新闻发布会汉英交替传译中话语的衔接与连贯
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摘要
随着中国在国际事务和世界经济中的地位不断提高,交替传译正被广泛应用于演讲、授课、高级会议和新闻发布会等。交替传译中,译员在听辨来源语语音符号的同时,借助主题和认知知识以及口译笔记,正确地理解和记忆原语语篇意义,待讲话人完成部分或全部发言后,随即用目的语把讲话人所表达的信息以口头形式迅速地重新传达给听众。由于译员在讲话人讲完一个段落、阐明一个观点之后才开始翻译;因此,相对于同声传译,交替传译译员在将原语信息译出之前,已经知道发言者的主要观点,他就有比较充裕的时间,根据目的语受众的思维和语言表达习惯,对他已经领悟到的信息快速重组,然后以目的语受众习惯的方式筛选并组织起更好的译语表达。
作为口译质量评估的重要标准,连贯性指的是通过语言表层结构上的句子所表现的深层意义上的连接,其中衔接手段起着重要的作用。英汉衔接手段的不同,致使在口译中必然存在衔接手段的转换。目前国内外对于交替口译中衔接这一手段的关注较少,因此本研究将研究目的定为探索汉英交替传译中衔接手段的转换方式,及其特点和成因。本文以释意派的翻译理论和汉英衔接手段的差异为论文的理论框架,本文作者提出了五项具体的研究问题,对十届全国人大三次、四次和五次会议温家宝总理中外记者招待会的实况录音文稿进行了分析。
本研究发现,汉英交替传译中衔接手段的转换主要通过再现、增加、省略和替换四种方式实现,其中再现和增加占主导地位。由此可见,汉英交替传译是一个从隐性衔接到显性衔接的转换过程。本文作者认为,汉英衔接手段的差异是导致该转换方式形成的主要原因。
As China assumes an increasingly important role in international affairs and global economy, consecutive interpretation is widely used in lectures, political talks, business meetings and press conferences. In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to the original speech and at the same time, he tries to memorize and interpret the original speech with the help of his understanding of the topic and notes taken down. After the speaker finishes a part or the whole of his speech, the interpreter quickly expresses the meaning of the speech to the audience in the target language. Since the consecutive interpreter can start interpreting after the speaker finishes his speech or clarifies his viewpoint, the interpreter already understands the main point of the speaker before putting the original speech into the target language. Compared with the simultaneous interpreter, the consecutive interpreter is given more time to polish his interpretation and make it more idiomatic and expressive in the target language.
As one important criterion of assessing the quality of interpretation, coherence requires that a text should be semantically connected, integrated, and expresses relations of closeness. Cohesive ties contribute to the coherence of a text. There are differences of cohesive devices between Chinese and English; therefore, those cohesive devices must be shifted when the original text is interpreted from Chinese to English. As little attention has been paid to the feature of cohesion in the product of consecutive interpreters, the author of the thesis wants to investigate characteristics of the pattern for shifts of cohesive devices in consecutive interpretation from Chinese to English and factors contributing to the formation of such a pattern.
The theoretical framework is based on the translation theory of the interpretive school and differences in cohesive devices between Chinese and English. Five specific research questions for the present study are elicited. The author conducted an in-depth observation of a corpus consisting of consecutive interpretation by successful interpreters for press conferences held subsequently to the Third Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2005, to the Fourth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2006, and to the Fifth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2007. It is found that shifts of cohesive devices in consecutive interpretation from Chinese to English take mainly the forms of reproduction, addition, omission and substitution, with the predominance of reproduction and addition. The pattern for shifts in cohesive devices shows a tendency from implicit cohesion to explicit cohesion and linguistic differences between Chinese and English are identified as a key factor contributing to the formation of such a pattern.
