城市景观设施设计中的隐喻表达
摘要
随着城市的发展,城市景观的不断优化,作为城市景观的重要组成部分——景观设施必然要适应社会的发展,承载展现城市景观的责任。目前,城市中的景观设施大多还只从功能和形式美方面来考量,造成了各个城市景观设施形式上的雷同,出现缺少城市形象特征及文化内涵等问题；而隐喻作为表意的一种重要手法,抒发着作品的“言外之意”,充分挖掘作品的特征内涵。笔者通过查阅大量的相关文献信息库,发现目前国内外关于隐喻设计的研究主要集中在建筑、产品设计和后现代景观设计等方面,关于景观设施中隐喻的系统研究几乎还没有,鉴于以上原因,笔者选定城市景观设施设计中隐喻表达为文章研究主题,采用文献研究法、实地调研法和实例分析法从隐喻的角度对景观设施展开研究,分析景观设施设计中影响隐喻表达的因素、表达的载体、隐喻的获取途径,总结了隐喻的表达方法、原则等,并选取具有不同“性格”的城市进行案例分析,最后结合实例对提出的理论和方法进行检验。以期对今后景观设施设计中表现自身特色有一定的指导作用。其研究结果如下：
(1)文章通过对隐喻与景观设施的相关文献的总结分析研究,探讨隐喻的涵义、特征、历史发展等,对隐喻的本质有了深入的认识,以便在景观设施设计的过程中恰当的进行隐喻表达研究。
(2)根据隐喻的概念得出景观设施隐喻的概念；归纳总结景观设施隐喻表达的4个影响因素：地域文化、社会经济、心理需求、伦理道德；论述景观设施与隐喻的关系,隐喻是景观设施意义与价值的体现,景观设施是隐喻的载体；并通过对隐喻在建筑设计中的4种表现手法、景观设计中的隐喻的4种表现类型进行分析,为景观设施中的隐喻表达提供指导。
(3)结合实例考察了景观设施中隐喻表达的载体元素——设施自身的色彩、形态、材质3大元素。指出隐喻信息是通过感觉、推理、联想等5种途径来获取的。提出隐喻在景观设施的表达过程中的原则、方式、方法等,设计师主要依据共生、共融、共鸣和匹配4大原则,指出主要采用象形、历史主义和叙事主义3种隐喻手法来满足人们模拟自然、展现历史、祈求吉祥、回忆生活等5种情结；最后总结出隐喻是如何通过景观设施来传达的表达模式,为设计师提供设计依据。
(4)通过案例结合实例设计的方法,进一步阐述隐喻在景观设施设计中的表达。选取具有皇城文化的北京、移民文化的上海、湖湘文化的长沙进行案例研究：通过对北京故宫、颐和园、前门大街、奥林匹克公园、798艺术馆及它们周边区域景观设施进行考察,总结出其隐喻主要具有北京皇城文化与中国传统文化、北京民俗文化、奥运文化、个性文化4大特点；针对上海外滩区域、世纪公园、历史文化街、古城公园、人民广场、陆家嘴金融区域等上海具有代表性城市公共绿地中的景观设施进行调研,概括出其隐喻具有多元化、现代化、国际化以及上海的本土历史文化2个方面的特点；通过对长沙市步行街、橘子洲、湘江风光带、南郊公园、太平街、天心阁公园等区域景观设施进行考察,分析出其隐喻具有4个特点,主要是对长沙传统民俗文化、革命文化、湖湘历史文化以及对环境元素的隐喻。总而言之,城市景观设施设计中的隐喻就是展现各自城市特色文化,这为实例设计提供了构思基础。最后,以长沙烈士公园景观设施为实例,通过实地调研,对烈士公园的总体特征进行分析,归纳出公园纪念与民俗2大隐喻信息,利用笔者总结出的隐喻表达模式,并选取文章研究范围内具有代表性的3种类型的景观设施：指示牌、坐凳、雕塑尝试进行隐喻表达。
隐喻来源于修辞学,但却被人们广泛的运用于各种艺术创作之中,涉及面广。此文对景观设施的隐喻表达的研究空间还很大,很多方面需要在以后的研究工作中不断补充。
With the development of cities and optimization of urban landscape, as an impor--tant part of urban landscape, in order to afford responsibilities of representing the city , the landscape operations has to keep pace with the development of our society. At pr-esent most of the landscape operations focused on its function and appearance,which is the main reason for landscape operations looking similar in expression, but insuffi--cient in emphasize unique city image and cultural differences. Metaphor as an impor--tant technique of expression, it express the works of "illocutionary" and fully excava-te characteristic of works. The author by consulting lots of literature information to f--ound that whether in China or abroad the works about metaphor research focuses on the design, product design and architectural postmodern landscape design, etc and the--re is almost no system research in the application of metaphor in landscape operatio--ns. In view of these reasons the author selected the metaphors expressing in landsca-pe operations design as the research topic. By means of documentation, on-the-spot investigation method and analytic example to express the perspective of metaphor la-ndscape facility. Analysis the factor which is affect landscape operations design, such as the metaphor and expression of the carrier, the metaphor and expression, and sum--marizes the acquirement of metaphors expressing method, principle, etc.. And with s--elect the different "character" city of case analysis, and put forward the study of the t--heory and method of inspection In order to show it in the design of landscape operati--ons features and give some guidance. The results are as follows:
(1) The article based on landscape operations and metaphor summarizes related works to explore the concept, characteristics, and historical development of the appli--cation of metaphor in landscape operations design; it is a deeper understanding to the essence of metaphor. At the same time it also helps us apply metaphors in the process of landscape operations design.
