米糠高值化综合利用关键技术研究
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摘要
米糠是稻谷加工的副产物,是稻谷脱壳后依附在糙米上的表面层,由外果皮、中果皮、交联层、种皮及糊粉层组成,约占稻谷质量的5～7%。我国米糠年产量超过1400万吨,资源量居世界之首,是一种量大面广的可再生资源,联合国工业发展组织称米糠为一种未充分利用的原料。米糠是稻谷的精华所在,其富含的不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、生育三烯酚、脂多糖、膳食纤维、角鲨烯、γ-谷维醇等生物活性物质,在预防人体心脑血管疾病、增强机体免疫力、抗癌、预防便秘和肥胖症等方面具有显著的功能作用,是保健食品、医药、化工制造业的重要原料,受到世界各国广泛重视。
尽管我国米糠资源量巨大,居世界之首,但还没有对其充分开发与利用。与美国、日本等国家对米糠综合利用情况相比差距较大。我国米糠主要用作于动物饲料利用,只有少量的米糠用于榨油或进一步制备植酸钙、肌醇和谷维素等产品,资源未得到合理利用,附加值较低。因此,充分利用米糠这一丰富的资源,进一步开发米糠产品,提高稻米加工企业的经济效益已势在必行。本研究以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取、分子蒸馏、高温挤压等关键技术提取、纯化米糠油及米糠中的有效成分,实现原料全利用,无废物化生产,可大幅度提高米糠的附加值。
1.主要研究内容
(1)超临界C02萃取技术提取及精制米糠油工艺的研究；
(2)分子蒸馏技术提取、纯化米糠甾醇工艺的研究；
(3)夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取米糠植酸工艺的研究；
(4)低植酸高品质膳食纤维的制取及应用。
2.主要创新点
(1)以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2选择性萃取技术提取及精制米糠油,使提取、精制一步完成,直接得到符合国家标准的精制米糠油,与传统方法相比,省去了脱胶、脱蜡、脱色、脱臭等工序,且生产全程无污染。
(2)采用夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取植酸,与传统方法相比,无需使用强酸溶剂,并省去了酸浸、中和等工序,使渣料中无有毒有害物质残留,可进一步用于制作米糠膳食纤维。
(3)以脱植酸米糠为原料生产低植酸高品质膳食纤维,使产品的营养学特性更加理想。
3、各项研究结果
(1)以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取米糠油,通过响应面分析,萃取压力对米糠油得率影响最大,其次为萃取时间,最后为萃取温度。最佳萃取条件为萃取温度52℃,萃取压力24MPa,萃取时间1.8h,米糠油得率95.12%。
(2)在超临界CO2萃取米糠油最佳条件的基础上,采用两萃四分四精馏式超临界CO2萃取装置精制米糠油,通过测定不同条件下各精馏组分的理化指标以及精制米糠油的得率,确定最佳精馏条件为精馏压力10MPa,精馏温度20-25-30-35-40-45℃,此时精馏效果最好,精制米糠油得率为61.43%。
(3)采用GC-MS法测定米糠油脂肪酸组成,经NIST search2.O标准谱图库检索,共鉴定出8种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸4种,相对含量为80.30%,主要为油酸和亚油酸,相对含量分别为39.51%和38.03%,饱和脂肪酸4种,相对含量为19.70%。
(4)以精馏Ⅰ馏出物为原料,采用分子蒸馏技术提取、纯化米糠甾醇,通过响应面分析,蒸馏温度对植物甾醇含量影响最大,其次为进料速率,最后为刮膜转速。最佳分子蒸馏条件为蒸馏温度180℃,刮膜转速420r/min,进料速率2.7mL/min,甾醇含量为63.85%。
(5)采用无水乙醇为重结晶溶剂对植物甾醇进一步精制,最终得到颜色纯净的甾醇产品,纯度为90.17%,得率为65.54%。
(6)采用GC-MS法测定精制甾醇产品中植物甾醇的组成,共鉴定出3种植物甾醇,即菜油甾醇、豆浴醇和β-谷甾醇,含量分别为25.57%、21.18%和53.25%。
(7)以脱脂米糠为原料,采用夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取植酸,通过响应面分析,萃取压力对植酸得率影响最大,其次为萃取时间,最后为萃取温度。最佳萃取条件为萃取时间3h,萃取温度54℃,萃取压力26MPa,植酸得率93.14%。
(8)采用D315,717#,Amberlite IRA-68, DEAE Sephadex A-25四种阴离子交换树脂进行植酸静态吸附试验,其中717#离子交换树脂对植酸有较大吸附量,且适合工业化生产,因此本研究选择717#阴离子交换树脂对植酸进行纯化,确定NaCl洗脱剂浓度为1.0mol/L,流速为2mL/min.