作为口译质量评估的重要标准,连贯性指的是通过语言表层结构上的句子所表现的深层意义上的连接,其中衔接手段起着重要的作用。英汉衔接手段的不同,致使在口译中必然存在衔接手段的转换。目前国内外对于交替口译中衔接这一手段的关注较少,因此本研究将研究目的定为探索汉英交替传译中衔接手段的转换方式,及其特点和成因。本文以释意派的翻译理论和汉英衔接手段的差异为论文的理论框架,本文作者提出了五项具体的研究问题,对十届全国人大三次、四次和五次会议温家宝总理中外记者招待会的实况录音文稿进行了分析。
本研究发现,汉英交替传译中衔接手段的转换主要通过再现、增加、省略和替换四种方式实现,其中再现和增加占主导地位。由此可见,汉英交替传译是一个从隐性衔接到显性衔接的转换过程。本文作者认为,汉英衔接手段的差异是导致该转换方式形成的主要原因。
As China assumes an increasingly important role in international affairs and global economy, consecutive interpretation is widely used in lectures, political talks, business meetings and press conferences. In consecutive interpretation, the interpreter listens to the original speech and at the same time, he tries to memorize and interpret the original speech with the help of his understanding of the topic and notes taken down. After the speaker finishes a part or the whole of his speech, the interpreter quickly expresses the meaning of the speech to the audience in the target language. Since the consecutive interpreter can start interpreting after the speaker finishes his speech or clarifies his viewpoint, the interpreter already understands the main point of the speaker before putting the original speech into the target language. Compared with the simultaneous interpreter, the consecutive interpreter is given more time to polish his interpretation and make it more idiomatic and expressive in the target language.
As one important criterion of assessing the quality of interpretation, coherence requires that a text should be semantically connected, integrated, and expresses relations of closeness. Cohesive ties contribute to the coherence of a text. There are differences of cohesive devices between Chinese and English; therefore, those cohesive devices must be shifted when the original text is interpreted from Chinese to English. As little attention has been paid to the feature of cohesion in the product of consecutive interpreters, the author of the thesis wants to investigate characteristics of the pattern for shifts of cohesive devices in consecutive interpretation from Chinese to English and factors contributing to the formation of such a pattern.
The theoretical framework is based on the translation theory of the interpretive school and differences in cohesive devices between Chinese and English. Five specific research questions for the present study are elicited. The author conducted an in-depth observation of a corpus consisting of consecutive interpretation by successful interpreters for press conferences held subsequently to the Third Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2005, to the Fourth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2006, and to the Fifth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress in 2007. It is found that shifts of cohesive devices in consecutive interpretation from Chinese to English take mainly the forms of reproduction, addition, omission and substitution, with the predominance of reproduction and addition. The pattern for shifts in cohesive devices shows a tendency from implicit cohesion to explicit cohesion and linguistic differences between Chinese and English are identified as a key factor contributing to the formation of such a pattern.
引文
1. Baker, M. (1998) The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge.
2. Baker, Mona. (2000). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
3. Carroll, W. D. (2000). Psychology of Language [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press.
4. Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
5. Cook, Guy. (1989). Discourse, London: Oxford University Press.
6. De Beaugrande, R. & W. Dressier. (1981). Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.
7. Dressier, Wolfgang Ulrich. (1978). Current Trends in Text Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Oruyterd.
8. Gutwinski, Waldemar. (1974). Cohesion in Literary Texts: A Study of Some Grammatical and Lexical Features of English Discourses. London: Oxford University Press.
9. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
10. Halliday & Hasan. (2001). Cohesion in English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
11. Hatim, Bail & Mason, Ian. (1997). Interpreting: A Text Linguistic Approach [A] In Pochhacker, Franz & Miriam Shlesinger (eds). The Interpreting Studies Reader [C]. London: Routledge, 254-265.
12. Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. (2001). Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
13.Herbert, J. (1952). The Interpreter's Handbook: How to become a conference interpreter. Geneva: Librairie de l'Universtie, Geroge & Cie S.A.
14. Hoey, M. (1991). Patterns of Lexis in Text [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Hu Zeng-ning. (2003). Shifts in Cohesion and Coherence in Simultaneous Interpreting From English to Chinese. Unpublished Master Dissertation. Tianjin Normal University. Tianjin, China.
16. Leech, Geoffrey. (1969). Towards a Semantic Description of English, London: Longman.
17. McCarthy, M. (2002). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
18. Mizuno, A. (1999). Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Simultaneous Interpretation from English into Japanese [J]. Interpreting Research 8(2): 31-41.
19. Moser-Mercer, B. (1997). Beyond Curiosity: Can Interpreting Research Meet the Challenge? Danks, et al. (1997). Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting, Sage Publication.