(2) Conclude the concept of landscape operations metaphor according to the con-cept of metaphor; Summarizes the expression of amenity horticulture metaphor in fo--ur factors:regional culture, social economy, psychological needs and ethics, Discuss-es the relationship between amenity horticulture and metaphor, metaphor is the signi--ficance and value of landscape operations, landscape operations is the carrier of met- -aphor; By means of analyzing four expressional techniques of metaphor in architect--ural design and metaphors applied in four kind of performances in the process of lan--dscape design, provides guidance to the application of metaphor in amenity horticult ure design.
(3) Combined with these examples, the expression of metaphor in landscape op--erations carried by three elements-are color, shape and material. That information f--rom metaphor, maintained by means of feeling, reasoning and associate, Stylist main basis on the intergrowth, the harmony principle, the matching principle, it also mainly use the pictographic, history of metaphor tactics to satisfy people simulating natural, historical and pray lucky, show the five kinds of complex life memories; Finally sum--marizes how metaphor communicate through landscape operations design, these fac--tors can be basis of pattern design.
(4) Through these cases, elaborates the design method of metaphor use in landsc--ape operations design. Select the Beijing with the imperial culture, Shanghai with th--e immigrant culture, Changsha with HuXiang culture as case study; through the study of the Palace Museum in Beijing, the Summer Palace, QianMen Street, the Olympic park, and 798 art and circumjacent area amenity horticulture, Summarized the chara--cteristic of metaph--or in Beijing are:imperial culture, Chinese traditional culture, f--olk culture, Beijing Olympic culture and differentiate cultural. According to Shangh--ai bund area, the century park street, the history street, people's square, city area Sha--nghai LuJiaZui financial representative of urban public green space landscape facility for investigation, S ummarized two features which is metaphor has diversified, mode--rnization and internationalization and Shanghai local history culture, Through the str--eet, Changsha JuZi Zhou, south park, the Xiangjiang sight, peaceful street, pure pa--vilion park and some other landscape operations, to analyze that the metaphor has fo--ur features, those all to Changsha traditional folk culture and the cultural revolution, the history and culture ofHunan province and the environmental elements of metaphor. In short, the urban landscape operations design of metaphor is showing facilities in th--eir cities, for example, the characteristic of culture provides the design idea.Finally, using the Changsha martyrs park amenity horticulture as example, through on-the-sp---ot investigation, the general characteristics of martyrs'park analysis, we can conclud--es that two folk memorial park metaphor information, and Using the author summari- -zes the metaphorical expression mode, and select the research scope of representative in three types of landscape operations:sign, sits stool, sculpture, try to metaphor des-ign.