(9)对植酸产品的质量进行了检测,结果表明：产品纯度为58%,各种杂质离子含量均符合要求。
(10)以低植酸米糠为原料制取高品质膳食纤维,采用双螺杆挤压技术对LPA-DF进行改性,增加其SDF含量。通过响应面分析,挤压温度对SDF得率影响最大,其次为原料粒度,最后为加水量。最优挤压条件为挤压温度175℃,加水量90%,物料粒度60目,SDF得率为11.38%
(11)对LPA-DF与LPA-HQDF的物理特性进行了研究,LPA-DF的膨胀力为3.55mL/g,持水力5.74g/g,吸脂力4.52g/g；LPA-HQDF的膨胀力为5.38mL/g,持水力7.06g/g,吸脂力5.45g/g。挤压改性后LPA-HQDF的物理特性明显优于未经改性的LPA-DF。
(12)从超微结构观察LPA-HQDF,结构疏松,有玫瑰花似的皱折,形成较多、较大的空腔,表面出现了很多孔洞,利于水分渗入并被束缚；而LPA-DF的结构比较紧密,呈片状,表面光滑、平整；X—射线衍射结果表明挤压改性方法对LPA-HQDF的结晶区没有破坏或破坏程度很小,挤压处理有利于非结晶区水溶性成分的溶出。
(13)对LPA-HQDF在面包中应用进行了研究,通过感官评定及对LPA-HQDF不同添加量面包的质构进行测定分析,确定LPA-HQDF在面包中的最大添加量为9%,此时,面包的口感良好,柔软有弹性,带有淡淡的米糠香味。
Rice bran is the by-product of rise processing and is the superficial layer attached to the brown rice after rice hulling process. It consists of epicarp, mesocarp, crosslinking layer, seed coat and aleurone layer and accounts for5-7wt.%of rice. The yearly output of rice bran in our country is over14million tons, which is the largest amount in the world. So the rice bran is a huge, wide-spread and renewable resource. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has recognized it as a resource that hasn't been made full use of. Rice bran is the cream of the crop. Some bioactive substances it contains, such as unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienols, lipopolysaccharide, dietary fiber, squalene and γ-oryzanol have remarkable roles in human's heart cerebrovascular disease prevention, organism immunity improvement, anticancer, constipation and obesity prevention and so on. It is an important material in the areas of functional food, medication and chemical manufacturing and is gaining a wide notice around the world.
Even though the amount of the resource is huge in our country and it lies in world's top level, rice bran hasn't been made full use of. Comparing with American and Japan, the gap of comprehensive utilization is a bit remarkable. In our country, rice bran is mostly used for animal food, and only a small part is applied to oil expression or further prepared for phytic acid, ionsitol, oryzanol and so on. This resource hasn't been used properly and has low additional value. Therefore, taking full advantage of this abundant resource, making further step for the research and development of rice bran product and improving economic benefit for the rice processing enterprises are extremely imperative. In this study, the rice bran was taken as raw material and the key techniques such as supercritical CO2extraction, molecular distillation and high temperature extrusion were used to extract and purify rice bran oil and active ingredients in rice bran. The whole utilization of raw material and the non-waste production would be realized and the additional value of rice bran would be greatly improved.
1The main points of study
(1) Studies on the extraction and refinement of rice bran oil with supercritical CO2extraction technique.
(2) Studies on the extraction and purification of rice bran sterol with molecular distillation technique.
(3) Studies on the extraction of rice bran phytic acid with entrainer-type supercritical CO2 extraction technique.
(4) The preparation and application of the high-quality dietary fiber with low phytic acid.
2The main innovations
(1) The rice bran was taken as raw material and the selective supercritical CO2extraction technique was used to extract and refine the rice bran oil. The extraction and purification were completed at one time and the refined rice bran oil which is on par with national-standards was gained. Compared with traditional ones, such processes as deguming, dewaxing, decolorization and deodorizing were omitted. And the pollution was eliminated during the whole process.
(2) The entrainer-type supercritical CO2extraction technique was applied to extract phytic acid. No solvent was used during the process compared with the traditional one and the processes such as acid soak, neutralization were omitted. There wasn't any poisonous or harmful substances left in residue, which made it possible for the further process of rice bran dietary fiber.
