报纸新闻叙事研究
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摘要
新闻是对新近发生的事实的报道,在技术本质上是一种典型的叙事行为。报纸新闻叙事是新闻叙事的一种传媒表现形态,它以报纸为载体叙述新闻事件,传播新闻信息,表达报道意见,体现了将新闻信息作为叙述内容,由叙述者(记者、编辑和媒体)传递给接受者(读者)的一种动态过程。本文借鉴西方叙事学的有关理论,采用符号分析、话语分析等科学方法对报纸新闻叙事进行研究。全文先叙说了由叙事到新闻叙事,再到报纸新闻叙事的演变路径,论证了作为命题的新闻叙事学。本文认为,报纸新闻叙事分为新闻文本叙事和新闻版面叙事。在新闻文本叙事部分,总结出了新闻文本制作的一般方法,通过新闻文本宏观分析概括出新闻叙事图式,并从新闻文本结构的层次性,拈出它由基本命题向宏观命题演进的方式。文中指出,新闻文本中总是隐藏着一个新闻叙事图式,在新闻传播中,无论是记者还是受众,都在不知不觉中运用这一图式制作新闻或理解新闻。在新闻版面叙事部分,提出了“报纸版面叙事功能”这一概念,指出它是通过合理巧妙地安排版面元素和版面布局,增强版面的动态感和连续性效果,从而使报纸版面获得叙事性,由空间艺术转变成时间艺术。文中分析了报纸新闻版面叙事的元素与结构,重点分析了版面叙事风格和版面叙事框架,说明了新闻图片在报纸版面叙事中的特别作用。本文最后部分对报纸新闻叙事的发展轨迹进行了梳理,指出随着网络媒体的兴起,报纸原有的叙事方式和内容已然发生了很大的变化,电子报纸新闻叙事的出现和构建电子报纸数据库,是一种必然发展趋势。
News is a report on fact taking place recently, and it is a kind of typical narrative behavior in technical nature. Newspaper narrative is one kind of the media forms of news narrative. It takes the newspaper as a carrier to narrate news event, to propagate news information and to express media opinion. It reflects a dynamic process in which the news information is regarded as narrative content, transmitted from the narrator (reporter, editor and media) to the receiver (reader). This article took advantage of some relevant theory of western narrative, and used some scientific methods to research newspaper, such as symbol analyzing, discourse analyzing, etc. In this article, the author firstly introduced the evolutionary way from narrative to news narrative, then to newspaper narrative, and proved the subject of news narrative. The author thought that newspaper narrative could be divided into manuscript narrating and layout narrating. In the part of manuscript narrating, the author summed up a general way to make news text, that is, to build up the news schema through the macroscopic structure analyzing. According to the rank order of manuscript structure, the author pointed out the manuscript’s evolutionary way from basic subject to macroscopic subject. The author also pointed out that there was always a news schema in the manuscript. In the news propagation, both reporters and readers used this schema unconsciously to produce news and to understand news. In the part of layout narrating, the author presented a new concept of layout narrating function, suggesting that we can arrange the elements and structure of newspaper layout reasonably and skillfully to increase the dynamic and successive effect of the layout, then to have the newspaper layout got narrative function and transformed from space art to time art. The author analyzed the elements and structure of the newspaper layout narrating, emphatically analyzed the layout narrating style and layout narrating frame, and showed the special function of news pictures in newspaper layout narrating. In the last part of the article, the author combed the developing track of the newspaper narrative, and pointed out that with the development of internet, the original forms and content of newspaper narrative had changed, the appearance of electronic newspaper narrative and the establishment of electronic newspaper database were inevitable developing tendency.
News is a report on fact taking place recently, and it is a kind of typical narrative behavior in technical nature. Newspaper narrative is one kind of the media forms of news narrative. It takes the newspaper as a carrier to narrate news event, to propagate news information and to express media opinion. It reflects a dynamic process in which the news information is regarded as narrative content, transmitted from the narrator (reporter, editor and media) to the receiver (reader). This article took advantage of some relevant theory of western narrative, and used some scientific methods to research newspaper, such as symbol analyzing, discourse analyzing, etc. In this article, the author firstly introduced the evolutionary way from narrative to news narrative, then to newspaper narrative, and proved the subject of news narrative. The author thought that newspaper narrative could be divided into manuscript narrating and layout narrating. In the part of manuscript narrating, the author summed up a general way to make news text, that is, to build up the news schema through the macroscopic structure analyzing. According to the rank order of manuscript structure, the author pointed out the manuscript’s evolutionary way from basic subject to macroscopic subject. The author also pointed out that there was always a news schema in the manuscript. In the news propagation, both reporters and readers used this schema unconsciously to produce news and to understand news. In the part of layout narrating, the author presented a new concept of layout narrating function, suggesting that we can arrange the elements and structure of newspaper layout reasonably and skillfully to increase the dynamic and successive effect of the layout, then to have the newspaper layout got narrative function and transformed from space art to time art. The author analyzed the elements and structure of the newspaper layout narrating, emphatically analyzed the layout narrating style and layout narrating frame, and showed the special function of news pictures in newspaper layout narrating. In the last part of the article, the author combed the developing track of the newspaper narrative, and pointed out that with the development of internet, the original forms and content of newspaper narrative had changed, the appearance of electronic newspaper narrative and the establishment of electronic newspaper database were inevitable developing tendency.