The Metaphor comes from rhetoric, but it is widely used in all kinds of artistic works.in this article the amenity horticulture for the study of metaphors has greater s--pace to explore, many research in other aspects will constantly supplement in the fut--ure work.
(1)文章通过对隐喻与景观设施的相关文献的总结分析研究,探讨隐喻的涵义、特征、历史发展等,对隐喻的本质有了深入的认识,以便在景观设施设计的过程中恰当的进行隐喻表达研究。
(2)根据隐喻的概念得出景观设施隐喻的概念；归纳总结景观设施隐喻表达的4个影响因素：地域文化、社会经济、心理需求、伦理道德；论述景观设施与隐喻的关系,隐喻是景观设施意义与价值的体现,景观设施是隐喻的载体；并通过对隐喻在建筑设计中的4种表现手法、景观设计中的隐喻的4种表现类型进行分析,为景观设施中的隐喻表达提供指导。
(3)结合实例考察了景观设施中隐喻表达的载体元素——设施自身的色彩、形态、材质3大元素。指出隐喻信息是通过感觉、推理、联想等5种途径来获取的。提出隐喻在景观设施的表达过程中的原则、方式、方法等,设计师主要依据共生、共融、共鸣和匹配4大原则,指出主要采用象形、历史主义和叙事主义3种隐喻手法来满足人们模拟自然、展现历史、祈求吉祥、回忆生活等5种情结；最后总结出隐喻是如何通过景观设施来传达的表达模式,为设计师提供设计依据。
(4)通过案例结合实例设计的方法,进一步阐述隐喻在景观设施设计中的表达。选取具有皇城文化的北京、移民文化的上海、湖湘文化的长沙进行案例研究：通过对北京故宫、颐和园、前门大街、奥林匹克公园、798艺术馆及它们周边区域景观设施进行考察,总结出其隐喻主要具有北京皇城文化与中国传统文化、北京民俗文化、奥运文化、个性文化4大特点；针对上海外滩区域、世纪公园、历史文化街、古城公园、人民广场、陆家嘴金融区域等上海具有代表性城市公共绿地中的景观设施进行调研,概括出其隐喻具有多元化、现代化、国际化以及上海的本土历史文化2个方面的特点；通过对长沙市步行街、橘子洲、湘江风光带、南郊公园、太平街、天心阁公园等区域景观设施进行考察,分析出其隐喻具有4个特点,主要是对长沙传统民俗文化、革命文化、湖湘历史文化以及对环境元素的隐喻。总而言之,城市景观设施设计中的隐喻就是展现各自城市特色文化,这为实例设计提供了构思基础。最后,以长沙烈士公园景观设施为实例,通过实地调研,对烈士公园的总体特征进行分析,归纳出公园纪念与民俗2大隐喻信息,利用笔者总结出的隐喻表达模式,并选取文章研究范围内具有代表性的3种类型的景观设施：指示牌、坐凳、雕塑尝试进行隐喻表达。
隐喻来源于修辞学,但却被人们广泛的运用于各种艺术创作之中,涉及面广。此文对景观设施的隐喻表达的研究空间还很大,很多方面需要在以后的研究工作中不断补充。
With the development of cities and optimization of urban landscape, as an impor--tant part of urban landscape, in order to afford responsibilities of representing the city , the landscape operations has to keep pace with the development of our society. At pr-esent most of the landscape operations focused on its function and appearance,which is the main reason for landscape operations looking similar in expression, but insuffi--cient in emphasize unique city image and cultural differences. Metaphor as an impor--tant technique of expression, it express the works of "illocutionary" and fully excava-te characteristic of works. The author by consulting lots of literature information to f--ound that whether in China or abroad the works about metaphor research focuses on the design, product design and architectural postmodern landscape design, etc and the--re is almost no system research in the application of metaphor in landscape operatio--ns. In view of these reasons the author selected the metaphors expressing in landsca-pe operations design as the research topic. By means of documentation, on-the-spot investigation method and analytic example to express the perspective of metaphor la-ndscape facility. Analysis the factor which is affect landscape operations design, such as the metaphor and expression of the carrier, the metaphor and expression, and sum--marizes the acquirement of metaphors expressing method, principle, etc.. And with s--elect the different "character" city of case analysis, and put forward the study of the t--heory and method of inspection In order to show it in the design of landscape operati--ons features and give some guidance. The results are as follows:
(1) The article based on landscape operations and metaphor summarizes related works to explore the concept, characteristics, and historical development of the appli--cation of metaphor in landscape operations design; it is a deeper understanding to the essence of metaphor. At the same time it also helps us apply metaphors in the process of landscape operations design.