(3)The phytic acid-deprived rice bran was taken as raw material to produce low phytic acid, high-quality dietary fiber. The product was better in nutritional characteristics.
3Results of studies
(1) The rice bran was taken as raw material and the supercritical CO2extraction technique was used to extract the rice bran oil. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extraction pressure showed the most noticable influence on the yield of rice bran oil. Then extraction time had relatively lower influence on the yield and lastly extraction temperature had the slightest influence. The optimized extraction temperature, extraction pressure and extraction time were52℃,24MPa and1.8h respectively. The yield of rice bran oil was95.12%under these best conditions.
(2) On the basis of the optimized conditions of supercritical CO2extraction of rice bran oil, the two-step-extraction, four-step-separation and four-step-rectification type supercritical CO2extraction device was used to refine the rice bran oil. The physical and chemical properties of each rectified components under different conditions and the yield of refined rice bran oil was tested. The optimized rectification conditions were achieved when rectification pressure was lOMPa, rectification temperature was20-25-30-35-40-45℃.The yield of refined rice bran oil was61.43%.
(3) GC-MC was performed to determine the components of fatty acids in rice bran oil. Through the search of NIST search2.0standard-spectrogram library, eight fatty acids were identified, in which there were four unsaturated fatty acids. The relative content of unsaturated fatty acids was80.30%and the main components were oleic acid and linoleic acid, which were 39.51%and38.03%respectively. There are four saturated fatty acids, and their relative content was19.70%.
(4) The distillate from rectification I was used as raw material and molecular distillation technique was applied to extract and purify rice bran sterol. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that evaporating temperature showed the most noticable influence on the phytosterol content. Then feed rate had relatively lower influence on the phytosterol content and the wiper rolling speed had the slightest influence. The optimal conditions of molecular distillation were achieved when evaporating temperature was180℃, wiper rolling speed was420r/min and feed rate was2.7mL/min. The content of phytosterol was63.85%.
(5) Anhydrous ethanol was used as the recrystallization solvent for further refined phytosterol. The final sterol product had purely colour, with90.17%of purification and65.54%of yield.
(6) GC-MC was performed to determine the phytosterol components of refined sterol product. Three phytosterols was identified, which are campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol. The contents of campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were25.57%,21.18%and53.25%respectively.
(7) The defatted rice bran was used as raw material and the entrainer type supercritical CO2extraction technique was applied to extract phytic acid. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extraction temperature showed the most noticable influence on the yield of phytic acid. Then extraction time had relatively lower influence on the yield and at last extraction temperature had the slightest influence. The optimal extraction conditions were achieved when extraction time was3h, extraction temperature was54℃and extraction pressure was26MPa. The yield of phytic acid was93.14%.
(8) Four anion exchange resins D315,717#, Amberlite IRA-68and DEAE Sephadex A-25were applied for the static absorption experience. The717#anion exchange resin showed more absorption capacity and was suitable for industrial production. So it was selected in this study to purify phytic acid. The concentration of NaCl eluant was determined as1.0mol/L, and flow rate was2mL/min.
(9) The quality of phytic acid product was detected and results showed that the purity was58%and the contents of all impured ions met the standard.
(10) The rice bran contained low phytic acid was used as raw material to produce high-quality dietary fiber. The twin-screw extrusion technique was applied to modified LPA-DF and to improve the SDF content. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extrusion temperature showed the most noticable influence on the yield of SDF. Then the particle size of material had relatively lower influence on the yield and moisture had the slightest influence. The optimal extrusion conditions were achieved when extrusion temperature175℃, moisture was90%and partical size was60mesh. The yield of SDF was11.38%.
(11) The physical characteristics of LPA-DF and LPA-HQDF were studied. The swelling capacity, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity of LPA-DF were3.55mL/g,5.74g/g, and4.52g/g respectively, while the ones of LPA-HQDF were5.38mL/g,7.06g/g and5.45g/g respectively. The physical property of extrusion-modified LPA-HQDF is much better than that of non-modified LPA-DF.
(12) LPA-HQODF was observed from micro structure level. The structure was loose and there were rose-like wrinkles and many big cavities. There are many holes on the surface, which were benefit to water permeation and bound. However, the structure of LPA-DF was relatively tight and flaky and the surface was smooth and flat. X-ray diffraction curves showed that extrusion modification did not destroy or had little destructive effect on the crystalline region of LPA-HQDF. The extrusion treatment make it possible for the release of water-soluble substances of amorphous region.