引文
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[2] 里蒙·凯南. 叙事虚构作品. 三联书店,1989,3-5
[3] 热拉尔·热奈特,王文融译. 叙事话语 新叙事话语. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,200
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[5][8]米克·巴尔,王文融译. 叙述学:叙事理论导论. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,3
[6]米克·巴尔,王文融译. 叙述学:叙事理论导论. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,4
[7] 浦安迪. 中国叙事学. 北京:北京大学出版社,1990,5
[9] 伯格. 通俗文化、媒介和日常生活中的叙事. 南京:南京大学出版社,2002,5
[10] 刘海贵,孔祥军. 新闻传播精品导读·新闻(消息)卷——范式与典例. 上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,14
[11] 索绪尔,高名凯译. 普通语言学教程. 商务印书馆,1999,30
[12] 曾庆香. 新闻叙事学. 北京:中国广播电视大学出版社,2005,3
[13] 罗以澄,胡亚平. 挑战现实理性构建浪漫真实——解读新新闻主义的价值观及其叙事结构. 现代传播,2004,(2)
[14] Schramm W. The Nature of News,Journalism Quarterly,1949,26(3),56-259
[15] 彭菊华. 时代的艺术. 湖南:湖南文艺出版社,1998,228
[16] 蔡尚思. 蔡元培学术思想传记. 上海:棠棣出版社,1950
[17] 钦提奥. 论传奇体叙事诗.上海:上海译文出版社,1984
[18] 谭君强. 叙事理论与审美文化. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002,50
[19] 杨先顺. 试论新闻写作的叙事角度. 新闻大学,2001,2:36-39
[20] 黎明洁.作为新闻的叙事化生存. 新传播资讯网,2002-9-23
[21] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译. 作为话语的新闻. 北京:华夏出版社,2003,33
[22] 吕岩松.北约野蛮轰炸我驻南使馆.人民日报,1999-5-9
[23] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译 作为话语的新闻. 北京:华夏出版社,2003,50
[24] 谭君强. 叙事理论与审美文化. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002,11
[25] 浦安迪. 中国叙事学. 北京:北京大学出版社,1990,6
[26] 胡敏. 叙事学. 武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1994,63
[27] [28] 丰子恺. 绘画与文学·绘画概说. 湖南:湖南文艺出版社,2001,99
[29] 吴飞. 新闻编辑学. 杭州:浙江大学出版社,2003,357
[30] Baskette, Floyd K., Sissors , Jack Z. and Brooks, Brian S. The Art of Editing 6th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997,44-45
[31] Ames, Steve E. Elements of Newspaper Design, New York : Praeger, 1989, 211
[32] 万茂华,赵成新,李志林等.洞庭湖长大五分之一.湖南日报,2001-12-26
[33] 彭修根.中国绘画艺术论.山西教育出版社,2001,19-20
[34] 吴飞.新闻编辑学.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2003,310
[35] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译.作为话语的新闻 北京:华夏出版社,2003,74
[36][40] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹.广州:南方日报出版社,2000,42
[37] 威尔伯·施拉姆,陈亮等译.传播学概论.北京:新华出版社, 1984,189
[38] 王贵斌,陈敏直.文化规范与新闻框架.当代传播, 2005(3),18-20
[39] 李希光.新闻学核心.广州:南方日报出版社,2002,52
[41] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,33
[42] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,78
[43] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,29
[44] Blanchard, Margaret A. History of the Mass Media in the United States.1st ed. Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998, 442.
[45] 中华工商时报,1999-11-10
[46] 明安香.信息高速公路与大众传播.北京:华夏出版社,1999,244
[47] Meyer Philip.Precision Joumalism A reporters Introduction to Social Science Methods. Indiana University press,1973
[48] 李良荣.西方新闻事业概论.上海:复旦大学出版社,1997,165
[49] Baskette, Floyd K., Sissors , Jack Z. and Brooks, Brian S. The Art of Editing 3rd ed. New York:Macmillan Publishing, London: Collier Macmillan Publishing, 1982, 307.