(2) Conclude the concept of landscape operations metaphor according to the con-cept of metaphor; Summarizes the expression of amenity horticulture metaphor in fo--ur factors:regional culture, social economy, psychological needs and ethics, Discuss-es the relationship between amenity horticulture and metaphor, metaphor is the signi--ficance and value of landscape operations, landscape operations is the carrier of met- -aphor; By means of analyzing four expressional techniques of metaphor in architect--ural design and metaphors applied in four kind of performances in the process of lan--dscape design, provides guidance to the application of metaphor in amenity horticult ure design.
(3) Combined with these examples, the expression of metaphor in landscape op--erations carried by three elements-are color, shape and material. That information f--rom metaphor, maintained by means of feeling, reasoning and associate, Stylist main basis on the intergrowth, the harmony principle, the matching principle, it also mainly use the pictographic, history of metaphor tactics to satisfy people simulating natural, historical and pray lucky, show the five kinds of complex life memories; Finally sum--marizes how metaphor communicate through landscape operations design, these fac--tors can be basis of pattern design.
(4) Through these cases, elaborates the design method of metaphor use in landsc--ape operations design. Select the Beijing with the imperial culture, Shanghai with th--e immigrant culture, Changsha with HuXiang culture as case study; through the study of the Palace Museum in Beijing, the Summer Palace, QianMen Street, the Olympic park, and 798 art and circumjacent area amenity horticulture, Summarized the chara--cteristic of metaph--or in Beijing are:imperial culture, Chinese traditional culture, f--olk culture, Beijing Olympic culture and differentiate cultural. According to Shangh--ai bund area, the century park street, the history street, people's square, city area Sha--nghai LuJiaZui financial representative of urban public green space landscape facility for investigation, S ummarized two features which is metaphor has diversified, mode--rnization and internationalization and Shanghai local history culture, Through the str--eet, Changsha JuZi Zhou, south park, the Xiangjiang sight, peaceful street, pure pa--vilion park and some other landscape operations, to analyze that the metaphor has fo--ur features, those all to Changsha traditional folk culture and the cultural revolution, the history and culture ofHunan province and the environmental elements of metaphor. In short, the urban landscape operations design of metaphor is showing facilities in th--eir cities, for example, the characteristic of culture provides the design idea.Finally, using the Changsha martyrs park amenity horticulture as example, through on-the-sp---ot investigation, the general characteristics of martyrs'park analysis, we can conclud--es that two folk memorial park metaphor information, and Using the author summari- -zes the metaphorical expression mode, and select the research scope of representative in three types of landscape operations:sign, sits stool, sculpture, try to metaphor des-ign.
The Metaphor comes from rhetoric, but it is widely used in all kinds of artistic works.in this article the amenity horticulture for the study of metaphors has greater s--pace to explore, many research in other aspects will constantly supplement in the fut--ure work.
引文
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