(13) The application of LPA-HQDF into bread was studied. Through sensory evaluation and bread texture analysis with different amounts of LPA-HQDF, the maximum addition of LPA-HQDF into bread was determined as9%. Under this condition, the bread had good flavor. It was soft and resilient and had slight fragrance of rice bran.
尽管我国米糠资源量巨大,居世界之首,但还没有对其充分开发与利用。与美国、日本等国家对米糠综合利用情况相比差距较大。我国米糠主要用作于动物饲料利用,只有少量的米糠用于榨油或进一步制备植酸钙、肌醇和谷维素等产品,资源未得到合理利用,附加值较低。因此,充分利用米糠这一丰富的资源,进一步开发米糠产品,提高稻米加工企业的经济效益已势在必行。本研究以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取、分子蒸馏、高温挤压等关键技术提取、纯化米糠油及米糠中的有效成分,实现原料全利用,无废物化生产,可大幅度提高米糠的附加值。
1.主要研究内容
(1)超临界C02萃取技术提取及精制米糠油工艺的研究；
(2)分子蒸馏技术提取、纯化米糠甾醇工艺的研究；
(3)夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取米糠植酸工艺的研究；
(4)低植酸高品质膳食纤维的制取及应用。
2.主要创新点
(1)以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2选择性萃取技术提取及精制米糠油,使提取、精制一步完成,直接得到符合国家标准的精制米糠油,与传统方法相比,省去了脱胶、脱蜡、脱色、脱臭等工序,且生产全程无污染。
(2)采用夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取植酸,与传统方法相比,无需使用强酸溶剂,并省去了酸浸、中和等工序,使渣料中无有毒有害物质残留,可进一步用于制作米糠膳食纤维。
(3)以脱植酸米糠为原料生产低植酸高品质膳食纤维,使产品的营养学特性更加理想。
3、各项研究结果
(1)以米糠为原料,采用超临界CO2萃取技术提取米糠油,通过响应面分析,萃取压力对米糠油得率影响最大,其次为萃取时间,最后为萃取温度。最佳萃取条件为萃取温度52℃,萃取压力24MPa,萃取时间1.8h,米糠油得率95.12%。
(2)在超临界CO2萃取米糠油最佳条件的基础上,采用两萃四分四精馏式超临界CO2萃取装置精制米糠油,通过测定不同条件下各精馏组分的理化指标以及精制米糠油的得率,确定最佳精馏条件为精馏压力10MPa,精馏温度20-25-30-35-40-45℃,此时精馏效果最好,精制米糠油得率为61.43%。
(3)采用GC-MS法测定米糠油脂肪酸组成,经NIST search2.O标准谱图库检索,共鉴定出8种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸4种,相对含量为80.30%,主要为油酸和亚油酸,相对含量分别为39.51%和38.03%,饱和脂肪酸4种,相对含量为19.70%。
(4)以精馏Ⅰ馏出物为原料,采用分子蒸馏技术提取、纯化米糠甾醇,通过响应面分析,蒸馏温度对植物甾醇含量影响最大,其次为进料速率,最后为刮膜转速。最佳分子蒸馏条件为蒸馏温度180℃,刮膜转速420r/min,进料速率2.7mL/min,甾醇含量为63.85%。
(5)采用无水乙醇为重结晶溶剂对植物甾醇进一步精制,最终得到颜色纯净的甾醇产品,纯度为90.17%,得率为65.54%。
(6)采用GC-MS法测定精制甾醇产品中植物甾醇的组成,共鉴定出3种植物甾醇,即菜油甾醇、豆浴醇和β-谷甾醇,含量分别为25.57%、21.18%和53.25%。
(7)以脱脂米糠为原料,采用夹带剂式超临界CO2萃取技术提取植酸,通过响应面分析,萃取压力对植酸得率影响最大,其次为萃取时间,最后为萃取温度。最佳萃取条件为萃取时间3h,萃取温度54℃,萃取压力26MPa,植酸得率93.14%。
(8)采用D315,717#,Amberlite IRA-68, DEAE Sephadex A-25四种阴离子交换树脂进行植酸静态吸附试验,其中717#离子交换树脂对植酸有较大吸附量,且适合工业化生产,因此本研究选择717#阴离子交换树脂对植酸进行纯化,确定NaCl洗脱剂浓度为1.0mol/L,流速为2mL/min.
