节能系统，暖通空调，1997增刊；
[42] 沈晋明，《ASHRAE标准62-1989》的修正对通风空调行业的影响，“暖通空调”，1998№5；
[43] 朱颖新、江亿，用于空调系统设计的全年双负荷曲线分析法，“暖通空调”，1998№4；
[44] 施鉴诺，暖通计算机方法，中国建筑工业出版社；
[45] 朱津津等，我国智能建筑的发展趋势及对策，北京工业大学；
[46] 郭维钧等，分布式智能建筑控制系统，“工程设计CAD及自动化”，1998．2；
[47] 柴慧娟等，高层建筑空调设计，中国建筑工业出版社；
[48] 祝敬国，上海博物馆智能化工程回顾，“工程设计CAD及自动化”，1998．3；
[49] 张子慧，供热空调自动控制与仪表，陕西人民教育出版社；
[50] 陆伟良，智能化建筑导论，中国建筑工业出版社；
[51] 龙惟定，智能化大楼对暖通空调的挑战，“暖通空凋”，1996№6；
[52] 孙宁等，变风量系统设计浅谈，“暖通空凋”，1997№5；
[53] 李克欣等，VAV空调系统初探，“暖通空调”，1997№3；
[54] 陈向阳，变风量空调系统的自动控制，“暖通空调”，1997№3；
[55] 钱以明，高层建筑空调与节能，同济大学出版社；
[56] Advanced Degree of Control, H&V Engineer, Volume 68, №727;
[57] John Petze, Modularity and The Design of Building Automation Systems, Heating/Piping/Air Conditioning, August 1995;
[58] S.A.Mumma, Real-time On-line Optimization of VAV System Control to Minimize The Energy Consumption Rate and to Satisfy ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 for All Occupied Zones, ASHRAE Transactions, 1994;
[59] P.S.Curtiss, Energy Management in Central HVAC Plants Using Neural Networks, ASHRAE Transactions,1994;
[60] William J. landman, Linking HVAC System Design and Operation through Integrated Controls, ASHRAE Journal, December 1995;
[2] 李国洋，推进我国智能建筑产业的发展，’98全国智能建筑技术的研讨会主题报告，1998年12月；
[3] 施鉴诺、方海云，LonWorks和SeaChange智能建筑楼控方案，“智能建筑”1999．12；
[4] 智能建筑软课题研究组，智能建筑软课题研究报告，1997年6月，北京市科协。
[5] G. T. Lezermore, Building Energy Management Systems, An application to heating and control, E & FN spon, 1992.
[6] 施鉴诺，智能建筑空调节能任重道远，“智能建筑”1998．10；
[7] 汪善国，新风量、新风和新回风系统及控制，“暖通空调”，1997年1月。
[8] Frank Capuano & Mahmoud Saleh, An HVAC Example using Visual Control, LonUsers International Spring 1997 Conference, May 20～21, 1997.
[9] 施鉴诺，智能建筑的建筑设备自动化，北京工业大学；
[10] Honeywell公司杨守权，建筑自动化系统与网络时代，工程设计及自动化，1998年6月；
[11] 龙惟定、程大章，智能化大楼的建筑设备，中国建筑工业出版社。
[12] 严德隆、张维君，空调蓄冷应用技术，中国建筑工业出版社。
[13] 施鉴诺，智能建筑中VAV空调系统的控制和运行，“信息与控制”，1998．2；
[14] 施鉴诺、方海云，BACnet和ALC——智能建筑楼控选择方案，“智能建筑”1999．10；
[15] Chuck Ross, Just How Open Are Today's Protocols? Consulting Specifying Engineer, Jan. 1997
[16] M. A. Applebaum and S.T. Bushby, BACnet's First Large-Scale Test: 450 Golden Gate Project, ASHRAE Journal Qnline, July 1998
[17] Jim Butler, An Object-Oriented Network Protocol for Monitoring and Distributed Control, ASHRAE Journal Feb. 1997
[18] G.G. Hull, BACnet: Miracle or Mirage? Automated Logic Corporation
[19] Automated Logic Corporation, BACnet
[20] M. Mc ENTEE, 'ARCNET' in HVAC Systems, Engineered Systems, Jan. 1997
[21] Bill Swan, Internetworking With 'BACnet', Jan. 1997
[22] Automated Logic Corporation, Manual's
[23] G. G. Hull, Myths of LonWorks and BACnet, Automated Logic Corporation
[24] Honeywell, Excel 5000 Open 技术资料汇编, 1998.3
[25] Echelon，开启楼宇自控世界之门，1998．12
[26] ASHRAE, Protocal Roundup, www.ashrae.org
[27] ASHRAE NEWS RELEASE, BACnet Formolizes Connection to Internet, Jan. 29, 1999
[28l Echelon公司北京代表处，LonWorks全分布式互操作性的控制网络。
[29] Echolon, The LonWorks Network Serzices(LNS) Arehitechture.
[30] 北京北黄自动化设备安装有限公司，美国BACnet/ALC楼控产品技术手册，1999．9
[31] 陈崇光、王人敏等，浅论建设银行总行营业大楼VAV空调系统的自动控制，98’中国智能建筑技术研讨会论文
[32] 江亿，冷热源及水系统的监测控制，暖通空调 1997№4；
[33] 江亿，计算机监测控制系统，“暖通空凋”，1997№1；
[34] 江亿，空调系统的监测控制，“暖通空调”，1997№3；
[35] 江亿，建筑设备自动化系统，“暖通空调”，1997增刊；
[36] ASHRAE Application Handbook;
[37] T B Hartman, Direct Digital Controls for HVAC Systems, McGraw—Hill,inc. 1993;
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