20. Nida, E.A. & Taber, CR. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill.
21. Nida, E.A. (1982). Translating Meaning [M]. California: English Language Institute.
22. Phillips, M. (1989). The Lexical Structure of Text. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
23.P6chhacker, Franz & Miriam Shlesinger (eds). (2002). The Interpreting Studies Reader [M]. London and New York: Routledge.
24. Pochhacker, Franz. (2004). Introducing Interpreting Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge.
25. Rozen. J. (1956). La Prise de Notes en Interpretation Consecutive [M], Geneve: Georg.
26. Selescovitch. (1978). Interpreting for International Conferences [M]. Washington D.C.: Pen and Booth.
27. Shlesinger. M. (1995). Shifts in Cohesion in Simultaneous Interpretation [J]. The Translator 1(2): 193-214.
28. Steiner, George. (1975). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation [M]. London: Oxford.
29.Thompson,Geoff.(2000).Introducing Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold(Publishers)Ltd.
30.Toury,G.(1995).Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:Benjamins.
31.Van Dijk,T.A.(1977).Text as Contexts:Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse[M],London:Longman.
32.Widdowson,H.(1978).Teaching Language as Communication.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
33.Wilss,W.(2001).The Science of Translation[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
34.Zhang Jing.(2006).An Exploratory Study on Shifts of Cohesive Devices in C-E Consecutive Interpretation.Unpublished Master Dissertation.Guang Dong University of Foreign Study.Guang Dong,China.
35.鲍刚.口译理论概述[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,1998:8.
36.鲍刚.口译理论概述[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
37.胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993:157-172.
38.胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994:92-93.
39.黄莉,胡荣,陈慧.英汉语篇对比认知与口译能力之实证研究.西安外国语学院学报,2005(1):58-60.
40.连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1994:185-186.
41.刘福祥.技术现场口译实践和体会.中国科技翻译,1998(2):5-9.
42.刘宓庆.英汉对比研究与翻译[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1991.
43.潘能.英语口译--理论、技巧与实践[M].西安交通大学出版社,1994.
44.潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997:343-349.
45.田建国.口译理论初议[J].翻译通讯,1985,(7):15-18.
46.王大伟.现场汉英口译--技巧与评析[M].上海:世界图书出版社,2000.
47.王大伟.现场口译技巧探索:添加、重复与简化[J].四川外语学院学报,2001,(9):73-76.
48.王大伟.口译中衔接与分流技巧[J].上海科技翻译,2002,(1):38-41.
49.王力.中国语法理论[M].香港:中华书局,1987.
50.肖晓燕.西方口译研究:历史与现状[J].外国语,2002,(4):71-76.
51.张健青,贾欣岚.口译员的工作.中国科技翻译,2001,(2):19,32-33.
52.张维为.英汉同声传译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
53.钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].北京:对外翻译出版公司,1984.
54.朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟.英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002:19,59,200.
2. Baker, Mona. (2000). In Other Words: A Course Book on Translation. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
3. Carroll, W. D. (2000). Psychology of Language [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching & Research Press.
4. Catford, J.C. (1965). A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London: Oxford University Press.
5. Cook, Guy. (1989). Discourse, London: Oxford University Press.
6. De Beaugrande, R. & W. Dressier. (1981). Introduction to Text Linguistics. London: Longman.
7. Dressier, Wolfgang Ulrich. (1978). Current Trends in Text Linguistics. Berlin: Walter de Oruyterd.
8. Gutwinski, Waldemar. (1974). Cohesion in Literary Texts: A Study of Some Grammatical and Lexical Features of English Discourses. London: Oxford University Press.
9. Halliday, M.A.K. (1985). An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
10. Halliday & Hasan. (2001). Cohesion in English. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
11. Hatim, Bail & Mason, Ian. (1997). Interpreting: A Text Linguistic Approach [A] In Pochhacker, Franz & Miriam Shlesinger (eds). The Interpreting Studies Reader [C]. London: Routledge, 254-265.
12. Hatim, Basil & Mason, Ian. (2001). Discourse and the Translator. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
13.Herbert, J. (1952). The Interpreter's Handbook: How to become a conference interpreter. Geneva: Librairie de l'Universtie, Geroge & Cie S.A.