(9)对植酸产品的质量进行了检测,结果表明：产品纯度为58%,各种杂质离子含量均符合要求。
(10)以低植酸米糠为原料制取高品质膳食纤维,采用双螺杆挤压技术对LPA-DF进行改性,增加其SDF含量。通过响应面分析,挤压温度对SDF得率影响最大,其次为原料粒度,最后为加水量。最优挤压条件为挤压温度175℃,加水量90%,物料粒度60目,SDF得率为11.38%
(11)对LPA-DF与LPA-HQDF的物理特性进行了研究,LPA-DF的膨胀力为3.55mL/g,持水力5.74g/g,吸脂力4.52g/g；LPA-HQDF的膨胀力为5.38mL/g,持水力7.06g/g,吸脂力5.45g/g。挤压改性后LPA-HQDF的物理特性明显优于未经改性的LPA-DF。
(12)从超微结构观察LPA-HQDF,结构疏松,有玫瑰花似的皱折,形成较多、较大的空腔,表面出现了很多孔洞,利于水分渗入并被束缚；而LPA-DF的结构比较紧密,呈片状,表面光滑、平整；X—射线衍射结果表明挤压改性方法对LPA-HQDF的结晶区没有破坏或破坏程度很小,挤压处理有利于非结晶区水溶性成分的溶出。
(13)对LPA-HQDF在面包中应用进行了研究,通过感官评定及对LPA-HQDF不同添加量面包的质构进行测定分析,确定LPA-HQDF在面包中的最大添加量为9%,此时,面包的口感良好,柔软有弹性,带有淡淡的米糠香味。
Rice bran is the by-product of rise processing and is the superficial layer attached to the brown rice after rice hulling process. It consists of epicarp, mesocarp, crosslinking layer, seed coat and aleurone layer and accounts for5-7wt.%of rice. The yearly output of rice bran in our country is over14million tons, which is the largest amount in the world. So the rice bran is a huge, wide-spread and renewable resource. The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has recognized it as a resource that hasn't been made full use of. Rice bran is the cream of the crop. Some bioactive substances it contains, such as unsaturated fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienols, lipopolysaccharide, dietary fiber, squalene and γ-oryzanol have remarkable roles in human's heart cerebrovascular disease prevention, organism immunity improvement, anticancer, constipation and obesity prevention and so on. It is an important material in the areas of functional food, medication and chemical manufacturing and is gaining a wide notice around the world.
Even though the amount of the resource is huge in our country and it lies in world's top level, rice bran hasn't been made full use of. Comparing with American and Japan, the gap of comprehensive utilization is a bit remarkable. In our country, rice bran is mostly used for animal food, and only a small part is applied to oil expression or further prepared for phytic acid, ionsitol, oryzanol and so on. This resource hasn't been used properly and has low additional value. Therefore, taking full advantage of this abundant resource, making further step for the research and development of rice bran product and improving economic benefit for the rice processing enterprises are extremely imperative. In this study, the rice bran was taken as raw material and the key techniques such as supercritical CO2extraction, molecular distillation and high temperature extrusion were used to extract and purify rice bran oil and active ingredients in rice bran. The whole utilization of raw material and the non-waste production would be realized and the additional value of rice bran would be greatly improved.
1The main points of study
(1) Studies on the extraction and refinement of rice bran oil with supercritical CO2extraction technique.
(2) Studies on the extraction and purification of rice bran sterol with molecular distillation technique.
(3) Studies on the extraction of rice bran phytic acid with entrainer-type supercritical CO2 extraction technique.
(4) The preparation and application of the high-quality dietary fiber with low phytic acid.
2The main innovations
(1) The rice bran was taken as raw material and the selective supercritical CO2extraction technique was used to extract and refine the rice bran oil. The extraction and purification were completed at one time and the refined rice bran oil which is on par with national-standards was gained. Compared with traditional ones, such processes as deguming, dewaxing, decolorization and deodorizing were omitted. And the pollution was eliminated during the whole process.
(2) The entrainer-type supercritical CO2extraction technique was applied to extract phytic acid. No solvent was used during the process compared with the traditional one and the processes such as acid soak, neutralization were omitted. There wasn't any poisonous or harmful substances left in residue, which made it possible for the further process of rice bran dietary fiber.
(3)The phytic acid-deprived rice bran was taken as raw material to produce low phytic acid, high-quality dietary fiber. The product was better in nutritional characteristics.
3Results of studies
(1) The rice bran was taken as raw material and the supercritical CO2extraction technique was used to extract the rice bran oil. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extraction pressure showed the most noticable influence on the yield of rice bran oil. Then extraction time had relatively lower influence on the yield and lastly extraction temperature had the slightest influence. The optimized extraction temperature, extraction pressure and extraction time were52℃,24MPa and1.8h respectively. The yield of rice bran oil was95.12%under these best conditions.