[50] Daryl R. Moen,Newspaper Layout and Design A Team Approach, Iowa State University Press,2000,145-147
[51] 约翰·V·帕克利克著,张军芳译.新闻业与新媒介.北京:新华出版社,2005,3
[52] 中华新闻报,1999-4-12
[53] 约翰·V·帕克利克著,张军芳译.新闻业与新媒介.北京:新华出版社,2005,69
[54] 郭庆光.传播学教程 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999,148
[55] 金兼斌.电子报纸与网络传播.新闻与传播研究,1998,3,24-33
[2] 里蒙·凯南. 叙事虚构作品. 三联书店,1989,3-5
[3] 热拉尔·热奈特,王文融译. 叙事话语 新叙事话语. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,200
[4] 浦安迪. 中国叙事学. 北京:北京大学出版社,1990,8
[5][8]米克·巴尔,王文融译. 叙述学:叙事理论导论. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,3
[6]米克·巴尔,王文融译. 叙述学:叙事理论导论. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,1990,4
[7] 浦安迪. 中国叙事学. 北京:北京大学出版社,1990,5
[9] 伯格. 通俗文化、媒介和日常生活中的叙事. 南京:南京大学出版社,2002,5
[10] 刘海贵,孔祥军. 新闻传播精品导读·新闻(消息)卷——范式与典例. 上海:复旦大学出版社,2004,14
[11] 索绪尔,高名凯译. 普通语言学教程. 商务印书馆,1999,30
[12] 曾庆香. 新闻叙事学. 北京:中国广播电视大学出版社,2005,3
[13] 罗以澄,胡亚平. 挑战现实理性构建浪漫真实——解读新新闻主义的价值观及其叙事结构. 现代传播,2004,(2)
[14] Schramm W. The Nature of News,Journalism Quarterly,1949,26(3),56-259
[15] 彭菊华. 时代的艺术. 湖南:湖南文艺出版社,1998,228
[16] 蔡尚思. 蔡元培学术思想传记. 上海:棠棣出版社,1950
[17] 钦提奥. 论传奇体叙事诗.上海:上海译文出版社,1984
[18] 谭君强. 叙事理论与审美文化. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002,50
[19] 杨先顺. 试论新闻写作的叙事角度. 新闻大学,2001,2:36-39
[20] 黎明洁.作为新闻的叙事化生存. 新传播资讯网,2002-9-23
[21] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译. 作为话语的新闻. 北京:华夏出版社,2003,33
[22] 吕岩松.北约野蛮轰炸我驻南使馆.人民日报,1999-5-9
[23] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译 作为话语的新闻. 北京:华夏出版社,2003,50
[24] 谭君强. 叙事理论与审美文化. 北京:中国社会科学出版社,2002,11
[25] 浦安迪. 中国叙事学. 北京:北京大学出版社,1990,6
[26] 胡敏. 叙事学. 武汉:华中师范大学出版社,1994,63
[27] [28] 丰子恺. 绘画与文学·绘画概说. 湖南:湖南文艺出版社,2001,99
[29] 吴飞. 新闻编辑学. 杭州:浙江大学出版社,2003,357
[30] Baskette, Floyd K., Sissors , Jack Z. and Brooks, Brian S. The Art of Editing 6th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1997,44-45
[31] Ames, Steve E. Elements of Newspaper Design, New York : Praeger, 1989, 211
[32] 万茂华,赵成新,李志林等.洞庭湖长大五分之一.湖南日报,2001-12-26
[33] 彭修根.中国绘画艺术论.山西教育出版社,2001,19-20
[34] 吴飞.新闻编辑学.杭州:浙江大学出版社,2003,310
[35] 梵·迪克,曾庆香译.作为话语的新闻 北京:华夏出版社,2003,74
[36][40] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹.广州:南方日报出版社,2000,42
[37] 威尔伯·施拉姆,陈亮等译.传播学概论.北京:新华出版社, 1984,189
[38] 王贵斌,陈敏直.文化规范与新闻框架.当代传播, 2005(3),18-20
[39] 李希光.新闻学核心.广州:南方日报出版社,2002,52
[41] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,33
[42] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,78
[43] 李孟昱.当代中国报纸版面精粹. 广州:南方日报出版社,2000,29
[44] Blanchard, Margaret A. History of the Mass Media in the United States.1st ed. Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998, 442.
[45] 中华工商时报,1999-11-10
[46] 明安香.信息高速公路与大众传播.北京:华夏出版社,1999,244
[47] Meyer Philip.Precision Joumalism A reporters Introduction to Social Science Methods. Indiana University press,1973
[48] 李良荣.西方新闻事业概论.上海:复旦大学出版社,1997,165
[49] Baskette, Floyd K., Sissors , Jack Z. and Brooks, Brian S. The Art of Editing 3rd ed. New York:Macmillan Publishing, London: Collier Macmillan Publishing, 1982, 307.
[50] Daryl R. Moen,Newspaper Layout and Design A Team Approach, Iowa State University Press,2000,145-147
[51] 约翰·V·帕克利克著,张军芳译.新闻业与新媒介.北京:新华出版社,2005,3
[52] 中华新闻报,1999-4-12
[53] 约翰·V·帕克利克著,张军芳译.新闻业与新媒介.北京:新华出版社,2005,69
[54] 郭庆光.传播学教程 北京:中国人民大学出版社,1999,148
[55] 金兼斌.电子报纸与网络传播.新闻与传播研究,1998,3,24-33