14. Hoey, M. (1991). Patterns of Lexis in Text [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
15. Hu Zeng-ning. (2003). Shifts in Cohesion and Coherence in Simultaneous Interpreting From English to Chinese. Unpublished Master Dissertation. Tianjin Normal University. Tianjin, China.
16. Leech, Geoffrey. (1969). Towards a Semantic Description of English, London: Longman.
17. McCarthy, M. (2002). Discourse Analysis for Language Teachers [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
18. Mizuno, A. (1999). Shifts of Cohesion and Coherence in Simultaneous Interpretation from English into Japanese [J]. Interpreting Research 8(2): 31-41.
19. Moser-Mercer, B. (1997). Beyond Curiosity: Can Interpreting Research Meet the Challenge? Danks, et al. (1997). Cognitive Processes in Translation and Interpreting, Sage Publication.
20. Nida, E.A. & Taber, CR. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Leiden: Brill.
21. Nida, E.A. (1982). Translating Meaning [M]. California: English Language Institute.
22. Phillips, M. (1989). The Lexical Structure of Text. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
23.P6chhacker, Franz & Miriam Shlesinger (eds). (2002). The Interpreting Studies Reader [M]. London and New York: Routledge.
24. Pochhacker, Franz. (2004). Introducing Interpreting Studies [M]. London and New York: Routledge.
25. Rozen. J. (1956). La Prise de Notes en Interpretation Consecutive [M], Geneve: Georg.
26. Selescovitch. (1978). Interpreting for International Conferences [M]. Washington D.C.: Pen and Booth.
27. Shlesinger. M. (1995). Shifts in Cohesion in Simultaneous Interpretation [J]. The Translator 1(2): 193-214.
28. Steiner, George. (1975). After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation [M]. London: Oxford.
29.Thompson,Geoff.(2000).Introducing Functional Grammar[M].Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press & Edward Arnold(Publishers)Ltd.
30.Toury,G.(1995).Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond.Amsterdam and Philadelphia:Benjamins.
31.Van Dijk,T.A.(1977).Text as Contexts:Explorations in the Semantics and Pragmatics of Discourse[M],London:Longman.
32.Widdowson,H.(1978).Teaching Language as Communication.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
33.Wilss,W.(2001).The Science of Translation[M].Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
34.Zhang Jing.(2006).An Exploratory Study on Shifts of Cohesive Devices in C-E Consecutive Interpretation.Unpublished Master Dissertation.Guang Dong University of Foreign Study.Guang Dong,China.
35.鲍刚.口译理论概述[M].北京:旅游教育出版社,1998:8.
36.鲍刚.口译理论概述[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2005.
37.胡曙中.英汉修辞比较研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1993:157-172.
38.胡壮麟.语篇的衔接与连贯[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1994:92-93.
39.黄莉,胡荣,陈慧.英汉语篇对比认知与口译能力之实证研究.西安外国语学院学报,2005(1):58-60.
40.连淑能.英汉对比研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1994:185-186.
41.刘福祥.技术现场口译实践和体会.中国科技翻译,1998(2):5-9.
42.刘宓庆.英汉对比研究与翻译[M].南昌:江西教育出版社,1991.
43.潘能.英语口译--理论、技巧与实践[M].西安交通大学出版社,1994.
44.潘文国.汉英语对比纲要[M].北京:北京语言文化大学出版社,1997:343-349.
45.田建国.口译理论初议[J].翻译通讯,1985,(7):15-18.
46.王大伟.现场汉英口译--技巧与评析[M].上海:世界图书出版社,2000.
47.王大伟.现场口译技巧探索:添加、重复与简化[J].四川外语学院学报,2001,(9):73-76.
48.王大伟.口译中衔接与分流技巧[J].上海科技翻译,2002,(1):38-41.
49.王力.中国语法理论[M].香港:中华书局,1987.
50.肖晓燕.西方口译研究:历史与现状[J].外国语,2002,(4):71-76.
51.张健青,贾欣岚.口译员的工作.中国科技翻译,2001,(2):19,32-33.
52.张维为.英汉同声传译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.
53.钟述孔.实用口译手册[M].北京:对外翻译出版公司,1984.
54.朱永生,郑立信,苗兴伟.英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2002:19,59,200.