(2) On the basis of the optimized conditions of supercritical CO2extraction of rice bran oil, the two-step-extraction, four-step-separation and four-step-rectification type supercritical CO2extraction device was used to refine the rice bran oil. The physical and chemical properties of each rectified components under different conditions and the yield of refined rice bran oil was tested. The optimized rectification conditions were achieved when rectification pressure was lOMPa, rectification temperature was20-25-30-35-40-45℃.The yield of refined rice bran oil was61.43%.
(3) GC-MC was performed to determine the components of fatty acids in rice bran oil. Through the search of NIST search2.0standard-spectrogram library, eight fatty acids were identified, in which there were four unsaturated fatty acids. The relative content of unsaturated fatty acids was80.30%and the main components were oleic acid and linoleic acid, which were 39.51%and38.03%respectively. There are four saturated fatty acids, and their relative content was19.70%.
(4) The distillate from rectification I was used as raw material and molecular distillation technique was applied to extract and purify rice bran sterol. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that evaporating temperature showed the most noticable influence on the phytosterol content. Then feed rate had relatively lower influence on the phytosterol content and the wiper rolling speed had the slightest influence. The optimal conditions of molecular distillation were achieved when evaporating temperature was180℃, wiper rolling speed was420r/min and feed rate was2.7mL/min. The content of phytosterol was63.85%.
(5) Anhydrous ethanol was used as the recrystallization solvent for further refined phytosterol. The final sterol product had purely colour, with90.17%of purification and65.54%of yield.
(6) GC-MC was performed to determine the phytosterol components of refined sterol product. Three phytosterols was identified, which are campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol. The contents of campesterol, stigmasterol and sitosterol were25.57%,21.18%and53.25%respectively.
(7) The defatted rice bran was used as raw material and the entrainer type supercritical CO2extraction technique was applied to extract phytic acid. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extraction temperature showed the most noticable influence on the yield of phytic acid. Then extraction time had relatively lower influence on the yield and at last extraction temperature had the slightest influence. The optimal extraction conditions were achieved when extraction time was3h, extraction temperature was54℃and extraction pressure was26MPa. The yield of phytic acid was93.14%.
(8) Four anion exchange resins D315,717#, Amberlite IRA-68and DEAE Sephadex A-25were applied for the static absorption experience. The717#anion exchange resin showed more absorption capacity and was suitable for industrial production. So it was selected in this study to purify phytic acid. The concentration of NaCl eluant was determined as1.0mol/L, and flow rate was2mL/min.
(9) The quality of phytic acid product was detected and results showed that the purity was58%and the contents of all impured ions met the standard.
(10) The rice bran contained low phytic acid was used as raw material to produce high-quality dietary fiber. The twin-screw extrusion technique was applied to modified LPA-DF and to improve the SDF content. Through Response surface methodology analysis, it suggested that extrusion temperature showed the most noticable influence on the yield of SDF. Then the particle size of material had relatively lower influence on the yield and moisture had the slightest influence. The optimal extrusion conditions were achieved when extrusion temperature175℃, moisture was90%and partical size was60mesh. The yield of SDF was11.38%.
(11) The physical characteristics of LPA-DF and LPA-HQDF were studied. The swelling capacity, water-holding capacity and oil-holding capacity of LPA-DF were3.55mL/g,5.74g/g, and4.52g/g respectively, while the ones of LPA-HQDF were5.38mL/g,7.06g/g and5.45g/g respectively. The physical property of extrusion-modified LPA-HQDF is much better than that of non-modified LPA-DF.
(12) LPA-HQODF was observed from micro structure level. The structure was loose and there were rose-like wrinkles and many big cavities. There are many holes on the surface, which were benefit to water permeation and bound. However, the structure of LPA-DF was relatively tight and flaky and the surface was smooth and flat. X-ray diffraction curves showed that extrusion modification did not destroy or had little destructive effect on the crystalline region of LPA-HQDF. The extrusion treatment make it possible for the release of water-soluble substances of amorphous region.
(13) The application of LPA-HQDF into bread was studied. Through sensory evaluation and bread texture analysis with different amounts of LPA-HQDF, the maximum addition of LPA-HQDF into bread was determined as9%. Under this condition, the bread had good flavor. It was soft and resilient and had slight fragrance of rice bran.
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